Inconel alloys such as Inconel 600 and 718 are well known for offering suitable performance in the different concentrations of HF acid at varied temperatures.
This document summarizes the process of precipitate hardening or age hardening in an Al-Cu alloy. It involves three steps: 1) solution heat treatment to dissolve soluble phases, 2) quenching to develop supersaturation, and 3) age hardening through precipitation either at room temperature (natural aging) or elevated temperatures (artificial aging). Samples of an Al-4%Cu alloy were solution heat treated and quenched, then aged at different temperatures from 150-230C to test the effect on hardness. Hardness increased with increasing aging temperature, demonstrating successful precipitation hardening.
The document discusses the process of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) of steel. It defines TMT as a surface quenching process used to produce steel bars with high strength. The key aspects of TMT are surface quenching to form martensite, self-tempering to refine the microstructure, and final cooling. The mechanical properties of TMT bars depend on factors like the martensite volume fraction, cooling rate, and microstructure of the core.
This document provides design recommendations for storage tanks and their supports with an emphasis on seismic design. It was published by the Architectural Institute of Japan and provides guidance on analyzing and designing different types of storage tanks and their supports to withstand seismic forces. The recommendations include analysis of buckling failure modes for metal storage tanks, design of reinforced concrete and steel silos, seismic design of supports for spherical tanks, and consideration of soil pressures and fluid pressures and forces acting on underground and above-ground tanks during seismic events. The document aims to provide state-of-the-art seismic design recommendations based on data from recent earthquakes in Japan.
This document is a project proposal that investigates the effect of cooling media and hardening temperature on the physical properties of AISI D2 tool steel. The objectives are to study how cooling media and hardening temperature influence material hardness during heat treatment. Specimens of AISI D2 steel will be carburized and quenched at temperatures of 1000, 1020, and 1040°C, then cooled in different media like water, brine, ice, and oil. The literature review covers properties of D2 steel and previous studies on how heat treatment parameters affect hardness and microstructure. The methodology, schedule, and references are also outlined.
1.This slide is about causes of breakouts during continuous casting of steel and remedies about the same
2. It will help to reduce breakouts problem during continuous casting of steel up to 80%
This document discusses the process of continuous casting of steel. It begins with an overview of steel composition and the continuous casting process, which solidifies molten metal directly into final form. Most metals are produced this way, including over 500 million tons of steel annually worldwide. The document then describes the steelmaking processes of basic oxygen furnaces and electric arc furnaces that prepare the molten steel. It focuses on the design, functions, and importance of tundishes in continuous casting, which hold molten steel and facilitate inclusion removal before casting. Key aspects of tundish design like features, insulation, nozzle placement, and refractory lining application are explained.
Induction hardening is a process of hardening which is used to harden the particular or part to be required to be hardened. In this they used the faraday lows of induction.
Platinflex, which is headquartered in Istanbul (Turkey), belongs to one of the largest internationally active groups in the Manufacture,development of metal hoses and metal hose assemblies for the most diverse range of industries
This document summarizes the process of precipitate hardening or age hardening in an Al-Cu alloy. It involves three steps: 1) solution heat treatment to dissolve soluble phases, 2) quenching to develop supersaturation, and 3) age hardening through precipitation either at room temperature (natural aging) or elevated temperatures (artificial aging). Samples of an Al-4%Cu alloy were solution heat treated and quenched, then aged at different temperatures from 150-230C to test the effect on hardness. Hardness increased with increasing aging temperature, demonstrating successful precipitation hardening.
The document discusses the process of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) of steel. It defines TMT as a surface quenching process used to produce steel bars with high strength. The key aspects of TMT are surface quenching to form martensite, self-tempering to refine the microstructure, and final cooling. The mechanical properties of TMT bars depend on factors like the martensite volume fraction, cooling rate, and microstructure of the core.
This document provides design recommendations for storage tanks and their supports with an emphasis on seismic design. It was published by the Architectural Institute of Japan and provides guidance on analyzing and designing different types of storage tanks and their supports to withstand seismic forces. The recommendations include analysis of buckling failure modes for metal storage tanks, design of reinforced concrete and steel silos, seismic design of supports for spherical tanks, and consideration of soil pressures and fluid pressures and forces acting on underground and above-ground tanks during seismic events. The document aims to provide state-of-the-art seismic design recommendations based on data from recent earthquakes in Japan.
