The document discusses various counseling approaches, emphasizing the interactive relationship between counselor and client aimed at facilitating change in behavior, beliefs, and emotional distress. It outlines counseling principles such as autonomy, beneficience, and justice, and describes types of guidance including educational, vocational, health, and personal guidance. Additionally, it presents specific therapeutic methods like Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, and Reality Therapy, each with distinct goals and processes focused on fostering client growth and responsibility.

5. V. Selva Meenakshi
Research Scholar of Prof B. William Dharma Raja
Department of Education
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University

6. Counseling is an interactive process
characterized by a unique relationship
between counselor and client that leads to
change the client

7. Areas of change in counseling
 Behaviour
 Beliefs
 Level of Emotional Distress

8.  The Counselee
 The Counselor
 The Negative Experience

9. Principles of Counseling
 Autonomy - individual’s right to self-determination
 Beneficience - deeper responsibilities than ordinary friends and confidants
 Nonmaleficence - the responsibility not to make the client by intention,
reckless action or incompetence
 Justice - counseling goals must be based on the individual
characteristics of the client
 Fidelity - Promoting trust is the counselor’s main goal in initial counseling
session

10. Types of Guidance
 Educational Guidance
 Vocational Guidance
 Health Guidance
 Economic Guidance
 Personal Guidance

11. Educational Guidance
 the assistance given to pupils individually and through
group techniques to help them function more effectively in
their school programme

12. Vocational Guidance
 Vocational Counselling is the assistance given by the
counsellor to make effective use of his/ her own
resources and his environmental opportunities in the
process of self-understanding, planning, decision
making and coping with problems relative to his
developmental needs and to his educational and
vocational activities

13. Directive counseling
The primary goal of directive counseling is replacing
the emotional behavior of the client with rationale
behavior. This approach is also called as counselor-
centered.

14. Non-Directive counseling
Counselor only guides and support the counselee and
counselee is allowed to freely express their feelings and
emotions. This approach is also called as Client-
centered approach.

15. Eclectic approach
Eclectic therapy is an open, integrative form
of psychotherapy that adapts to the unique needs of
each specific client, depending on the problem, the
treatment goals, and the person’s expectations
and motivation.

16. Rational Emotive Behaviour
Therapy
- Albert Ellis

17. Humans have two biological tendencies
 Great potential to be rational and pleasure producing
vs
 Innate tendency to develop irrational cognitions, unhealthy
emotions

18. Fundamental Goals
 To survive
 To be relatively free from pain
 To be reasonably satisfied or content

19. ABC Theory of Personality
 G - Goals, both fundamental and primary
 A – Adversities or activating events in person’s life
 B – Beliefs both rational and irrational
 C – Consequences both emotional and behavioural
 D – Disputing irrational beliefs
 E – Effective new philosophy in life

20. Therapeutic Goals
 Unconditional self-acceptance
 Unconditional other acceptance
 Unconditional life acceptance

21. Process of Therapy
 REBT is focused on therapists adopting an educational
approach to teaching clients how to strengthen their
rational beliefs and weaken the irrational ones.

22. Person-Centered Therapy
- Carl Rogers

23. Fundamental Goals
 The goals of the clients in therapy
 Goals reflecting the human potential for growth.

24. Therapeutic Goals
 Openness to experience
 Rationality
 Personal Responsibility
 Self- regards
 Capacity for good personal relationship
 Ethical living

25. Process of Therapy
 The process of person-centered therapy is built on
basic trust of the client’s ability, within a growth-
promoting climate, to actualize her/his human
potential.

26. Reality Therapy
- William Glasser

27. Fundamental Needs
 The need to Survive (Physiological)
 The need for love and belongings
 The need for power
 The need for freedom
 The need for fun.

28. Five Basic Needs
 The need to Survive (Physiological)
 The need for love and belongings
 The need for power
 The need for freedom
 The need for fun.

29. Therapeutic Goals
 Emphasize choice and responsibility
 Letting the client understand the vital ole of his
responsibility.

30. Process of Therapy
 W Ask clients what they want
 D As clients what they are doing and their overall direction
 E Ask clients to conduct a searching self-evaluation
 P Ask clients to make plans to fulfill their needs more
effectively

31. Thank You