Traditional machining of Inconel 718 generates residual stresses and lower surface quality compared to non-traditional machining. Non-traditional methods like EDM and laser machining produce better surface integrity with minimal damage. The document reviews different studies on optimizing machining parameters for conventional turning and EDM of Inconel 718 to maximize material removal rate while minimizing surface roughness and recast layer thickness.
Machinability assessment in turning of inconel 718 nickel base super alloys a...IAEME Publication
This document reviews the machinability of Inconel 718, a nickel-base super alloy that is difficult to machine. It discusses how Inconel 718's properties like high hardness and low thermal conductivity lead to high cutting temperatures that make it challenging to cut. The document then summarizes research on different cutting tools used for machining Inconel 718, including coated carbides, cubic boron nitride, and ceramic tools. It provides details on how each tool type performs at various speeds and feeds when turning Inconel 718.
This document is a report on the manufacturing of a composite chair for a course project. It discusses the materials used, including glass fiber fabric and polyester resin. The manufacturing process involved cleaning the mold, applying a releasing agent, laying up layers of fiber with resin in the mold, applying vacuum pressure, and curing at room temperature over 4-5 hours. Legs were then attached to the cured composite base by bonding with additional fabric layers. Microscopic examination was conducted to analyze the microstructure of the composite and identify any defects from the manufacturing process.
Hot Hydroforging for Lightweighting Presentation IDE 2015 Fluxtrol Inc.
Bimaterial products can be hot forged from a bimaterial billet where the steel shell encloses the lightweight core fully. A bimaterial billet can be forged in solid state however a better forging quality can be achieved if the core material is viscous thereby providing uniform hydrostatic pressure to steel shell during forging similar to a hydroforming process. However, the similarity only pertains to the hydrostatic pressure developed inside the deforming billet not to the process temperatures. While hydroforming is done at room temperatures the hot hydroforging is done at temperatures greater than 1000C enabling deformation of steel into intricate topologies without a fracture. Other differences between the hydroforming and hot hydroforging are that the amount of fluid is constant in hot hydroforging and the fluid may solidify and become an integral part of the product after forging and cooling. The lightweight core material will need to have a lower melting or softening temperature than the steel for Hot Hydroforging. Aluminum, magnesium, and glass are such candidate lightweight materials.
What is laser beam hardening (LBH)? Advantages, Disadvantages
Applications, What is laser peening? Difference between laser beam hardening (LBH) and electron beam hardening (EBH)
Jindal Saw Ltd produces large diameter steel pipes using various manufacturing processes. It produces ductile iron spun pipes (DISP) using centrifugal casting, induction furnaces, magnesium treatment, and annealing. The pipes undergo various tests and treatments like hydrostatic testing, cement lining, curing, zinc coating, and bituminous coating. Pipes are checked for quality before being dispatched. Jindal emphasizes preventative and breakdown maintenance to maintain plant equipment and machinery.
Case study for material selection (Automobile Silencer)Nishit Karkar
This document discusses material selection for automobile silencers and catalytic converters. It provides details on the manufacturing process, technical aspects, and criteria for selecting materials for silencers. Common materials used include steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and alloys for their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand high exhaust temperatures. The document also discusses the material requirements and alternatives for catalytic converters, focusing on a ferrite alloy and stainless steel sheet that is pre-oxidized to provide a surface for catalyst adhesion.
This document is an engineering research project report analyzing TIG welded SP-700 titanium alloy. It was conducted by student Nisarg D. Parekh under the supervision of Timotius Pasang. The project investigated the microstructure and strength of TIG welded joints in SP-700 titanium alloy through microstructure examination, microhardness testing, and tensile testing. Samples were also heat treated at different temperatures and aging processes to study the effect on material properties. The results of the experiments are discussed in the report.
Traditional machining of Inconel 718 generates residual stresses and lower surface quality compared to non-traditional machining. Non-traditional methods like EDM and laser machining produce better surface integrity with minimal damage. The document reviews different studies on optimizing machining parameters for conventional turning and EDM of Inconel 718 to maximize material removal rate while minimizing surface roughness and recast layer thickness.
Machinability assessment in turning of inconel 718 nickel base super alloys a...IAEME Publication
This document reviews the machinability of Inconel 718, a nickel-base super alloy that is difficult to machine. It discusses how Inconel 718's properties like high hardness and low thermal conductivity lead to high cutting temperatures that make it challenging to cut. The document then summarizes research on different cutting tools used for machining Inconel 718, including coated carbides, cubic boron nitride, and ceramic tools. It provides details on how each tool type performs at various speeds and feeds when turning Inconel 718.