This document is a project proposal that investigates the effect of cooling media and hardening temperature on the physical properties of AISI D2 tool steel. The objectives are to study how cooling media and hardening temperature influence material hardness during heat treatment. Specimens of AISI D2 steel will be carburized and quenched at temperatures of 1000, 1020, and 1040°C, then cooled in different media like water, brine, ice, and oil. The literature review covers properties of D2 steel and previous studies on how heat treatment parameters affect hardness and microstructure. The methodology, schedule, and references are also outlined.
1.This slide is about causes of breakouts during continuous casting of steel and remedies about the same
2. It will help to reduce breakouts problem during continuous casting of steel up to 80%
This document discusses the process of continuous casting of steel. It begins with an overview of steel composition and the continuous casting process, which solidifies molten metal directly into final form. Most metals are produced this way, including over 500 million tons of steel annually worldwide. The document then describes the steelmaking processes of basic oxygen furnaces and electric arc furnaces that prepare the molten steel. It focuses on the design, functions, and importance of tundishes in continuous casting, which hold molten steel and facilitate inclusion removal before casting. Key aspects of tundish design like features, insulation, nozzle placement, and refractory lining application are explained.
Induction hardening is a process of hardening which is used to harden the particular or part to be required to be hardened. In this they used the faraday lows of induction.
Platinflex, which is headquartered in Istanbul (Turkey), belongs to one of the largest internationally active groups in the Manufacture,development of metal hoses and metal hose assemblies for the most diverse range of industries
The document discusses various aspects of hardening hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid steels. It explains that hardening involves heating steel to the appropriate temperature, holding, and then rapidly quenching to form martensite. Factors like chemical composition, part size/shape, heating/cooling rates, and quenchant properties influence the hardening process and final properties. Different hardening methods like direct, stage, and self-tempering quenching are also summarized.
This document summarizes induction hardening and flame hardening surface hardening techniques. It explains that surface hardening increases the hardness of a component's outer surface while leaving the core soft. Induction hardening uses an induction coil to heat a component's surface above the critical temperature, then quenches it to form martensite for hardness. Flame hardening uses an oxy-acetylene flame to selectively harden specific surface areas, then quenches. Both provide wear resistance and control over hardness depth. Induction hardening offers more control and less distortion while flame hardening is economical for large or complex parts.
The document discusses the basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process and electric arc furnace (EAF) process for steel production. It provides details on:
- The BOS process uses oxygen to remove carbon and other impurities from liquid iron in large converters in 15 minutes, producing steel. Critical removal steps are carbon, phosphorus, and temperature adjustment.
- The EAF melts recycled steel scrap using electric arcs in the furnace. It can perform metallurgical operations like refining. Electrode breakage and slag foaming, properties, and reduction are discussed.
- Both processes conclude by tapping the molten steel into a ladle for further refining before casting.
The document discusses a solution developed to address repeated failures of diaphragm welds in refinery heat exchangers. The solution involved eliminating the diaphragm plate and replacing it with a double-tapered, self-energizing metal pressure seal. Finite element analysis validated that the seal would keep components in an elastic state with stresses below code limits. The retrofit successfully eliminated cracking as the root cause of leaks, increasing equipment reliability while reducing downtime and costs during maintenance.
Continuous casting is a steelmaking process where liquid steel is solidified into a semi-finished billet, bloom, or slab. In this process, liquid steel flows from a ladle into a water-cooled copper mold. As the steel exits the mold, it begins to solidify on the surface while the core remains liquid. The semi-solid steel strand is then cooled further through water sprays to fully solidify it into the desired cross-section. The continuous casting process allows for higher productivity and quality than traditional ingot casting.
This document discusses various methods of surface hardening or case hardening steel, including:
1. Carburizing, which introduces carbon into low-carbon steel's surface, making it harder. There are pack/solid and gas carburizing methods.
