The document discusses issues related to HIV and young people, including risk factors, biological susceptibility, prevention strategies, testing and counseling considerations, positive living, and difficult situations. It provides information on the global and local HIV epidemic as well as strategies to support young people living with and affected by HIV.
Theodoros F. Katsivas, M.D., M.A.S., of UC San Diego Owen Clinic, presents "San Diego Primary Care Providers' Attitudes to HIV and HIV Testing" at AIDS Clinical Rounds
Harm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education Saskatchewangriehl
Here is a basic presentation on Harm Reduction, for Nursing Students, that can easily be adapted for health care providers in various fields of practice.
Theodoros F. Katsivas, M.D., M.A.S., of UC San Diego Owen Clinic, presents "San Diego Primary Care Providers' Attitudes to HIV and HIV Testing" at AIDS Clinical Rounds
Harm Reduction february 2013 Nursing Education Saskatchewangriehl
Here is a basic presentation on Harm Reduction, for Nursing Students, that can easily be adapted for health care providers in various fields of practice.
Health Equity for Immigrants and Refugees: Driving Policy ActionWellesley Institute
This presentation discusses health equity for immigrants and refugees.
Bob Gardner, Director of Policy
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The Intersection of Medical Research and Public Healthkmbrown08
The purpose of this project is to show the necessity of collaboration between medical research and public health to improve the outlook of our nation’s future. Case studies focusing on influenza, childhood obesity and HIV/AIDS show how the fields have intersected to address health problems in the past, and how they can continue to intersect in the present and the future. Finally, this study identifies key public health advocacy messages that need to be heard on a national level in order to bolster the intersection of medical research and public health.
Adolescent Sexual and Reproduction Health PresentationDeepak TIMSINA
ADRA worked to scale-up ASRH programme in Kalikot District through its Strengthening Reproductive Health (SRH) project. I worked as a 'Training Officer' in ADRA from 2012-2013.
This presentation was part of a discussion at Sheffield's Health and Wellbeing Board on 25 June 2015.
Gregor Henderson from Public Health England attended the Board meeting to help discussions on the topic.
Read the papers from the Board meeting: http://sheffielddemocracy.moderngov.co.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?MId=5993.
The policy brief, "IS BENUE STATE GOVERNMENT COMMITTED TO CREATING A PEACEFUL AND PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL CITIZENS TO THRIVE?" By Nathaniel Msen Awuapila who is Executive Facilitator/CEO CORAFID has as its purpose and objective to address three key questions relating to: The state of human security in Benue State; The circumstance of women, youths, persons with disabilities (PWDs), and children; and, how Benue State Government can create a peaceful and protective. environment for all citizens to thrive in the State.
Health Equity for Immigrants and Refugees: Driving Policy ActionWellesley Institute
This presentation discusses health equity for immigrants and refugees.
Bob Gardner, Director of Policy
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
The Intersection of Medical Research and Public Healthkmbrown08
The purpose of this project is to show the necessity of collaboration between medical research and public health to improve the outlook of our nation’s future. Case studies focusing on influenza, childhood obesity and HIV/AIDS show how the fields have intersected to address health problems in the past, and how they can continue to intersect in the present and the future. Finally, this study identifies key public health advocacy messages that need to be heard on a national level in order to bolster the intersection of medical research and public health.
Adolescent Sexual and Reproduction Health PresentationDeepak TIMSINA
ADRA worked to scale-up ASRH programme in Kalikot District through its Strengthening Reproductive Health (SRH) project. I worked as a 'Training Officer' in ADRA from 2012-2013.
This presentation was part of a discussion at Sheffield's Health and Wellbeing Board on 25 June 2015.
Gregor Henderson from Public Health England attended the Board meeting to help discussions on the topic.
Read the papers from the Board meeting: http://sheffielddemocracy.moderngov.co.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?MId=5993.
The policy brief, "IS BENUE STATE GOVERNMENT COMMITTED TO CREATING A PEACEFUL AND PROTECTIVE ENVIRONMENT FOR ALL CITIZENS TO THRIVE?" By Nathaniel Msen Awuapila who is Executive Facilitator/CEO CORAFID has as its purpose and objective to address three key questions relating to: The state of human security in Benue State; The circumstance of women, youths, persons with disabilities (PWDs), and children; and, how Benue State Government can create a peaceful and protective. environment for all citizens to thrive in the State.