This document is a report on the manufacturing of a composite chair for a course project. It discusses the materials used, including glass fiber fabric and polyester resin. The manufacturing process involved cleaning the mold, applying a releasing agent, laying up layers of fiber with resin in the mold, applying vacuum pressure, and curing at room temperature over 4-5 hours. Legs were then attached to the cured composite base by bonding with additional fabric layers. Microscopic examination was conducted to analyze the microstructure of the composite and identify any defects from the manufacturing process.
Hot Hydroforging for Lightweighting Presentation IDE 2015 Fluxtrol Inc.
Bimaterial products can be hot forged from a bimaterial billet where the steel shell encloses the lightweight core fully. A bimaterial billet can be forged in solid state however a better forging quality can be achieved if the core material is viscous thereby providing uniform hydrostatic pressure to steel shell during forging similar to a hydroforming process. However, the similarity only pertains to the hydrostatic pressure developed inside the deforming billet not to the process temperatures. While hydroforming is done at room temperatures the hot hydroforging is done at temperatures greater than 1000C enabling deformation of steel into intricate topologies without a fracture. Other differences between the hydroforming and hot hydroforging are that the amount of fluid is constant in hot hydroforging and the fluid may solidify and become an integral part of the product after forging and cooling. The lightweight core material will need to have a lower melting or softening temperature than the steel for Hot Hydroforging. Aluminum, magnesium, and glass are such candidate lightweight materials.
What is laser beam hardening (LBH)? Advantages, Disadvantages
Applications, What is laser peening? Difference between laser beam hardening (LBH) and electron beam hardening (EBH)
Jindal Saw Ltd produces large diameter steel pipes using various manufacturing processes. It produces ductile iron spun pipes (DISP) using centrifugal casting, induction furnaces, magnesium treatment, and annealing. The pipes undergo various tests and treatments like hydrostatic testing, cement lining, curing, zinc coating, and bituminous coating. Pipes are checked for quality before being dispatched. Jindal emphasizes preventative and breakdown maintenance to maintain plant equipment and machinery.
Case study for material selection (Automobile Silencer)Nishit Karkar
This document discusses material selection for automobile silencers and catalytic converters. It provides details on the manufacturing process, technical aspects, and criteria for selecting materials for silencers. Common materials used include steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and alloys for their mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand high exhaust temperatures. The document also discusses the material requirements and alternatives for catalytic converters, focusing on a ferrite alloy and stainless steel sheet that is pre-oxidized to provide a surface for catalyst adhesion.
This document is an engineering research project report analyzing TIG welded SP-700 titanium alloy. It was conducted by student Nisarg D. Parekh under the supervision of Timotius Pasang. The project investigated the microstructure and strength of TIG welded joints in SP-700 titanium alloy through microstructure examination, microhardness testing, and tensile testing. Samples were also heat treated at different temperatures and aging processes to study the effect on material properties. The results of the experiments are discussed in the report.
Laser heat treatment uses a laser as a heat source to rapidly heat a material's surface and create a hardened layer through metallurgical transformation. The laser precisely heats the surface area while the surrounding material acts as a heat sink for rapid self-quenching. This produces a hardened layer with enhanced mechanical properties like wear resistance. Lasers allow for minimal heat input, precise control over small areas, and non-contact, open-air processing. Common lasers used include CO2, diode, fiber and Nd:YAG lasers. Laser heat treatment is suitable for low to high carbon steels, alloy steels, tool steels, martensitic stainless steels and pearlitic cast iron.
Super plastic Forming and Diffusion bonding in Aerospace industriesRohit Katarya
The document summarizes superplastic forming and diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) techniques. SPF/DB allows forming of complex metal parts by heating sheet metal to its superplastic temperature range and forming it using gas pressure between dies. Once formed, diffusion bonding fuses the sheets together. Key applications include aircraft fan blades, fuselages, and military structures. The process offers advantages like reduced part counts but requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and time to minimize defects and produce high quality bonds.
This document summarizes various surface treatment techniques including mechanical processes like shot peening and deep rolling that modify the surface without changing chemistry, thermal processes like electron beam treatment and laser treatment, and thermo-chemical processes like carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding that diffuse elements like carbon or nitrogen into the surface. It provides details on the mechanisms, advantages, and applications of these different surface modification methods.
Friction stir welding of high strength aluminium alloysRitul2
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on friction stir welding of high-strength aluminum alloys. It discusses friction stir welding techniques, properties of 7XXX and 2XXX aluminum alloys, applications of friction stir welding in aerospace and other industries, and challenges and opportunities for further research. Friction stir welding is described as a solid-state welding process that was invented in 1991 and provides advantages over conventional welding of aluminum, including fewer defects, no filler required, and improved mechanical properties of the welded joint. The presentation focuses on welding high-strength 7XXX and 2XXX aluminum alloys used in aerospace applications.