2. Cyaniding uses a molten cyanide bath to absorb carbon and nitrogen into the steel surface.
3. Nitriding uses nitrogen gas to harden steel alloyed with elements like chromium.
4. Induction hardening and flame hardening quickly heat the surface with electricity or flames then quench to create a hard outer layer with a soft core.
5. Precipitation hardening involves heating, soaking,
LADLE FURNACE AND SECONDARY METALLURGY TRAINING PREPARED BY CVS MAKINAmetudgn
1. The ladle refining furnace (LF) allows for easier secondary metallurgy operations, optimal homogenization, accurate analyses for the continuous casting machine, and improved castability.
2. Key factors for the LF include proper desulfurization, homogenization through porous plugs, maintaining accurate analyses, and achieving cleaner steel through temperature changes and calibrated stirring.
3. Using the LF increases productivity of the overall line from electric arc furnace to continuous caster by reducing refining times and costs in the EAF while providing flexibility through buffering between processes.
The document discusses stainless steel submersible and dry installed pumps from Grundfos that are suitable for aggressive environments. It describes the four versions of pumps that are made of different stainless steel alloys and are resistant to corrosion, erosion, and fluctuating pH levels. It also provides application examples and guidelines for selecting the appropriate pump material based on pH, chloride concentration, and wear resistance requirements.
This document provides an overview of continuous casting of aluminium, specifically focusing on strip casting and wire bar casting technologies. It describes the basic principles of continuous casting, including key features like using rotating drums or belts to form a mould for molten aluminium. It discusses different types of casters like twin drum casters, single drum casters, and those using belts or blocks. It also addresses properties of continuously cast products and their behavior in further processing like rolling. The document aims to give readers an understanding of the possibilities and limitations of continuous casting aluminium.
The document defines various heat treatment terms and processes. It provides multiple definitions for some terms to highlight subtle differences. Key terms defined include annealing, austempering, austenite, bainite, hardening, and aging. Annealing involves heating and cooling to soften metals and modify properties or microstructure. Austempering and hardening involve controlled cooling after heating to achieve specific microstructures like bainite that impart strength.
The document summarizes key aspects of secondary steelmaking processes. It discusses homogenization through ladle stirring using argon bubbling or electromagnetic stirring. Degassing processes like ladle degassing and circulation degassing are also covered, which are used to remove gases from steel. Other secondary steelmaking stages discussed include heating in the ladle furnace, deoxidation using aluminum, decarburization in vacuum degassing, and desulphurization in the ladle through slag-metal reactions. Injection metallurgy techniques like powder injection and wire feeding are also summarized for adding alloying elements to molten steel.
This document discusses heat treatment processes for aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloys. It explains that aluminum alloys are strengthened through solution heat treatment and precipitation heat treatment. Solution heat treatment involves heating the alloy to high temperatures then quenching, while precipitation heat treatment includes both solution heat treatment and aging. Magnesium and titanium alloys also undergo solution and precipitation heat treatments to improve properties like strength and ductility. Key steps and temperature ranges are provided for the different heat treatment methods.
This document summarizes the process of preparing a tundish for continuous casting of steel. It discusses what a tundish is, the different lining layers including insulation, backup, and working linings. It details the steps to deskull, cool, and apply each lining layer. Key tundish furniture like the submerged entry nozzle and stopper are also described. The final steps of preheating the tundish and attached equipment before use in continuous casting are outlined.
The document discusses heat treating steels through various heating and cooling processes to achieve desired material properties. It describes heating steel to form austenite, then cooling through different rates to form different microstructures like pearlite or martensite. Rapid cooling through quenching produces martensite for high strength. Various quenching mediums like water, brine, and oil are discussed. The effects of alloying elements and proper furnace atmospheres on the heat treating process are also summarized.
This document discusses various methods of surface hardening steel, including flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, carburizing, nitriding, and boriding. It explains how each process works to intensify the surface of steel parts in order to increase hardness and wear resistance while leaving the interior softer. Precise control and monitoring of the temperature and time parameters are emphasized as important for achieving the desired case depth and microstructure in the hardened surface.