Hi52Hlth: Using Mobile Technology to Access Healthcare for TeensYTH
Hi52Hlth is a mobile application (app) created to engage adolescents and young adults in the search for resources in the Houston area. The app allows the user to search for locations of clinics and community organizations with directions, articles and videos on HIV/AIDS, ability to ask questions directly to health avatars ("Tiff" and "Ty"), PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) and PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) information, and a frequently asked questions section.
The ppt is prepared to serve the need of curriculum for post graduate students interested in learning about the counselling for terminal disease esp. HIV/AIDS.
COUNSELLING IN HIV/AIDS
Qurrot Ulain Taher
P.G Diploma in Nutrition & Dietetics
Dietetic Techniques & Patient Counseling
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the development of the HIV virus into a more serious condition. AIDS was first recognised by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Understanding HIV
HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops below a certain level.
There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are treatments that can slow down the disease, and help prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be prevented with early detection and treatment of the HIV
PREVENTION OF Mother to child transmission
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
HAART
TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Why Is Counseling Necessary
Objectives
Whom to counsel
Characteristics of a Counselor
Skills Required in Counseling
Stages of Counseling
Risk assessment counseling
Pre test counseling
Post test counseling
Follow up counseling
Role of Counselor
Advocacy role
Health education
Referral
Clinical and therapeutic role
Special Situations in HIV Counseling
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected persons
Geoff Honnor (ACON) redefines wellness in an evolving HIV epidemic, as well as discussing the context of the UN Goals for reducing HIV transmission 2010-2015 and the ACON response.
This presentation was given at the AFAO Positive Services Forum 2012.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Unit objectives
• To explain regional, national and local situation of HIV among
young people
• Discuss HIV issues specific to Young people
• Identify key factors that impact on young people’s risk of
acquiring HIV
• Explore HIV prevention strategies among young people
• Understand the special considerations in the management of
young people with HIV.
• Explain the importance of HIV testing and counselling among
young people
• Identify factors to enhance positive living among young
people
• To discuss various difficult situations with adolescent clients
and HIV and how to handle them.
3. GLOBAL HIV SITUATION
• 25 million people dead since the epidemic started
• Globally, 40.3 million people were living with HIV in
2005
• Globally, 14,000 new infections occurred per day in
2004
• Half of all the new infections in the world occur in young
people (UNAIDS,2004)
4. HIV SITUATION IN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA
• In 2005, Sub-Saharan Africa with 10% of world
population had
• ~64% of all people living with HIV, ~65% of newly
infected
• ~77% of all the deaths
• 25.8 million people living with the virus
• 57% of all HIV-infected are females and
• 76% of the infected 15-24 year olds are
females(UNAIDS,2004)
5. HIV SITUATION IN MALAWI
• The National adult HIV prevalence is 14% (NAC,2005)
• In 2005, there were 1,120,000 people infected with HIV and
96,552 were new infections in Malawi (NAC, 2004).
• Half of the above new infections occurred in young people
aged15-24 years and 75% of these new infections in young
people occur in girls of the same age category.
• The prevalence of HIV in antenatal attendees in 2005 was
16.9% and most of the attendees were below 30 years (NAC,
2005)
• HIV prevalence is higher in the urban areas than in the rural
(21.6% & 12.1% respectively).
6. HIV SITUATION IN MALAWI
• The prevalence of HIV in the southern, central
and northern regions was 21.7%, 14.3% and
14% respectively.
• High HIV prevalence has been attributed to high
incidence (new infections) in the younger age
group (15-19 years) (NAC, 2005).
• Only 6.8 % and 17.2% of young males and
females aged 15-19 respectively ever tested and
received result by 2005
7. HOW HIV AFFECTS YOUNG PEOPLE
Aim of the session
• To discuss HIV issues specific to Young people and
the implications of these in regard to
– Risk factors and protective factors directly linked to HIV
– Biological susceptibility to infection following exposure
– HIV related stigma and discrimination
– Natural history of HIV infection
8. RISK FACTORS AND PROTECTIVE
FACTORS.
Risk factors
– Associated with behaviours that might lead to negative health
outcomes.
– Discourage behaviours that might prevent a negative health outcome.
Protective factors
– Discourage behaviours that might lead to negative health outcomes.
– Encourage behaviours that might prevent negative health outcomes.
– Lessen the likelihood of negative consequences from risk factors.
9. VULNERABILITY TO HIV
When there is:
• Inability to control the risk of HIV infection.
Absence of choice to engage in behaviour that
puts them at risk of acquiring HIV.
• Increased likelihood of negative health
outcomes.