Recognizing and Eliminating Flux Concentrator FailuresFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Overview:
• What are the failure modes of a flux concentrator?
• How do we improve the design to prevent the failure in the future?
• Examples of coil lifetime improvement by proper use of flux
concentrators.
This document reviews the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of duplex 2209 steel used in electro-slag strip cladding on a low-carbon steel substrate. The authors aim to deposit layers of stainless steel 309 and duplex 2209 using electro-slag strip cladding to develop a protective multilayer coating. Characterization of the coating microstructure will be done using SEM/EDS and mechanical properties will be evaluated through microhardness testing and residual stress analysis with XRD. Corrosion behavior will also be examined according to ASTM standards.
Super plastic forming is a metalworking process that uses high temperatures and controlled strain rates to form sheet metal. Materials like titanium alloys and aluminum alloys can elongate several times their original length through this process. Explosive forming also shapes metals through high pressure, using an explosive charge to form sheet metal against a die in either a standoff or contact method. Both processes allow for complex shapes but super plastic forming is slower while explosive forming supports larger parts and shorter production runs.
Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join two touching workpieces without melting. The tool has a shouldered pin that is rotated as it travels along the joint line. Friction between the pin and workpieces generates heat, causing the metals to soften without melting. Benefits include excellent mechanical properties, reduced defects compared to fusion welding, and ability to join difficult-to-weld metals and aluminum alloys. Applications include automotive, aerospace, rail, shipbuilding, and electronics.
This document discusses various unconventional machining processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining (ECM), electron beam machining, laser beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, ultrasonic machining, and machining of nonmetallic materials like ceramics and plastics. It provides details on the process, applications, advantages and limitations, and material removal rates of each unconventional machining technique. Figures and tables are included to illustrate examples and compare characteristics of different unconventional machining processes.
This document discusses plasma arc machining (PAM). PAM uses a high-velocity jet of heated gas at around 50,000°C to melt and remove material. Gases are ionized to form plasma which is directed at the workpiece. Key components of PAM systems include a plasma gun, power supply, and cooling mechanisms. PAM can machine hard metals and is used for applications like tube milling, welding specialty alloys, and nuclear pipe systems. Advantages are high production rates and ability to machine hard metals, while disadvantages include high initial costs and inefficient for large cavities. Various PAM types are also described such as conventional, air, and dual-flow systems.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT PARAMETERS AND GRAIN REFINEMENT ON MICROSTRUCTUR...dbpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment parameters and grain refinement on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A357 alloy. The study investigated the microstructure and properties of A357 alloy in the as-cast condition and after heat treatment, which involved solutionizing at 500°C for 5 hours followed by quenching and aging at 170°C for 3 hours. Grain refinement using 0.1% grain refiner and modification using 0.1% modifier were also investigated, both with and without heat treatment. Heat treatment and grain refinement/modification led to spheroidized silicon particles and improved mechanical properties like hardness and tensile strength compared to the as-cast alloy due to the finer microstructure.
CoroTech's presentation on Thermal Insulating Coating and how it can help your company with an alternative to traditional insulation!
Contact Kimberlee Hewitt for more information!
khewitt@corotech.com
The document introduces new composite materials JX1 and JP2 for machining aerospace alloys. JX1 provides significantly longer tool life compared to whisker ceramics, and can double cutting speeds. It is suitable for roughing, profiling and semi-finishing of heat resistant alloys. JP2 allows for high-speed finishing at over 240m/min with superior finishes to CBN or carbide. It has 10-15 times higher speed capability than carbide. The materials increase productivity versus whisker ceramics and carbide for aerospace machining applications.
Fluxtrol's "Best Practice for Design and Manufacturing of Heat Treating Induc...Fluxtrol Inc.
With the use of good design practices, one can improve coil longevity and improve production quality. By eliminating failure points in the initial design, proper material selection, improved cooling and proper magnetic flux control, induction tooling life can be increased. Computer simulation has been proven to be an effective tool for predicting not only electromagnetic parameters of a designed system, but also heat patterns in a given part and in the induction coil itself. When a coil has magnetic flux controllers present, their influence may also be predicted by computer simulation. With an extensive library of published case studies in induction coil design and performance evaluations, we are confident with the use of these tools and proper coil geometries and implementation, production life and quality can be improved on most induction heat treating inductors. These design practices have been used by the authors for over 20 years with proven results. A case is examined of a CVJ stem hardening coil, in which the principles discussed can be applied to most other hardening coils.