SURFACE HARDENING TREATMENT FOR AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTSveerappangopathy
The document discusses various surface hardening techniques used in automotive components. It begins with an introduction to heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. It then covers different case hardening methods like carburizing, nitriding and induction hardening. Specific examples of applying these techniques to automotive parts like gears, pistons, crankshafts and connecting rods are provided. Masking methods for selective case hardening using copper plating and stop-off paints are also described.
Continuous casting is a process that solidifies molten metal into a semi-finished billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling. It involves pouring molten metal from a ladle into a tundish, then through a nozzle into a mold where it solidifies into a continuous strand. As the strand exits the mold, it passes through primary and secondary cooling zones before being bent and cut into final pieces. Continuous casting is now the dominant production method for metals like steel due to benefits like improved yield, quality, and energy efficiency compared to batch casting.
Continuous casting was conceived in the 1860s and has since led to major improvements in efficiency, productivity, and cost reductions for metal production. The process involves cleaning and equalizing molten metal in a ladle before pouring it into a tundish where impurities are removed, then the metal travels through water cooled copper molds to begin solidifying as it moves downward along supported rollers. The key advantages are 100% casting yield due to no waste metal, an automatic and consistent process, and reproducible mechanical properties.
The document discusses heat treatment processes and their application in the automotive industry. It covers common heat treatment methods like annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and case hardening. Case hardening methods like carburizing, nitriding, and induction hardening are explained in detail. Specific automotive components that undergo heat treatment are also discussed, such as pistons, gears, crankshafts, and connecting rods. The document provides an overview of how heat treatment improves the properties of metals and explains the procedures for various processes.
This document summarizes the results of a study on the effect of aging temperature on the microstructure and intergranular corrosion resistance of 17-4PH stainless steel. The following key points were made:
1. Intergranular chromium carbide precipitation occurs at high aging temperatures, though NbC carbides were also observed.
2. Susceptibility to intergranular corrosion, as measured by double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation tests, increases with aging temperature.
3. "Healing" of sensitization between 600-650°C was not observed in the electrochemical tests. Microstructural analysis confirmed intergranular corrosion attack correlated with a high degree of sensitization.
Monel 400 - Excellent performance in marine applicationsHeanjia Alloys
Monel alloy 400 has supreme properties such as corrosion resistance, high strength and high temperature operation properties. It provides sustainable performance in marine conditions.
The document discusses various aspects of hardening hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid steels. It explains that hardening involves heating steel to the appropriate temperature, holding, and then rapidly quenching to form martensite. Factors like chemical composition, part size/shape, heating/cooling rates, and quenchant properties influence the hardening process and final properties. Different hardening methods like direct, stage, and self-tempering quenching are also summarized.
This document summarizes induction hardening and flame hardening surface hardening techniques. It explains that surface hardening increases the hardness of a component's outer surface while leaving the core soft. Induction hardening uses an induction coil to heat a component's surface above the critical temperature, then quenches it to form martensite for hardness. Flame hardening uses an oxy-acetylene flame to selectively harden specific surface areas, then quenches. Both provide wear resistance and control over hardness depth. Induction hardening offers more control and less distortion while flame hardening is economical for large or complex parts.
The document discusses the basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) process and electric arc furnace (EAF) process for steel production. It provides details on:
- The BOS process uses oxygen to remove carbon and other impurities from liquid iron in large converters in 15 minutes, producing steel. Critical removal steps are carbon, phosphorus, and temperature adjustment.
- The EAF melts recycled steel scrap using electric arcs in the furnace. It can perform metallurgical operations like refining. Electrode breakage and slag foaming, properties, and reduction are discussed.
- Both processes conclude by tapping the molten steel into a ladle for further refining before casting.
The document discusses a solution developed to address repeated failures of diaphragm welds in refinery heat exchangers. The solution involved eliminating the diaphragm plate and replacing it with a double-tapered, self-energizing metal pressure seal. Finite element analysis validated that the seal would keep components in an elastic state with stresses below code limits. The retrofit successfully eliminated cracking as the root cause of leaks, increasing equipment reliability while reducing downtime and costs during maintenance.
