This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including their importance, testing, diagnosis, transmission, and management. It provides details on taking a sexual history, screening and diagnosing for HIV, and care for HIV-positive mothers and children. Common STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis can now be easily tested for using sensitive molecular tests. Support is needed to enable patients to feel comfortable undergoing STI screening. Proper management of STIs is important for preventing transmission and complications.
COUNSELLING IN HIV/AIDS
Qurrot Ulain Taher
P.G Diploma in Nutrition & Dietetics
Dietetic Techniques & Patient Counseling
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the development of the HIV virus into a more serious condition. AIDS was first recognised by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Understanding HIV
HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops below a certain level.
There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are treatments that can slow down the disease, and help prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be prevented with early detection and treatment of the HIV
PREVENTION OF Mother to child transmission
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
HAART
TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Why Is Counseling Necessary
Objectives
Whom to counsel
Characteristics of a Counselor
Skills Required in Counseling
Stages of Counseling
Risk assessment counseling
Pre test counseling
Post test counseling
Follow up counseling
Role of Counselor
Advocacy role
Health education
Referral
Clinical and therapeutic role
Special Situations in HIV Counseling
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected persons
HIV DURING PREGNANCY, this is very common and very dangerous disease during pregnancy. this is for medical and nursing student. i tried to make understand of students.
HIV Nursing and Home & Community Care Conference griehl
This joint presentation by Susann Nasewich and Greg Riehl will describe HIV Nursing as it relates to pre and post test counseling, and what is important to know for home and community care nurses and aides.
What are the precautionary measures for Human Immunodeficiency Virus?Lal PathLabs
A virus that attacks the immune system, the natural defense system of our body is what we consider as Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This is the one which kills the cells of the body. Here we will have a complete analysis of what this disease and also the reasons for spreading of the disease and how adversely this affects our body, along with all its possible precautions.
COUNSELLING IN HIV/AIDS
Qurrot Ulain Taher
P.G Diploma in Nutrition & Dietetics
Dietetic Techniques & Patient Counseling
HIV/AIDS
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a result of the development of the HIV virus into a more serious condition. AIDS was first recognised by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Understanding HIV
HIV is a contagious infection which attacks the immune system, reducing its effectiveness and leaving the body susceptible to infections. The HIV infection damages the cells the body needs to fight illnesses. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of a person with HIV drops below a certain level.
There is no cure for HIV or AIDS, but there are treatments that can slow down the disease, and help prevent the onset of AIDS. It takes around ten years for someone with HIV to develop AIDS, but it can be prevented with early detection and treatment of the HIV
PREVENTION OF Mother to child transmission
Treatment for HIV and AIDS
HAART
TYPES OF HIV TESTS
Why Is Counseling Necessary
Objectives
Whom to counsel
Characteristics of a Counselor
Skills Required in Counseling
Stages of Counseling
Risk assessment counseling
Pre test counseling
Post test counseling
Follow up counseling
Role of Counselor
Advocacy role
Health education
Referral
Clinical and therapeutic role
Special Situations in HIV Counseling
Pregnant women
Childless couples
Breast feeding positive mothers
Spouse and family members of HIV infected persons
HIV DURING PREGNANCY, this is very common and very dangerous disease during pregnancy. this is for medical and nursing student. i tried to make understand of students.
HIV Nursing and Home & Community Care Conference griehl
This joint presentation by Susann Nasewich and Greg Riehl will describe HIV Nursing as it relates to pre and post test counseling, and what is important to know for home and community care nurses and aides.
What are the precautionary measures for Human Immunodeficiency Virus?Lal PathLabs
A virus that attacks the immune system, the natural defense system of our body is what we consider as Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This is the one which kills the cells of the body. Here we will have a complete analysis of what this disease and also the reasons for spreading of the disease and how adversely this affects our body, along with all its possible precautions.
A crash course in sexual health for a more mature crowd! This presentation is recommended for adults. Topics include: PPR services, STIs, birth control methods (including info on natural methods), barrier use and prevention, healthy decision making and healthy relationships
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Learning Objectives
• Understand the importance of sexually transmitted infections in
gynecology.
• Describe the testing ,diagnosis and transmission of common STIs and
blood borne viruses.
• Understand that support is needed for patients to enable them to
undertake screening.
3. Objectives
• Appreciate that HIV has changed from from life limiting into chronic
manageable condition.
• Learn how to take sexual history.
• Understand the diagnosis of and screening of HIV.