This document provides an overview of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). It describes WAAM as an additive manufacturing technique that uses an electric arc as an energy source and welding wire as a feedstock. WAAM allows for high deposition rates compared to powder-based methods. The document reviews academic studies on WAAM of aluminum components and modular path planning. It also discusses applications of WAAM in aerospace and comparisons between WAAM and powder laser melting methods.
Surface treatment techniques play an important role in improving properties like hardness, wear and corrosion resistance. The document discusses 8 techniques:
1) Mechanical hardening uses impacts to work-harden surfaces and improve fatigue strength. Shot peening is commonly used.
2) Different coating techniques add thin layers, like case hardening which diffuses alternate elements into steel to harden surfaces.
3) Phosphate conversion coatings chemically react phosphoric acid with metal surfaces to form insoluble phosphate layers for corrosion resistance.
4) Chromate conversion coatings provide highly corrosion-resistant surfaces for aluminum.
Hot Hydroforging of Lightweight Bilateral Gears and Hollow ProductsFluxtrol Inc.
Feasibility of making lightweight powertrain products with hot hydroforging of steel/low density material hybrid billets is explored. A bimaterial billet is designed such that a steel wall encloses a low density core 100%. Furthermore the low density core is selected among the materials that have lower melting or softening temperature than steel such as aluminum and glass. In hot hydroforging the bimaterial billet is heated to 1000-1200 C range similar to the conventional hot forging of steel. However, in hot hydroforging the core is in liquid or viscous state while steel shell is in solid state similar to the conventional hydroforming. During hot hydroforging the viscous/liquid core has negligible resistance to flow thereby providing a uniform hydrostatic pressure inside the steel and enabling a uniform deformation of the solid steel wall.
Laser cladding is a process that uses a laser to melt and consolidate powdered material in order to coat a substrate. The powder is injected into the melt pool created by the interaction of the laser with the substrate. As the substrate moves, the melt pool solidifies, building up a track of solid metal. Different materials can be used for the powder depending on the desired properties, such as corrosion or wear resistance. Laser cladding is useful for repairing worn parts and coating components to improve properties. It provides benefits like a strong metallurgical bond between the coating and substrate.
Corrosion and heat resistant nickel alloysHeanjia Alloys
Continuing developments in metallurgical techniques and production methodologies have urged the development of Nickel alloys and their wider applications in the chemical industry.
Laser heat treatment uses a laser as a heat source to rapidly heat a material's surface and create a hardened layer through metallurgical transformation. The laser precisely heats the surface area while the surrounding material acts as a heat sink for rapid self-quenching. This produces a hardened layer with enhanced mechanical properties like wear resistance. Lasers allow for minimal heat input, precise control over small areas, and non-contact, open-air processing. Common lasers used include CO2, diode, fiber and Nd:YAG lasers. Laser heat treatment is suitable for low to high carbon steels, alloy steels, tool steels, martensitic stainless steels and pearlitic cast iron.
Super plastic Forming and Diffusion bonding in Aerospace industriesRohit Katarya
The document summarizes superplastic forming and diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) techniques. SPF/DB allows forming of complex metal parts by heating sheet metal to its superplastic temperature range and forming it using gas pressure between dies. Once formed, diffusion bonding fuses the sheets together. Key applications include aircraft fan blades, fuselages, and military structures. The process offers advantages like reduced part counts but requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and time to minimize defects and produce high quality bonds.
This document summarizes various surface treatment techniques including mechanical processes like shot peening and deep rolling that modify the surface without changing chemistry, thermal processes like electron beam treatment and laser treatment, and thermo-chemical processes like carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding that diffuse elements like carbon or nitrogen into the surface. It provides details on the mechanisms, advantages, and applications of these different surface modification methods.
Friction stir welding of high strength aluminium alloysRitul2
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on friction stir welding of high-strength aluminum alloys. It discusses friction stir welding techniques, properties of 7XXX and 2XXX aluminum alloys, applications of friction stir welding in aerospace and other industries, and challenges and opportunities for further research. Friction stir welding is described as a solid-state welding process that was invented in 1991 and provides advantages over conventional welding of aluminum, including fewer defects, no filler required, and improved mechanical properties of the welded joint. The presentation focuses on welding high-strength 7XXX and 2XXX aluminum alloys used in aerospace applications.
Recognizing and Eliminating Flux Concentrator FailuresFluxtrol Inc.
http://fluxtrol.com
Overview:
• What are the failure modes of a flux concentrator?
• How do we improve the design to prevent the failure in the future?
• Examples of coil lifetime improvement by proper use of flux
concentrators.