Continuous casting is a steelmaking process where liquid steel is solidified into a semi-finished billet, bloom, or slab. In this process, liquid steel flows from a ladle into a water-cooled copper mold. As the steel exits the mold, it begins to solidify on the surface while the core remains liquid. The semi-solid steel strand is then cooled further through water sprays to fully solidify it into the desired cross-section. The continuous casting process allows for higher productivity and quality than traditional ingot casting.
This document discusses various methods of surface hardening or case hardening steel, including:
1. Carburizing, which introduces carbon into low-carbon steel's surface, making it harder. There are pack/solid and gas carburizing methods.
2. Cyaniding uses a molten cyanide bath to absorb carbon and nitrogen into the steel surface.
3. Nitriding uses nitrogen gas to harden steel alloyed with elements like chromium.
4. Induction hardening and flame hardening quickly heat the surface with electricity or flames then quench to create a hard outer layer with a soft core.
5. Precipitation hardening involves heating, soaking,
LADLE FURNACE AND SECONDARY METALLURGY TRAINING PREPARED BY CVS MAKINAmetudgn
1. The ladle refining furnace (LF) allows for easier secondary metallurgy operations, optimal homogenization, accurate analyses for the continuous casting machine, and improved castability.
2. Key factors for the LF include proper desulfurization, homogenization through porous plugs, maintaining accurate analyses, and achieving cleaner steel through temperature changes and calibrated stirring.
3. Using the LF increases productivity of the overall line from electric arc furnace to continuous caster by reducing refining times and costs in the EAF while providing flexibility through buffering between processes.
The document discusses stainless steel submersible and dry installed pumps from Grundfos that are suitable for aggressive environments. It describes the four versions of pumps that are made of different stainless steel alloys and are resistant to corrosion, erosion, and fluctuating pH levels. It also provides application examples and guidelines for selecting the appropriate pump material based on pH, chloride concentration, and wear resistance requirements.
This document provides an overview of continuous casting of aluminium, specifically focusing on strip casting and wire bar casting technologies. It describes the basic principles of continuous casting, including key features like using rotating drums or belts to form a mould for molten aluminium. It discusses different types of casters like twin drum casters, single drum casters, and those using belts or blocks. It also addresses properties of continuously cast products and their behavior in further processing like rolling. The document aims to give readers an understanding of the possibilities and limitations of continuous casting aluminium.
The document defines various heat treatment terms and processes. It provides multiple definitions for some terms to highlight subtle differences. Key terms defined include annealing, austempering, austenite, bainite, hardening, and aging. Annealing involves heating and cooling to soften metals and modify properties or microstructure. Austempering and hardening involve controlled cooling after heating to achieve specific microstructures like bainite that impart strength.
The document summarizes key aspects of secondary steelmaking processes. It discusses homogenization through ladle stirring using argon bubbling or electromagnetic stirring. Degassing processes like ladle degassing and circulation degassing are also covered, which are used to remove gases from steel. Other secondary steelmaking stages discussed include heating in the ladle furnace, deoxidation using aluminum, decarburization in vacuum degassing, and desulphurization in the ladle through slag-metal reactions. Injection metallurgy techniques like powder injection and wire feeding are also summarized for adding alloying elements to molten steel.
This document discusses heat treatment processes for aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloys. It explains that aluminum alloys are strengthened through solution heat treatment and precipitation heat treatment. Solution heat treatment involves heating the alloy to high temperatures then quenching, while precipitation heat treatment includes both solution heat treatment and aging. Magnesium and titanium alloys also undergo solution and precipitation heat treatments to improve properties like strength and ductility. Key steps and temperature ranges are provided for the different heat treatment methods.
This document summarizes the process of preparing a tundish for continuous casting of steel. It discusses what a tundish is, the different lining layers including insulation, backup, and working linings. It details the steps to deskull, cool, and apply each lining layer. Key tundish furniture like the submerged entry nozzle and stopper are also described. The final steps of preheating the tundish and attached equipment before use in continuous casting are outlined.
The document discusses heat treating steels through various heating and cooling processes to achieve desired material properties. It describes heating steel to form austenite, then cooling through different rates to form different microstructures like pearlite or martensite. Rapid cooling through quenching produces martensite for high strength. Various quenching mediums like water, brine, and oil are discussed. The effects of alloying elements and proper furnace atmospheres on the heat treating process are also summarized.