• Describe the care for the HIV positive mother and child.
4. Importance of sexually transmitted infections
• understanding of STIs and their complications is crucially important in
gynecological practice. The subject is frequently misunderstood and
the impact syphilis have also affected women, their partners and at
times their children may be considerable. STIs are often
asymptomatic, but can still be transmitted to others and significant
problems at the time of infection in the future; for example, human
papillomavirus EPV) infection and cervical cancer
5. Importance of sexually transmitted infections
• . STIs disproportionately affect younger people, but increasingly are
identified in older people, in whom the diagnosis is often not
considered and so can be missed. STls often coexist and when one is
found, screening if they have others are required.
6. Importance of sexually transmitted infections
• Tests for STIs have hugely improved in recent years, with the advent
of highly sensitive and accurate molecular tests that are very easy to
use and can detect several infections on a single swab or urine
sample. In addition, serological tests for BBVs and syphilis have also
increased in accuracy, and can be performed sooner after possible
exposure than in the past. Women are often diagnosed first when
they have young families and they attend for reproductive health care
and are offered screening
7. Importance of sexually transmitted infections
• . They require support to inform present (and where necessary)
previous partners, so they can also receive testing and treatment for
their own health to prevent reinfection and/or on-going transmission
within the community. Children may also require testing and
treatment if they have been exposed during pregnancy, birth or
breastfeeding.
8. Importance of sexually transmitted infections
• This aspect of managing STIs can be: very challenging
but is crucially important. The connection may lead to
a consideration of safeguarding women and girls who
may be exposed to sexual or domestic violence,
abuse, coercion or exploitation, which may only
become apparent in this context.
• Respecting and maintaining patient’s confidentiality is
vital when managing women with STI pr HIV
diagnosis.
9. Testing Of Common STIs
• Here are the tests or assessments to check for common STIs:
• Chlamydia: Swab of the affected area or urine sample
• Gonorrhea: Swab of the affected area or urine sample
10. Testing Of Common STIs
• HIV:
Blood sample sent to the lab.
Rapid testing is offered at some clinics. This involves
a quick finger poke to obtain a blood sample which
is used for a point of care (POC) test. Initial results
are available in minutes. If the HIV POC test is
positive then a confirmatory is required (blood
sample collected and sent to the lab)
11. Testing Of Common STIs
• Genital herpes (with symptoms): Swab of the affected area
• Syphilis: Blood test sent to the lab or swab of the affected area
• Trichomoniasis (Trich): Swab of the infected area
12. Diagnosis of STIs
• Healthcare providers diagnose STDs through physical
examination, blood tests, or swabbed cultures. Diagnosis of
STDs by self-obtained vaginal swabs was the focus of an
NIAID-supported workshop. However, many people infected by
an STD have little or no symptoms of the infection.
13. Transmission of STIs
• STDs pass from one person to another through vaginal, oral,
and anal sex. They also can spread through intimate physical
contact like heavy petting, though this is not very common.
STDs don't always cause symptoms or may only cause mild
symptoms. Therefore, it is possible to have an infection and not
know it.
14. Transmission of Blood borne viruses
• BBVs are mainly transmitted sexually or by direct exposure to
infected blood or other body fluids contaminated with infected
blood. In the workplace, direct exposure can happen through
accidental contamination by a sharp instrument, such as a
needle or broken glass.
15. Support needed for patients for screening
• Times have changed. Now, most people don't die from the
virus. Thanks to continuing medical advances in medications,
HIV can now be seen as a chronic disease. People who have it
can enjoy long careers, get married, and raise families.
16. Support needed for patients for screening
• Then in 1996 it was discovered that a combination of HIV
medications could suppress the virus' replication, or
spread, allowing the immune system to recover and fight
off other infections like pneumonia. This was a life-changing
breakthrough
17. Management
How is HIV manageable?
• HIV treatment (antiretroviral therapy or ART) involves taking
medicine as prescribed by a health care provider. HIV
treatment reduces the amount of HIV in your body and helps
you stay healthy. There is no cure for HIV, but you can control it
with HIV treatment.
18. Principles involved in taking sexual history
•Ensure privacy and
confidentiality.
•Be professional.
•Be open minded and non-
judgmental.
•Recognise non-verbal cues.
19. Principles involved in taking sexual history
• Ask only appropriate questions.
• Explain procedures and treatments thoroughly.
• Use the time to promote risk reduction and sexual
health.
20. Sexual history taking: an example of a
structured approach
• When did you last have sexual intercourse?
