Counseling and guidance
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This content consists of 'Counselling and Guidance' presented by Ms. V. Selva Meenakshi, Counselor, Charvi Wellness Center, Nagercoil as an invited resource person in the webinar hosted by the department of education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
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This document discusses employee abilities and their fit with job requirements. It covers various dimensions of intellectual and physical abilities and how they relate to different jobs. It also discusses biographical characteristics like age, gender, race, and others that can impact work performance. Finally, it examines the concept of ability-job fit and how ensuring employees have the right abilities for their roles is important.
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This document provides information on B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, and behavior therapy. It discusses Skinner's contributions to behaviorism and radical behaviorism. It then covers Bandura's work in social learning theory and self-efficacy. The rest of the document summarizes principles and techniques of behavior therapy such as classical and operant conditioning, relaxation training, systematic desensitization, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. It emphasizes the empirically-supported, action-oriented nature of behavior therapy.
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Learning involves the acquisition of knowledge through experience which causes relatively permanent changes in behavior. It is a continuous process affected by factors related to the learner, teaching methods, and environment. There are different types of learning including verbal, motor, conceptual, and problem-solving. Learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs, such as through trial-and-error, observation, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning.
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Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. It focuses on observable behaviors and interactions between stimuli and responses. The three major behaviorist learning theories are:
1. Contiguity theory - any stimulus and response connected in time and space will form an association.
2. Classical conditioning - involuntary learned responses, exemplified by Pavlov's dog experiment.
3. Operant conditioning - voluntary behaviors are shaped by consequences like reinforcement and punishment.
Behaviorism was influential in education, emphasizing reinforcement, punishment, and a structured teacher-centered approach, but it was criticized for being too reductionist and not accounting for internal cognitive processes.
Behavior and its modification techniques
This document provides an overview of techniques for modifying human behavior. It discusses several factors that influence behavior, including culture, attitudes, emotions, values, and authority. It also outlines various theoretical approaches to understanding behavior, such as psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. Finally, it describes several social modification techniques including positive and negative reinforcement, punishment, meditation, cognitive behavioral therapy, and more. The overall document aims to understand why people behave the way they do and how problem behaviors can be addressed.
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Behavior modification focuses on changing specific behaviors rather than traits or characteristics. It targets behavioral excesses that need reducing and behavioral deficits that need increasing. Procedures are based on behavioral principles derived from experimental research. Behavior is measured before and after the modification to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Common applications include developmental disabilities, mental illness, education, rehabilitation, and child management. Functional assessment identifies the triggers and consequences of problematic behaviors. Reinforcement strengthens behaviors by adding or removing stimuli.
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The document discusses several theories of learning and motivation. It begins by defining learning as a permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. It then covers several theories of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning, and social learning. For motivation, it discusses content theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and process theories like Vroom's expectancy theory and equity theory. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and implications of several important psychological theories related to learning and motivation.
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This document discusses behaviorism, a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors and discounts internal mental processes. It lists influential behaviorists like Pavlov, Skinner, and Thorndike. Key concepts of behaviorism explained are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational modeling. A behaviorist educator would use reinforcement to motivate students, though too strong a focus on extrinsic motivation could undermine intrinsic desires to learn. While reinforcement can be effective, a balanced approach is needed that also supports students' personal motivation to learn for its own sake.
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This document discusses different aspects of learning. It defines learning as the acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitudes through purposeful experiences that produce changes in behavior. It notes that learning is a process, not a product, and involves perceiving, conceptualizing, associating, appreciating, and developing attitudes. The document also outlines several theories of learning, including trial-and-error, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive learning, and observational learning. It discusses key concepts like reinforcement, punishment, and insight that help explain how learning occurs.
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This document summarizes a presentation on behaviorism and operant conditioning. It discusses B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, which states that behaviors reinforced with positive outcomes will be repeated. Examples of operant conditioning like rewarding good grades in school or money for work performance are provided. The presentation reviews the history of behaviorism, defines key concepts, and outlines the steps in a behavior modification model to change behaviors.