10. Biological susceptibility.
Biological issues that increase the likelihood of
HIV transmission in young people
• Upon exposure to HIV, young people are more
likely to acquire HIV because of:
• Immature genital tract in young girls.
• Undeveloped genitalia more easily damaged
during forced sex.
• Presence of STI.
11. HIV PREVENTION STRATEGIES AMONG YOUNG
PEOPLE
Aim of the session
• To explore HIV prevention strategies for
young people at the service delivery point and
in the community.
12. HIV prevention strategies
• Abstinence.
• Delaying the first sexual encounter.
• Being faithful to one faithful partner
• Correct and Consistent condom use.
• HIV Testing and Counselling
• Behaviour change
• Prompt and effective management of
sexually transmitted infections
13. HIV TESTING AND COUNSELLING (HTC) AMONG
YOUNG PEOPLE
Aim of the session
– To emphasize the importance of provider-initiated
HIV testing and counselling during all contacts
with young people.
– To discuss special considerations in HIV testing
and counselling with young people.
15. • Recently the concept of testing and counselling has
broadened from making testing and counselling
available to those who ask for it (client-initiated, i.e.
at Voluntary Counselling and Testing [VCT] sites), to
provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling (i.e.
the health service provider begins the discussion on
HIV testing) during all contacts with clients in
healthcare settings and even in the community.
• However, the client always has the right to refuse
testing.
16. • HIV testing and counselling is an important
entry point to prevention, care, treatment and
support.
• HIV testing and counselling is a crucial
prevention intervention and is an important
opportunity both for people who test positive
and for people who test negative.
• HIV testing must only be offered taking into
consideration; Confidentiality, Consent and
Counselling.
17. Feelings around HIV Testing and
Counseling for Young People
• Choice: John the morning after condom
breakage during sex
• Recommendation: Anne, pregnant young
woman attending antenatal clinic
• Mandatory: Peter, applying for a
scholarships
What may John/Anne/Peter be feeling?
John Anne Peter
18. Summary
• Knowing HIV status and receiving counselling and support
Individuals to:
– Initiate or maintain behaviours to prevent acquisition or further
transmission of HIV.
– Gain early access to HIV prevention, care, treatment and support
services.
– Access services for prevention of HIV transmission from pregnant
mothers to their infants (PMTCT).
• And can help communities to:
– Reduce the denial, stigma and discrimination that surround HIV.
– Mobilize support and appropriate responses.
– All people, including young people, have a right to know their HIV
status.
19. Special considerations in HIV testing and
counselling among young people
Important Elements:
• Do not discount the potential for HIV in young
people.
• Understand the issues of consent and
confidentiality for HIV testing and counselling of
minors.
• Your first session with a young person may be your
only one.
• Promote beneficial disclosure.
• Take the opportunity given by a negative HIV test.
21. Summary
Circumstances in which young people may
present for HIV testing and counselling
Choice: young person makes decision to come
for testing
Recommendation: other person advises, young
person decides
Mandatory: others make the decision to test
young person
23. DISCUSSION ON POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
(PEP)
• Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) is short-term antiretroviral
treatment that is given to reduce the likelihood of HIV infection
after potential exposure, either occupationally or through sexual
intercourse.
• Within the health sector, PEP should be provided as part of a
comprehensive universal precautions package that reduces staff
exposure to infectious hazards at work.
• The risk of exposure from needle sticks and other means exists in
many settings where protective supplies are limited and the rates
of HIV infection in the patient population are high.
• The availability of PEP may reduce the occurrence of
occupationally acquired HIV infection in healthcare workers. It is
believed that the availability of PEP for health workers will serve
to increase staff motivation to work with people infected with
HIV, and may help to retain staff concerned about the risk of
exposure to HIV in the workplace.
24. Pep cont……
• Prevention of exposure remains the most effective measure
to reduce the risk of HIV transmission to health workers. The
priority must be to train health workers in prevention
methods (universal precautions) and to provide them with
the necessary materials and protective equipment (e.g.
gloves, sterilizing equipment).
• There is significant debate on the need to use PEP after
sexual exposure. PEP must be commenced less than 72
hours after unprotected sex. There are very strong ethical
and societal issues for providing PEP following sexual
exposure to HIV, especially following rape or condom
breakage.
25. POSITIVE LIVING
Brainstorming exercise
• The meaning of positive living
• Care and support required for young people
living with HIV.