This document reviews the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of duplex 2209 steel used in electro-slag strip cladding on a low-carbon steel substrate. The authors aim to deposit layers of stainless steel 309 and duplex 2209 using electro-slag strip cladding to develop a protective multilayer coating. Characterization of the coating microstructure will be done using SEM/EDS and mechanical properties will be evaluated through microhardness testing and residual stress analysis with XRD. Corrosion behavior will also be examined according to ASTM standards.
Super plastic forming is a metalworking process that uses high temperatures and controlled strain rates to form sheet metal. Materials like titanium alloys and aluminum alloys can elongate several times their original length through this process. Explosive forming also shapes metals through high pressure, using an explosive charge to form sheet metal against a die in either a standoff or contact method. Both processes allow for complex shapes but super plastic forming is slower while explosive forming supports larger parts and shorter production runs.
Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process that uses a non-consumable tool to join two touching workpieces without melting. The tool has a shouldered pin that is rotated as it travels along the joint line. Friction between the pin and workpieces generates heat, causing the metals to soften without melting. Benefits include excellent mechanical properties, reduced defects compared to fusion welding, and ability to join difficult-to-weld metals and aluminum alloys. Applications include automotive, aerospace, rail, shipbuilding, and electronics.
This document discusses various unconventional machining processes including chemical machining, electrochemical machining (ECM), electron beam machining, laser beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, ultrasonic machining, and machining of nonmetallic materials like ceramics and plastics. It provides details on the process, applications, advantages and limitations, and material removal rates of each unconventional machining technique. Figures and tables are included to illustrate examples and compare characteristics of different unconventional machining processes.
This document discusses plasma arc machining (PAM). PAM uses a high-velocity jet of heated gas at around 50,000°C to melt and remove material. Gases are ionized to form plasma which is directed at the workpiece. Key components of PAM systems include a plasma gun, power supply, and cooling mechanisms. PAM can machine hard metals and is used for applications like tube milling, welding specialty alloys, and nuclear pipe systems. Advantages are high production rates and ability to machine hard metals, while disadvantages include high initial costs and inefficient for large cavities. Various PAM types are also described such as conventional, air, and dual-flow systems.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT PARAMETERS AND GRAIN REFINEMENT ON MICROSTRUCTUR...dbpublications
This document summarizes a study on the effect of heat treatment parameters and grain refinement on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A357 alloy. The study investigated the microstructure and properties of A357 alloy in the as-cast condition and after heat treatment, which involved solutionizing at 500°C for 5 hours followed by quenching and aging at 170°C for 3 hours. Grain refinement using 0.1% grain refiner and modification using 0.1% modifier were also investigated, both with and without heat treatment. Heat treatment and grain refinement/modification led to spheroidized silicon particles and improved mechanical properties like hardness and tensile strength compared to the as-cast alloy due to the finer microstructure.
CoroTech's presentation on Thermal Insulating Coating and how it can help your company with an alternative to traditional insulation!
Contact Kimberlee Hewitt for more information!
khewitt@corotech.com
The document introduces new composite materials JX1 and JP2 for machining aerospace alloys. JX1 provides significantly longer tool life compared to whisker ceramics, and can double cutting speeds. It is suitable for roughing, profiling and semi-finishing of heat resistant alloys. JP2 allows for high-speed finishing at over 240m/min with superior finishes to CBN or carbide. It has 10-15 times higher speed capability than carbide. The materials increase productivity versus whisker ceramics and carbide for aerospace machining applications.
Fluxtrol's "Best Practice for Design and Manufacturing of Heat Treating Induc...Fluxtrol Inc.
With the use of good design practices, one can improve coil longevity and improve production quality. By eliminating failure points in the initial design, proper material selection, improved cooling and proper magnetic flux control, induction tooling life can be increased. Computer simulation has been proven to be an effective tool for predicting not only electromagnetic parameters of a designed system, but also heat patterns in a given part and in the induction coil itself. When a coil has magnetic flux controllers present, their influence may also be predicted by computer simulation. With an extensive library of published case studies in induction coil design and performance evaluations, we are confident with the use of these tools and proper coil geometries and implementation, production life and quality can be improved on most induction heat treating inductors. These design practices have been used by the authors for over 20 years with proven results. A case is examined of a CVJ stem hardening coil, in which the principles discussed can be applied to most other hardening coils.
This document provides an overview of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). It describes WAAM as an additive manufacturing technique that uses an electric arc as an energy source and welding wire as a feedstock. WAAM allows for high deposition rates compared to powder-based methods. The document reviews academic studies on WAAM of aluminum components and modular path planning. It also discusses applications of WAAM in aerospace and comparisons between WAAM and powder laser melting methods.
Surface treatment techniques play an important role in improving properties like hardness, wear and corrosion resistance. The document discusses 8 techniques:
1) Mechanical hardening uses impacts to work-harden surfaces and improve fatigue strength. Shot peening is commonly used.