The Work of the Educational Psychologist
Educational psychologists help children and young people facing challenges in educational settings by assessing needs, consulting with others, and providing interventions. They focus on academic, emotional, social, and physical needs. A typical week involves observing and assessing students, consulting with teachers and parents, running interventions and training, and collaborating with other professionals. Educational psychologists undergo doctoral training and work in schools, authorities, and independently. While the work faces challenges like limited resources, it is also varied, allows influence over policy, and provides opportunities to help students.
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This document provides an overview of learning by defining it, outlining several theories of learning (behaviorism, cognitive learning, social learning theory), and describing key concepts. In 3 sentences:
Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and conditioning, while cognitive learning emphasizes connecting new information to existing ideas. Social learning theory also notes that learning occurs through observation of others, including observing rewards and punishments.
Behavior modification
Behavior modification is a therapeutic technique based on operant conditioning that uses reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior by rewarding desired behaviors and discouraging undesirable ones. It has roots in classical conditioning and is used to treat various disorders and problems by conditioning behaviors through a system of rewards and consequences. Behavior modification techniques for ADHD involve reinforcing positive behaviors, punishing negative ones, and breaking behaviors down into smaller steps to shape behavior through reinforcement.
Behaviorisim Presentation
Here are the key points from the discussion:
1. Classical conditioning is a learning process where a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response, and then a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the original stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the response on its own.
2. Operant conditioning is a method of learning through rewards and punishments for behaviors. Associations are made between behaviors and consequences.
3. Positive reinforcement increases a behavior by adding a rewarding stimulus, while negative reinforcement increases a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.
4. Behaviorist principles are used in Navy classrooms through techniques like shaping behaviors with reinforcement, using objectives to define expected behaviors, and structuring lessons based on principles like readiness, exercise,
Learning Theories
This document discusses two learning theories: Thorndike's learning theory and Gestalt's learning theory. Thorndike's theory is behavioral and focuses on rewarding connections between stimuli and responses. Gestalt's theory is cognitive and emphasizes how people process information and make connections based on past experiences and mental processes. The document also examines the effects of these theories in traditional and online classrooms, noting how things like feedback, grouping, and additional learning tools impact students differently depending on the learning environment and underlying theoretical approach.
Nature & types of learning
Presented By: MD. Monsur Rahman
MPT in Musculoskeletal Disorders
MM University,Mullana, Ambala
Behaviorism and education
Behaviorism is a psychological approach that views learning as conditioned responses to stimuli and looks to reward and punishment to shape behavior. Key theorists include Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated classical conditioning through his dog experiments, Edward Thorndike who proposed the Law of Effect that behaviors followed by reward become stronger, John Watson who believed behavior results from specific stimuli and responses, and B.F. Skinner who developed operant conditioning which examines the causes and consequences of actions. Behaviorism influenced education by advocating a system of rewards, targets, and breaking learning into small steps from simple to complex tasks.
Psychology of Learning
Learning is a continuous process that involves acquiring knowledge, skills, and adapting to one's environment through changes in behavior. It can occur consciously or unconsciously through experiences. There are several theories that describe the learning process, such as reinforcement theory and social learning theory. The learning process typically involves receiving information, accepting it, assimilating it, storing it, and applying it. Effective learning principles include ensuring the content is relevant and motivating, providing feedback, and using active, multi-sensory techniques that incorporate repetition and practice.
Behavioral and social learning theories’ principles, along with their limitat...
Behavioral learning theory focuses on conditioning and connections between experiences and behaviors. It includes classical and operant conditioning. Social learning theory claims behavior is learned through observation of models such as parents and teachers. Both theories use reinforcement to increase desirable behaviors and punishment to decrease undesirable behaviors. However, the theories are limited as they do not account for internal motivation or cognitive factors in learning, see students as passive, and could raise ethical issues if conditioning is used inappropriately.
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Counseling involves providing guidance and support to help individuals resolve personal problems or achieve personal growth. It is a personal process where a trained counselor helps a client through a series of direct contacts. The counselor aims to offer assistance in changing attitudes and behaviors through techniques like interviews and testing. Counseling is needed in situations like dealing with loss, addiction, career decisions, depression or anxiety. It is important because counselors are trained to help clients determine the root causes of issues and guide them to a resolution. Counselors must demonstrate qualities like empathy, integrity, and competence when working with clients.