• With a man or a woman?
• Were they a casual or regular partner?
• Where were they from?
• In which country did you have sex?
• What kind of sex did you engage in?
21. Sexual history taking: an example of a
structured approach
• For each type—for example, oral/vaginal/anal—
did you use a condom? (For heterosexual sex:
was any contraception used? Relate to risk of
pregnancy when inquiring about last menstrual
period in gynaecology history).
• Does your partner have any symptoms?
• Have you had any other partners in the last six
weeks? If so, return to question 2. Offer questions
which may lead to other problem identification.
• Did you have pain during or after intercourse?
22. Sexual history taking: an example of a
structured approach
• Have you ever had any previous STIs (may require
information or counselling)?
• Have you ever had a sexual health check up before
(explain and offer)?
• Have you ever had an HIV/hepatitis/syphilis test before
(explain and offer, pre-test counsel if appropriate)?
• Have you been vaccinated against hepatitis A/B or have
you ever had hepatitis (assess risk and offer if appropriate)?
23. Diagnosis and screening of HIV
• HIV antibody tests look for HIV antibodies in your blood, saliva
(spit), or urine (pee). HIV antibodies are disease-fighting
proteins that your immune system makes when you have an
HIV infection. Some people make antibodies faster than others.
An antibody test may find HIV antibodies as early as 23 days
after infection, but it may take as long as 90 days before
your body makes enough antibodies to show up on this test.
24. Diagnosis and screening of HIV
• Antibody tests can be done in different ways:Lab tests use
a blood sample taken from a vein. In general, lab tests can
find antibodies sooner after infection than other HIV
antibody tests. Test results are usually ready a few days
after your blood sample is taken.
• Rapid tests use blood from your finger, saliva, or urine.
They provide results in about 30 minutes.
25. Diagnosis and screening of HIV
• At-home tests include rapid self-test kits with everything you
need to collect and test a sample of saliva on your own. With
mail-in tests, you collect a drop of blood from your finger to
send to a lab for testing
• HIV antibody/antigen tests are the most commonly used HIV
tests. They look for HIV antibodies and antigens in your blood.
An antigen is the part of the HIV virus that triggers your immune
system to fight the infection. After an HIV exposure, antigens
will show up in your blood sooner than antibodies
26. Diagnosis and screening of HIV
• :Lab tests that use a blood sample from a vein can find an HIV
infection as soon as 18 to 45 days after you were infected.
• Rapid tests use a drop of blood from your finger. This test
can find HIV infections starting between 18 days to 90 days
after you were infected.
• At-home tests, or mail-in tests, allow you to collect blood
from your finger at home to send to a lab for testing. Like
rapid tests, these tests can start finding HIV 18 to 90 days
after infection.
27. Diagnosis and screening of HIV
• NAT tests (nucleic acid tests) look for HIV in a sample of your
blood taken from a vein and tested in a lab. These tests may
also be called "viral load tests." They can usually find an HIV
infection as soon as 10 to 33 days after infection. But they are
mostly used for monitoring HIV treatment and not for routine
screening, because they are expensive. Ask your provider
about having a NAT test as soon as possible if you:
28. Diagnosis and screening of HIV
• May have been exposed to HIV and have symptoms, such
as:
• Flu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, aches
• Extreme fatigue
• Swollen lymph nodes (in your neck, groin, or armpit)
• Rash
• Sores in your mouth
30. Care for the HIV positive Mother and Chlid
• All pregnant women must know their current HIV status, and those
who are positive require access to high-quality medical and obstetric
care. Effective information from the UK national study of HIV in
pregnancy and childhood, which clearly demonstrates this. Most
mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) occurs during birth or
breastfeeding
31. Care for the HIV positive Mother and Chlid
• Intrauterine an intervention that disrupts the placenta (for example
amniocentesis).Delivery of prolabor caesarean section further
reduces MTCT rates when the HIV viral load is detectable. Obstetric
risk factors that increase the risk of transmission include prolonged
rupture of membranes, procedures that breach the infant’s skin or
increase maternal blood in the birth canal.
32. Care for the HIV positive Mother and Chlid
• Even in the presence of well controlled HIV ,transmission rates to the
infant during breastfeeding are up to 3% so in circumstances where
formula feeding is safe this is preferable.
• Exclusive breastfeeding fir the first 6 months with rapid weaning so
that no mixed feeding occurs is the safest option ,as mixed feeding
results in the highest rate MTCT.