This document discusses various methods of surface hardening steel, including flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, carburizing, nitriding, and boriding. It explains how each process works to intensify the surface of steel parts in order to increase hardness and wear resistance while leaving the interior softer. Precise control and monitoring of the temperature and time parameters are emphasized as important for achieving the desired case depth and microstructure in the hardened surface.
SURFACE HARDENING TREATMENT FOR AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTSveerappangopathy
The document discusses various surface hardening techniques used in automotive components. It begins with an introduction to heat treatment processes like annealing, normalizing, hardening and tempering. It then covers different case hardening methods like carburizing, nitriding and induction hardening. Specific examples of applying these techniques to automotive parts like gears, pistons, crankshafts and connecting rods are provided. Masking methods for selective case hardening using copper plating and stop-off paints are also described.
Continuous casting is a process that solidifies molten metal into a semi-finished billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling. It involves pouring molten metal from a ladle into a tundish, then through a nozzle into a mold where it solidifies into a continuous strand. As the strand exits the mold, it passes through primary and secondary cooling zones before being bent and cut into final pieces. Continuous casting is now the dominant production method for metals like steel due to benefits like improved yield, quality, and energy efficiency compared to batch casting.
Continuous casting was conceived in the 1860s and has since led to major improvements in efficiency, productivity, and cost reductions for metal production. The process involves cleaning and equalizing molten metal in a ladle before pouring it into a tundish where impurities are removed, then the metal travels through water cooled copper molds to begin solidifying as it moves downward along supported rollers. The key advantages are 100% casting yield due to no waste metal, an automatic and consistent process, and reproducible mechanical properties.
The document discusses heat treatment processes and their application in the automotive industry. It covers common heat treatment methods like annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and case hardening. Case hardening methods like carburizing, nitriding, and induction hardening are explained in detail. Specific automotive components that undergo heat treatment are also discussed, such as pistons, gears, crankshafts, and connecting rods. The document provides an overview of how heat treatment improves the properties of metals and explains the procedures for various processes.
This document summarizes the results of a study on the effect of aging temperature on the microstructure and intergranular corrosion resistance of 17-4PH stainless steel. The following key points were made:
1. Intergranular chromium carbide precipitation occurs at high aging temperatures, though NbC carbides were also observed.
2. Susceptibility to intergranular corrosion, as measured by double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation tests, increases with aging temperature.
3. "Healing" of sensitization between 600-650°C was not observed in the electrochemical tests. Microstructural analysis confirmed intergranular corrosion attack correlated with a high degree of sensitization.
Monel 400 - Excellent performance in marine applicationsHeanjia Alloys
Monel alloy 400 has supreme properties such as corrosion resistance, high strength and high temperature operation properties. It provides sustainable performance in marine conditions.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are widely used in industrial processes to transfer heat. They can efficiently transfer large amounts of heat while taking up relatively little space. There are two main types - smaller designs under 12 inches in diameter made of welded steel with copper tubing, and larger designs from 10-100 inches made to TEMA standards using steel pipe or plate. Key components include tubes, tube sheets to attach tubes, baffles to direct flow, and inlet/outlet ports in the shell. Tube materials and configurations can vary to suit different applications and pressures.
This document summarizes a report on optimizing the Hismelt iron-making process for use in India. It provides background on issues with the blast furnace process in India and why Hismelt is a suitable alternative. The Hismelt process allows use of non-coking coal and iron ore fines. It describes the development and testing of Hismelt technology over time. A commercial plant was built in Australia and demonstrated production of 80 tons of hot metal per hour. Further development work continues to optimize the process.
Basalt rebar is produced from basalt rock through a process of crushing, melting, drawing into filaments, stretching, cooling, and winding. It offers several advantages over steel rebar such as higher strength, lighter weight, and greater resistance to corrosion. Basalt rebar is used as reinforcement in concrete for applications such as construction, infrastructure, and anywhere highly corrosive conditions are present. It is produced through pultrusion by pulling basalt filaments through a resin bath and heated die to form continuous lengths.