2) Different coating techniques add thin layers, like case hardening which diffuses alternate elements into steel to harden surfaces.
3) Phosphate conversion coatings chemically react phosphoric acid with metal surfaces to form insoluble phosphate layers for corrosion resistance.
4) Chromate conversion coatings provide highly corrosion-resistant surfaces for aluminum.
Hot Hydroforging of Lightweight Bilateral Gears and Hollow ProductsFluxtrol Inc.
Feasibility of making lightweight powertrain products with hot hydroforging of steel/low density material hybrid billets is explored. A bimaterial billet is designed such that a steel wall encloses a low density core 100%. Furthermore the low density core is selected among the materials that have lower melting or softening temperature than steel such as aluminum and glass. In hot hydroforging the bimaterial billet is heated to 1000-1200 C range similar to the conventional hot forging of steel. However, in hot hydroforging the core is in liquid or viscous state while steel shell is in solid state similar to the conventional hydroforming. During hot hydroforging the viscous/liquid core has negligible resistance to flow thereby providing a uniform hydrostatic pressure inside the steel and enabling a uniform deformation of the solid steel wall.
Laser cladding is a process that uses a laser to melt and consolidate powdered material in order to coat a substrate. The powder is injected into the melt pool created by the interaction of the laser with the substrate. As the substrate moves, the melt pool solidifies, building up a track of solid metal. Different materials can be used for the powder depending on the desired properties, such as corrosion or wear resistance. Laser cladding is useful for repairing worn parts and coating components to improve properties. It provides benefits like a strong metallurgical bond between the coating and substrate.
Corrosion and heat resistant nickel alloysHeanjia Alloys
Continuing developments in metallurgical techniques and production methodologies have urged the development of Nickel alloys and their wider applications in the chemical industry.
This document provides an overview of materials used in gas turbine components such as compressors, combustors, turbines, and nozzles. It discusses the challenges associated with each component and how material requirements have evolved over time. For compressors, titanium alloys are widely used due to their high strength to weight ratio, with Ti-6Al-4V being common. Superalloys are needed for the last compressor stages due to higher temperatures. Combustor materials require high temperature creep resistance and oxidation resistance, leading to the use of nickel and cobalt-based superalloys. Turbine disks were initially made of steel but now use nickel-based superalloys like alloy 718 for their high strength. Blades and van
this presentation takes about
1- Presence of aluminum , importance and Applications
2- Forging operation , importance and answering the question why forging parts have high strength
3- its Main topic Connecting rod working principle , Stresses applied on it
4- Material which connecting rod made from , chemical composition and discussing the effect of alloying elements
5- Explaining the manufacturing operation, working tempertaure and Strengthening mechanism happens during forging process
6- Die which used in forging operation and requirements which must be in the die
7- chemical composition of selected die and effects of some alloying elements in it
Types of stainless steel and how its use in different ways
In this presentation you can find the
Chemical properties and machenical properties
About stainless steel . You may also find market survey of ss material. Advantage of ss (stainless steel) . Application of ss . Types of stainless steel And also reference link and article
This document provides information on various grades of stainless steel. It discusses the key elements that define stainless steel, including a minimum of 10.5% chromium. It then describes the four major types of stainless steel - austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex - and provides details on specific grades within each type, highlighting their compositions and common applications.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses steel as a building material. It describes the manufacturing process of steel including producing pig iron in a blast furnace, steel-making using basic oxygen or electric arc processes, and casting and rolling into various products. Different types of steel are categorized based on their carbon content, including carbon steel, alloy steel, and tool steel. Structural steel used in construction typically contains 0.16-0.25% carbon. Methods of fire protection for structural steel include intumescent coatings, sprayed coatings, boarded systems, and fire engineering calculations. The document also mentions weathering steel and stainless steel alloys used in construction.
A nickel-iron-chromium austenitic alloy with
molybdenum, copper, and titanium, Incoloy 825 is
renowned for its exceptional resistance to
oxidizing and reducing environments.
Manufacturer and supplier of Titanium pipe fittings, Inconel alloys and Incoloy alloys in United States. We are able to supply customized pipe&tube products made of high efficiency alloys with great features in quite a lot of countries.
Manufacturer and supplier of Titanium pipe fittings, Inconel alloys and Incoloy alloys in United States. We are able to supply customized pipe&tube products made of high efficiency alloys with great features in quite a lot of countries.
Titanium and its alloys have several desirable properties including high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Common titanium alloys contain aluminum and vanadium. Titanium is used widely in aerospace applications due to its high strength and low density, as well as in medical implants and devices where it is compatible with the human body. However, titanium is expensive to produce due to its high reactivity at high temperatures requiring specialized production techniques.
