1) The document investigates the use of modified shea butter cake for removing copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Characterization techniques like FT-IR, SEM, and XRD were used to analyze the adsorbent material.
2) Batch equilibrium studies examined the effect of parameters like initial metal ion concentration, contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage on copper adsorption. Kinetic studies fitted the data best to pseudo-second order models.
3) The maximum adsorption of copper occurred at a pH of 5, equilibrium time of 30 minutes, and adsorbent dosage of 40 beads. Modified shea butter cake shows potential as a low-cost adsorbent
Dealumination and Na activation of natural zeolite for CO2 adsorption on biogasIJERD Editor
In this study, natural zeolites from the Philippines were modified using NaOH heat treatment and NaCl hydrothermal process. Pre-treatment using ferro-filtering and dealumination using different concentrations of HCl acid leaching were prepared prior to sodium activation. Heat treatment was performed using 5M NaOH at 80 °C for 72 hrs while 3 cycle hydrothermal process was performed using 5M NaCl at 10 psi for 1 hr. Diffraction pattern from XRD showed Heulandite (HEU) – Clinoptilolite (CLI) and Mordenite (MOR) framework for raw and acid pre-treated zeolites.
Characterization of physicochemical and baking expansionAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of oxidizing sago starch using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite with UV irradiation at varying times (10, 15, and 20 minutes) on the physicochemical and baking properties of the oxidized starches. The key findings were that oxidation increased whiteness (L* value), amylose content, swelling power and solubility up to 15 minutes of irradiation, but decreased them at 20 minutes. Oxidation also decreased pasting temperature while increasing viscosity properties. Peroxide-oxidized starch generally had better properties than hypochlorite-oxidized starch. Oxidation increased specific volume and baking expansion up to 15 minutes using peroxide, which gave the
Leptolyngbya ISTCY101 was isolated from marble rock and identified as a potential candidate for synergistic biofuel production and wastewater treatment. It exhibited robust growth in undiluted wastewater, achieving a biomass productivity of 85.45 mg/L/day and lipid yield of 20% per dry weight. The strain reduced concentrations of heavy metals like cadmium, nickel, and chromium in wastewater by 60-70% through biosorption and bioaccumulation. Fatty acid profiles of lipids extracted from the strain grown on wastewater showed a balanced composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid (30%), oleic acid (17%), and palmit
This document summarizes an experiment comparing bioleaching and acid leaching methods for extracting metals from ore. Bioleaching involves using bacteria like Paenibacillus Polymyxa to extract metals, while acid leaching uses acids like lactic acid and hydrochloric acid. The experiment grows bacteria on agar plates then introduces them to ore samples in liquid broth. It also performs acid leaching on ore samples. Both methods are tested on ore from different locations. The extracted metals are then analyzed using ICP-OES to compare extraction amounts between bioleaching and acid leaching. The document also discusses issues like contamination encountered and solutions implemented.
Biosorption of ni(ii) ions from electroplating industrial effluent using tino...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on using biomass from the plant Tinospora cardifolia to remove nickel (Ni2+) ions from industrial wastewater via biosorption. Key findings include:
- T. cardifolia biomass was found to efficiently adsorb Ni2+ ions from solution. Maximum adsorption occurred at a pH of 4.0.
- Adsorption capacity increased with increasing biomass dosage and decreasing initial Ni2+ concentration, but decreased with increasing Ni2+ concentration as adsorption sites became saturated.
- Equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes of contact time. Kinetic data fitted well with a pseudo-second order rate model.
- In
In this study, kinetics of demineralization of chitin extraction from snail shells was
investigated. Chitin was extracted from snail shells by demineralizing the
deproteinized shells in 1.2 M HCl solution. Prior to demineralization, the raw snail
shells were deproteinized using 1 M NaOH solution to remove proteins and organic
matter present in the shells. The product was dried before the demineralization
process was carried out. The results showed that based on the R2 values obtained for
each of the shrinking core models considered which include; fluid film diffusion
(FFD), ash layer diffusion (ALD), and chemical reaction control (CRC), it was noted
that the CRC model was prevalent for all the various range of particle sizes analyzed
(6.3 – 4.75 mm, 4.75 – 2 mm, 2 – 1 mm, and 600 – 300 μm). The surface morphologies
and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) bands of the extracted chitin were
similar to previous studies
This document summarizes a study that characterized banana peduncle biochar and evaluated its ability to adsorb hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solution. Banana peduncle was pyrolyzed at 300°C and 500°C to produce biochar. The biochar was characterized using various analytical techniques and used in batch experiments to study the effect of pH, biochar dose, and initial Cr(VI) concentration on adsorption capacity. The results showed that banana peduncle biochar could effectively remove Cr(VI) from water through adsorption coupled reduction and complexation mechanisms. The biochar produced at 300°C exhibited higher maximum adsorption capacity (114 mg/g) compared to bio
Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using bana...Alexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that used banana peel as a biosorbent to remove oil from produced water.