26. POSITIVE LIVING AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE
• Young people with HIV infection can delay onset of AIDS and prolong their
lives by making positive choices to care for their mental and physical
health. This includes:
• Avoiding re-infection- through abstinence or correct &consistent use of
condom
• Seeking medical treatment early- visiting the nearest health facility for
early attention to emerging health problems.
• Maintaining good nutrition
• Practising good personal hygiene
• Practising risk reduction behaviours – avoiding smoking, drinking alcohol
• Doing regular exercises
• Take adequate rest/enjoy leisure
• Avoid stress and worry – mix with friends
• Maintain positive spiritual beliefs
27. Live positively:
• Positive living can help PLHIV to live a full and healthy life.
• Counselling and support can help them to stay healthy and improve
one’s self-esteem and confidence, with the aim of protecting one’s own
health and avoiding passing the infection to others.
Support:
• This is the emotional, psychosocial, spiritual and material support that
will enable the PLHIV to live positively.
• It is often provided by peers, family and community as well as the
health services.
• This support can only be given when HIV status is known and when the
people who are able to give this support know that the person is HIV-
positive, as such it is important where possible to disclose one’s HIV
status.
28. POSITIVE LIVING CONT…
Care:
• PLHIV may need to take medication for a range of infections
and illnesses.
• As HIV progresses they may require ART.
• Adherence to all treatments is important.
• Adherence to ART is important for the health of the individual
and to reduce the risk of drug resistance. However, many
young PLHIV will remain asymptomatic for long periods after
an HIV-positive test result.
• Young PLHIV may require care and treatment for opportunistic
infections, STIs etc. over the years, but for many of them ART
will only be required after many years of living with HIV, when
the immune system has substantially deteriorated.
29. POSITIVE LIVING CON……
Positive Prevention:
• This includes all strategies that increase the self-esteem,
confidence and preventive actions of PLHIV, with the aim of
protecting their own health and not passing the infection to
others.
• This includes safer and healthier sex, harm reduction,
preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), and the
management of sexually transmitted infection (STI).
• It can also include provision of safe drinking water,
impregnated bed nets and chemoprophylaxis (e.g. co-
trimoxazole and INH).
• Counselling is an integral part of all these services.
30. DEALING WITH DIFFICULT
SITUATIONS AFFECTING YOUNG
PEOPLE WITH HIV
Aim of the session
• To discuss special considerations in dealing
with difficult situations with young people
with HIV
32. Case Study 1
Case study 1
An 18-year-old HIV-positive man says he believes he was
infected with HIV after engaging in unprotected sex with a
female sex worker. It was his first sexual experience. He says
he was pressured into doing it by his peers who said that he
would gain experience and enter manhood through his first
sexual encounter. Now he is interested in pursuing a
relationship with a particular girl. He wants to have sex with
her but is afraid because of his HIV status. What can you, as
his health worker, suggest to him in this situation?
33. Case Study 2
A young woman of 16 years has been diagnosed as HIV-positive.
She recently married a man who frequently travels to
neighbouring towns for work. She never had sex prior to her
marriage. In her culture, it is expected that she should bear
many children for her family. She believes that her husband
unknowingly acquired HIV after unprotected intercourse with
sex workers in the neighbouring town. The health worker at
the antenatal clinic told her that she should not get pregnant
but she is distressed because she wants to have children. She
comes to you for advice and help. What can you, as the
health worker, do for her?
34. Group Work
• Discuss the case study and identify the
concerns/difficult situations for the young
client and the important information that the
health service provider should communicate
to this client. Provide options for the client
35. SUMMARY
Sexuality
He needs to:
• Be told that he can still be sexually active so long as he practises safer sex.
• Know that a condom is advised for each act of penetrative sex.
• Consider the pros and cons of disclosure to his partner(s).
• Know that if people are not well informed about HIV, they may be afraid
of being with him. He may experience discrimination.
• Be told that the man who transmitted the virus to the young client may
not have known that he himself is HIV-positive.
36. Fertility
She needs to:
• Know that she can still have a baby and that she, like all individuals, has the right
to make her own reproductive choices. She should not feel pressured to consider
an abortion.
• Be informed of prevention of mother-to-child transmission: how to avoid it, how it
is never too late in a pregnancy to prevent transmission of HIV, and how to avoid
transmission before, during and after birth.
• Be offered a broad range of contraceptive options to avoid unintended pregnancy.
• Choose a drug regimen carefully in order to preserve fertility.
• Understand that she may die prematurely and to plan for her children's future.
• Understand the importance of considering why and how she might disclose (or
not) her status to her partner and family.
• Be encouraged to return as a couple for counselling.