Demand for aluminum forgings has increased in the automotive and aerospace industries due to their light weight and high strength. Aluminum forgings are used extensively in these industries to make vehicles and aircraft lighter, safer, and more fuel efficient. The main factors that influence aluminum forging are the heating temperature of the dies and aluminum stock, which must be carefully controlled within a narrow range to ensure successful forging. Lubricants are also important to control metal flow and reduce forging loads. Common aluminum alloys used in forging include 6061 due to its strength and wide temperature forging range.
The document provides information on various machined parts including materials, manufacturing processes, tolerances, and other specifications. Materials include 303 stainless steel, Inconel 718 and 738, aluminum 6061 and 2024, PH13-8 martensitic stainless steel, 4340 steel, titanium, and aluminum alloys. Processes mentioned are CNC turning, milling, grinding, heat treating, shot peening, and chemical film coating. Tolerances range from .0002" to .0005" and parts include conical seals, bearing retainers, and assemblies for military transport. Lead times for some parts are up to 8 weeks.
We supply Inconel Round Bars of grades Inconel 600 Bars, UNS N06600, Inconel 601 Rods, UNS N06601, Inconel 625 Wire UNS N06625 and of standard ASTM / ASME SB 166, ASTM / ASME B 446.
Visit Us :- http://kalpatarumetalalloys.com/product-inconel-round-bar-5.html
We supply Inconel Round Bars of grades Inconel 600 Bars, UNS N06600, Inconel 601 Rods, UNS N06601, Inconel 625 Wire UNS N06625 and of standard ASTM / ASME SB 166, ASTM / ASME B 446.
Visit Us :- http://kalpatarumetalalloys.com/product-inconel-round-bar-5.html
Similar to Inconel 718-High Yield Strength of Inconel 718- Material you can rely upon (20)
5 Features of The Decorative mesh That Makes It Beneficial Heanjia Alloys
The decorative mesh has several beneficial features:
1) It is a reliable and durable product as the interlocking wire system ensures it will not come apart, even under rough handling or high temperatures.
2) It is flexible and malleable, allowing it to be easily wrapped around irregularly shaped objects, yet it retains its shape when bent.
3) It requires low maintenance despite being strong, as decorative meshes are often made of durable stainless steel wires.
4) It has small spaces between the crimped wires that allow it to be used as an effective screen or sieve while still admitting light.
Nichrome Wire Mesh is widely used in ship building, electric power, medical apparatus, chemical machinery, desalination, aerospace, metallurgy, heat treatment, war industry and aerospace
Corrosion resistant Monel Mesh Screens for industrial applicationsHeanjia Alloys
We manufacture corrosion resistant Monel mesh screens for industrial applications using precise quality control measures. Our operations prioritize high quality products and customer satisfaction through reliable, adaptable operations and a qualified staff committed to our pledge of quality. We partner with global suppliers and offer consulting and engineering services to enhance clients' filtration systems using wedge wire screens.
Rugged Woven mesh screens for mild to high scale filtration applicationsHeanjia Alloys
Stainless steel woven mesh screens are produced in various sizes and shapes for liquid-solid and gas-solid separation applications. They offer excellent strength, long service life, and high adaptability. The rugged structure and high quality materials allow the screens to last longer with less maintenance. Additionally, the excellent service efficiency and reduced maintenance of the mesh screens can lower operating costs. Common applications include direct screening and as filter media support in industries such as water and wastewater, pulp and paper, chemical, petrochemical, and more.
How thermal spray coatings are necessary for protection of advanced componentsHeanjia Alloys
Thermal spray coatings are used to provide protection for advanced components through their hardness and erosion resistance. The hardness and density of thermal spray coatings are usually lower than the material they are produced from. Coatings can be anodic or cathodic to the base metal, with anodic coatings corroding to protect the base metal. Thermal spray coatings also have very high adhesion properties above 34,000 kPa. Arc spraying is commonly used due to its lower energy costs and higher production rates compared to other thermal spray methods. Thermal spray coatings are widely used to prevent corrosion in applications such as steel, iron, and ship components operating in various service conditions.
Corrosion resistance of inconel alloys in HF conditionsHeanjia Alloys
Inconel alloys such as Inconel 600 and 718 are well known for offering suitable performance in the different concentrations of HF acid at varied temperatures.
Monel 400 - Excellent performance in marine applicationsHeanjia Alloys
Monel alloy 400 has supreme properties such as corrosion resistance, high strength and high temperature operation properties. It provides sustainable performance in marine conditions.