The Charpy impact test was used to investigate the impact fracture toughness of steel at different temperatures. The results showed that steel required more energy to fracture at higher temperatures, where it was more ductile, than at lower temperatures where it was more brittle. Specifically, below 0°C the steel underwent a ductile to brittle transition and required less energy to fracture. This trend demonstrates how the impact toughness of steel decreases as temperature decreases below the ductile to brittle transition temperature. While the Charpy test provided a simple way to evaluate fracture energy, there was some variation in repeated measurements likely due to temperature fluctuations in the steel samples during testing.
The document discusses heat flow and temperature distribution during welding. It describes how welding creates a heat affected zone (HAZ) near the weld where high temperatures alter the microstructure and properties of the metal even if it doesn't fully melt. The size of the HAZ depends on factors like heat input and the material's thermal diffusivity, which determines how fast heat is conducted. Within the HAZ, different regions experience different peak temperatures and cooling rates, affecting the material properties. The document also discusses weldability, carbon equivalent values which help determine preheating needs, and their effect on properties.
Similar to Corrosion resistance of inconel alloys in HF conditions (8)
5 Features of The Decorative mesh That Makes It Beneficial Heanjia Alloys
The decorative mesh has several beneficial features:
1) It is a reliable and durable product as the interlocking wire system ensures it will not come apart, even under rough handling or high temperatures.
2) It is flexible and malleable, allowing it to be easily wrapped around irregularly shaped objects, yet it retains its shape when bent.
3) It requires low maintenance despite being strong, as decorative meshes are often made of durable stainless steel wires.
4) It has small spaces between the crimped wires that allow it to be used as an effective screen or sieve while still admitting light.
Nichrome Wire Mesh is widely used in ship building, electric power, medical apparatus, chemical machinery, desalination, aerospace, metallurgy, heat treatment, war industry and aerospace
Corrosion resistant Monel Mesh Screens for industrial applicationsHeanjia Alloys
We manufacture corrosion resistant Monel mesh screens for industrial applications using precise quality control measures. Our operations prioritize high quality products and customer satisfaction through reliable, adaptable operations and a qualified staff committed to our pledge of quality. We partner with global suppliers and offer consulting and engineering services to enhance clients' filtration systems using wedge wire screens.
Rugged Woven mesh screens for mild to high scale filtration applicationsHeanjia Alloys
Stainless steel woven mesh screens are produced in various sizes and shapes for liquid-solid and gas-solid separation applications. They offer excellent strength, long service life, and high adaptability. The rugged structure and high quality materials allow the screens to last longer with less maintenance. Additionally, the excellent service efficiency and reduced maintenance of the mesh screens can lower operating costs. Common applications include direct screening and as filter media support in industries such as water and wastewater, pulp and paper, chemical, petrochemical, and more.
How thermal spray coatings are necessary for protection of advanced componentsHeanjia Alloys
Thermal spray coatings are used to provide protection for advanced components through their hardness and erosion resistance. The hardness and density of thermal spray coatings are usually lower than the material they are produced from. Coatings can be anodic or cathodic to the base metal, with anodic coatings corroding to protect the base metal. Thermal spray coatings also have very high adhesion properties above 34,000 kPa. Arc spraying is commonly used due to its lower energy costs and higher production rates compared to other thermal spray methods. Thermal spray coatings are widely used to prevent corrosion in applications such as steel, iron, and ship components operating in various service conditions.
Monel mesh- Highly durable material, preferred for fittingsHeanjia Alloys
Monel mesh is used in wire mesh gaskets providing a cost effective solution to high shielding performance applications in the magnetic and electrical fields including EMP.
Influence of metallurgical reactions in Inconel 625 on corrosion behaviour in...Heanjia Alloys
Columbium in alloy 625 provides resistance to sensitization to alloy. Few specimens of the material, although found to be less resistant as compare to others
Behavior of high performance nickel alloys in vigorous chemical mediaHeanjia Alloys
The sensitivity to cracking of Inconel 600 widely depend on the environmental factors like temperature, level of tensile stress, deformation rate, availability of hydrogen gas, solution pH value.