BEHAVIOURISTIC APPROACHES TO COUNSELLING PPT
This document provides an overview of behaviouristic approaches to counselling, including behavioural counselling and reality therapy. It discusses the basic concepts, goals, roles of the counselor, techniques, applications and limitations of behavioral counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, and reality therapy. The key aspects covered are that these approaches focus on changing behaviors through reinforcement and learning new behaviors, view psychological problems as stemming from faulty learning or irrational beliefs, and emphasize present-focused and directive counseling relationships to achieve goals.
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1. The client is a 68-year-old Hispanic male with a 10th grade education who lives alone and receives counseling, food, and clothing from a nonprofit resource center.
2. He has been diagnosed with depression, anxiety, high blood pressure, and cholesterol and takes medication, but sometimes forgets which causes problems.
3. His goals are to continue counseling, take medications, attend financial classes, and participate in group therapy as recommended by his psychiatrist.
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Counseling and guidance
- 5. V. Selva Meenakshi Research Scholar of Prof B. William Dharma Raja Department of Education Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
- 6. Counseling is an interactive process characterized by a unique relationship between counselor and client that leads to change the client
- 7. Areas of change in counseling Behaviour Beliefs Level of Emotional Distress
- 8. The Counselee The Counselor The Negative Experience
- 9. Principles of Counseling Autonomy - individual’s right to self-determination Beneficience - deeper responsibilities than ordinary friends and confidants Nonmaleficence - the responsibility not to make the client by intention, reckless action or incompetence Justice - counseling goals must be based on the individual characteristics of the client Fidelity - Promoting trust is the counselor’s main goal in initial counseling session
- 10. Types of Guidance Educational Guidance Vocational Guidance Health Guidance Economic Guidance Personal Guidance
- 11. Educational Guidance the assistance given to pupils individually and through group techniques to help them function more effectively in their school programme
- 12. Vocational Guidance Vocational Counselling is the assistance given by the counsellor to make effective use of his/ her own resources and his environmental opportunities in the process of self-understanding, planning, decision making and coping with problems relative to his developmental needs and to his educational and vocational activities
- 13. Directive counseling The primary goal of directive counseling is replacing the emotional behavior of the client with rationale behavior. This approach is also called as counselor- centered.
- 14. Non-Directive counseling Counselor only guides and support the counselee and counselee is allowed to freely express their feelings and emotions. This approach is also called as Client- centered approach.
- 15. Eclectic approach Eclectic therapy is an open, integrative form of psychotherapy that adapts to the unique needs of each specific client, depending on the problem, the treatment goals, and the person’s expectations and motivation.
- 16. Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy - Albert Ellis
- 17. Humans have two biological tendencies Great potential to be rational and pleasure producing vs Innate tendency to develop irrational cognitions, unhealthy emotions
- 18. Fundamental Goals To survive To be relatively free from pain To be reasonably satisfied or content
- 19. ABC Theory of Personality G - Goals, both fundamental and primary A – Adversities or activating events in person’s life B – Beliefs both rational and irrational C – Consequences both emotional and behavioural D – Disputing irrational beliefs E – Effective new philosophy in life
- 20. Therapeutic Goals Unconditional self-acceptance Unconditional other acceptance Unconditional life acceptance
- 21. Process of Therapy REBT is focused on therapists adopting an educational approach to teaching clients how to strengthen their rational beliefs and weaken the irrational ones.
- 22. Person-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers
- 23. Fundamental Goals The goals of the clients in therapy Goals reflecting the human potential for growth.
- 24. Therapeutic Goals Openness to experience Rationality Personal Responsibility Self- regards Capacity for good personal relationship Ethical living
- 25. Process of Therapy The process of person-centered therapy is built on basic trust of the client’s ability, within a growth- promoting climate, to actualize her/his human potential.
- 26. Reality Therapy - William Glasser
- 27. Fundamental Needs The need to Survive (Physiological) The need for love and belongings The need for power The need for freedom The need for fun.
- 28. Five Basic Needs The need to Survive (Physiological) The need for love and belongings The need for power The need for freedom The need for fun.
- 29. Therapeutic Goals Emphasize choice and responsibility Letting the client understand the vital ole of his responsibility.
- 30. Process of Therapy W Ask clients what they want D As clients what they are doing and their overall direction E Ask clients to conduct a searching self-evaluation P Ask clients to make plans to fulfill their needs more effectively
- 31. Thank You