Monel mesh- Highly durable material, preferred for fittingsHeanjia Alloys
Monel mesh is used in wire mesh gaskets providing a cost effective solution to high shielding performance applications in the magnetic and electrical fields including EMP.
Influence of metallurgical reactions in Inconel 625 on corrosion behaviour in...Heanjia Alloys
Columbium in alloy 625 provides resistance to sensitization to alloy. Few specimens of the material, although found to be less resistant as compare to others
Behavior of high performance nickel alloys in vigorous chemical mediaHeanjia Alloys
The sensitivity to cracking of Inconel 600 widely depend on the environmental factors like temperature, level of tensile stress, deformation rate, availability of hydrogen gas, solution pH value.
How nickel base super alloys are fit for sofc applicationsHeanjia Alloys
Nickel base super alloys have properties that make them suitable for use as interconnectors or gas separators in solid oxide fuel cell stacks. To fulfill these roles, an alloy must have bulk and surface stability against oxidation and corrosion during extensive exposure to fuel cell conditions, be thermally compatible with other stack components, be chemically suitable for neighboring components, have high electrical conductivity on reactive surfaces, and demonstrate mechanical reliability and durability when exposed to cell media. Critical minimum chromium concentrations of 20-25% are needed to develop a protective chromium oxide scale and prevent corrosion, while nickel and iron base alloys require over 18% chromium. Trace elements like cerium, lanthanum and yttrium can also contribute to oxidation and corrosion resistance
Decorative mesh screens made from durable stainless steels are used in buildings for improving their appearance as well as provide protection from unwanted species like insects and bugs
Wire Mesh Filter elements, their construction materials and the need of filters are discussed to describe the significance of filters in the industries
The alloys resistant to sulfuric acid like carpenter alloy, Hastelloy alloy G and Incoloy alloy 825 are employed to benefit in the dilution and reaction procedures.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Inconel 718-High Yield Strength of Inconel 718- Material you can rely upon
1. High YieldStrengthof Inconel 718- Material you can rely upon
Alloy 718 is a corrosion-resistant, high-strength nickel-chromium alloy which is
normally used at a temperature of -423° to 1300°F. It is hardened by double prime
and gamma prime. This hardenable alloy can be easily fabricated into complex
parts. The alloy contracts by 0.0008 inch per inch after undergoing precipitation
hardening. This alloy has outstanding weldability feature compared to the other
nickel-base super alloys that are hardened with titanium and aluminum. Inconel
718 is normally available in different forms like sheet, wire, plate and bar.
Properties
Inconel 718 is a hardenable metal which can be used at high temperatures. Its
strength is normally enhanced by precipitation hardening and solid solution
hardening methods. The dissolution of the aging elements of the alloy like
niobium, aluminum and titanium is primarily confirmed by the annealing the alloy.
Its application temperature is kept below 650oC in order to maintain a good
resistance to creeping and stress. This particular metal can be machined with ease
2. above 540oC. But in case of room temperature fabrication its toughness, good
strength and work hardening features can create trouble. While machining, the
cutting edge of the alloy attains an elevated temperature due to poorheat
conductanceand the presence of abrasive elements. This increases the chance of
breakage, chipping and wear and tear. Normally, the machining is done in a
solution annealed form followed by then age hardening. Even at high-
temperatures, the forming capability of the alloy is checked due to its good
mechanical hardness and strength limits. Thus most of the alloy 718 components
are produced by investment casting that boosts the utility of the material and
improves its potential to develop composite shapes at the controlled price.
Is it magnetic
Inconel 718 contains a significant amount of columbium, iron, molybdenum with a
minimum quality of titanium and aluminum. This composition proves that the
alloy is non-magnetic.
Ideal for aerospaceengine applications
Aero engines are usually made of high-performance materials like Inconel 718 so
that they get the best performance at an effective cost. This super metal is used in
one of the hottest sections like turboreactors. This metal can withstand extreme
mechanical strains and stress even in challenging conditions and also gives
protection from creep and corrosion. It is ideal for any high-temperature
applications where corrosion, heat resistance and creep are a part. It acts as a key
solution to hot structural applications and thus accepted in different industrial
sectors. This alloy can be easily used at a temperature of over 600oC. Apart from
possessing good strength, corrosionresistance and toughness at high temperatures
it also offers good creeping resistance. Near about 50% of the total amount of
Inconel 718 that is produced is used in the manufacturing of aircraft engines and
their parts like sheets, blades and discs. This alloy is also used in cryogenic
applications and rocket engines as it provides good toughness at low temperatures.
Other industries where it is used
3. Some of the other industries where Inconel718 is widely used are heat treating
industry, nuclear engineering, paper and pulp industry, chemical industry, gas
turbine components and food processing industry.