How nickel base super alloys are fit for sofc applicationsHeanjia Alloys
Nickel base super alloys have properties that make them suitable for use as interconnectors or gas separators in solid oxide fuel cell stacks. To fulfill these roles, an alloy must have bulk and surface stability against oxidation and corrosion during extensive exposure to fuel cell conditions, be thermally compatible with other stack components, be chemically suitable for neighboring components, have high electrical conductivity on reactive surfaces, and demonstrate mechanical reliability and durability when exposed to cell media. Critical minimum chromium concentrations of 20-25% are needed to develop a protective chromium oxide scale and prevent corrosion, while nickel and iron base alloys require over 18% chromium. Trace elements like cerium, lanthanum and yttrium can also contribute to oxidation and corrosion resistance
Decorative mesh screens made from durable stainless steels are used in buildings for improving their appearance as well as provide protection from unwanted species like insects and bugs
Wire Mesh Filter elements, their construction materials and the need of filters are discussed to describe the significance of filters in the industries
The alloys resistant to sulfuric acid like carpenter alloy, Hastelloy alloy G and Incoloy alloy 825 are employed to benefit in the dilution and reaction procedures.
Stainless steel 304 is the recommended material for dealing with low amounts and high temperature applications of oleum. However the low carbon stainless steel 304L can be employed
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
Corrosion resistance of inconel alloys in HF conditions
1. Corrosion resistance of Inconel alloys in HF conditions
A studywasperformedonsamplesof highalloymaterialswhichare usedinmoltensaltreactors.
Thisprocessinvolvestransformationof uraniumtoitsoxide.The hydrolysisof the uranium
compoundsformsconcentratedHFacid,whichhas strongcorrosionprobabilities.Thistestwas
performedtohave a betterunderstandingof corrosionratesof differenthighalloymaterialsin
concentratedHFand to create a switchingschedule forconversionprocess.
The conversionprocessincludesdifferentpartsandmaterialsof construction,howeverthe partsare
usuallyvalves.These valvesare mainlymade of Monel 400 bodiesandstemtipsand Inconel 600
bellows.Until now,the bellowshadastainlesssteel316 flange ringweldedtothe base.Thisuse of
SS 316 caused several damagesinlabtestsinvolvingthe transferof HF.HastelloyC276 valve bodies
and stemtipshave become availableanditisnow requiredtofindwhetheritismore economical to
replace the valve modulesimmediatelyorwaitforscheduledreplacement.
Basic HF corrosiontestwasconductedto compare corrosionratesof manyhighalloymaterials.As
Monel 400 inthe systemisgoldplated,some goldplatedalloy400couponswere included.Short
termoutcomesshowedavigorouscorrosiononSS 316 below the liquidline.The average corrosion
rate forsteel was1600 to 1800 milsperyearduringthe initial week.Inconel 600samplesoffered
betterperformance averaging120 mpy inthe initial week.Thisalloyexperiencedcorrosioninitially
at the liquid-vaporinterface andinthe areaabove the liquid.Monel 400 receivedlowercorrosion
than Inconel 600. The unlplatedMonel 400and HastelloyC276 offeredthe bestperformanceinthe
short termstudy.Bothalloyshadaverage below 10 mpycorrosionin the firstweek.
The outcomesfromthe prolongtesttendedtoimitate those fromthe short-termtestinregardto
the most andleastaffectedsamples.SS316 experienced60% lossof itsmaterial below the liquid,
causingan average corrosionrate of 550 mpyat the endof 4th
week.The corrosiondepositshelped
to reduce the corrosionrate and secure the metal surface.Inconel 600 couponshad an average
corrosionrate of 128 mpyand Monel 400 showedcorrosionrate of 29 mpy.HastelloyC276 offered
the bestperformance byshowingthe minimumcorrosionrate of 5 mpy andthenofferedvirtually
resistantperformance throughoutthe test.
The issue addressedbythisstudywasto findhow longInconel 600 componentscanperformas
compare to SS 316 bellows.Thisissue is somewhatmore complicated.Inactual,manycomponents
are primarilysubjectedtothe vaporformof HF.Inconel 600 certainlyofferssuperiorperformance at