2) Characterization of the banana peel showed it contained mainly carbon (88.52%) and had a surface area of 0.1135 m2/g.
3) Batch experiments showed that banana peel could effectively remove up to 194 mg/L of oil from produced water within 35 minutes of contact time.
Dealumination and Na activation of natural zeolite for CO2 adsorption on biogasIJERD Editor
In this study, natural zeolites from the Philippines were modified using NaOH heat treatment and NaCl hydrothermal process. Pre-treatment using ferro-filtering and dealumination using different concentrations of HCl acid leaching were prepared prior to sodium activation. Heat treatment was performed using 5M NaOH at 80 °C for 72 hrs while 3 cycle hydrothermal process was performed using 5M NaCl at 10 psi for 1 hr. Diffraction pattern from XRD showed Heulandite (HEU) – Clinoptilolite (CLI) and Mordenite (MOR) framework for raw and acid pre-treated zeolites.
Characterization of physicochemical and baking expansionAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of oxidizing sago starch using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite with UV irradiation at varying times (10, 15, and 20 minutes) on the physicochemical and baking properties of the oxidized starches. The key findings were that oxidation increased whiteness (L* value), amylose content, swelling power and solubility up to 15 minutes of irradiation, but decreased them at 20 minutes. Oxidation also decreased pasting temperature while increasing viscosity properties. Peroxide-oxidized starch generally had better properties than hypochlorite-oxidized starch. Oxidation increased specific volume and baking expansion up to 15 minutes using peroxide, which gave the
Leptolyngbya ISTCY101 was isolated from marble rock and identified as a potential candidate for synergistic biofuel production and wastewater treatment. It exhibited robust growth in undiluted wastewater, achieving a biomass productivity of 85.45 mg/L/day and lipid yield of 20% per dry weight. The strain reduced concentrations of heavy metals like cadmium, nickel, and chromium in wastewater by 60-70% through biosorption and bioaccumulation. Fatty acid profiles of lipids extracted from the strain grown on wastewater showed a balanced composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid (30%), oleic acid (17%), and palmit
This document summarizes an experiment comparing bioleaching and acid leaching methods for extracting metals from ore. Bioleaching involves using bacteria like Paenibacillus Polymyxa to extract metals, while acid leaching uses acids like lactic acid and hydrochloric acid. The experiment grows bacteria on agar plates then introduces them to ore samples in liquid broth. It also performs acid leaching on ore samples. Both methods are tested on ore from different locations. The extracted metals are then analyzed using ICP-OES to compare extraction amounts between bioleaching and acid leaching. The document also discusses issues like contamination encountered and solutions implemented.
Biosorption of ni(ii) ions from electroplating industrial effluent using tino...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on using biomass from the plant Tinospora cardifolia to remove nickel (Ni2+) ions from industrial wastewater via biosorption. Key findings include:
- T. cardifolia biomass was found to efficiently adsorb Ni2+ ions from solution. Maximum adsorption occurred at a pH of 4.0.
- Adsorption capacity increased with increasing biomass dosage and decreasing initial Ni2+ concentration, but decreased with increasing Ni2+ concentration as adsorption sites became saturated.
- Equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes of contact time. Kinetic data fitted well with a pseudo-second order rate model.
- In
In this study, kinetics of demineralization of chitin extraction from snail shells was
investigated. Chitin was extracted from snail shells by demineralizing the
deproteinized shells in 1.2 M HCl solution. Prior to demineralization, the raw snail
shells were deproteinized using 1 M NaOH solution to remove proteins and organic
matter present in the shells. The product was dried before the demineralization
process was carried out. The results showed that based on the R2 values obtained for
each of the shrinking core models considered which include; fluid film diffusion
(FFD), ash layer diffusion (ALD), and chemical reaction control (CRC), it was noted
that the CRC model was prevalent for all the various range of particle sizes analyzed
(6.3 – 4.75 mm, 4.75 – 2 mm, 2 – 1 mm, and 600 – 300 μm). The surface morphologies
and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) bands of the extracted chitin were
similar to previous studies
This document summarizes a study that characterized banana peduncle biochar and evaluated its ability to adsorb hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solution. Banana peduncle was pyrolyzed at 300°C and 500°C to produce biochar. The biochar was characterized using various analytical techniques and used in batch experiments to study the effect of pH, biochar dose, and initial Cr(VI) concentration on adsorption capacity. The results showed that banana peduncle biochar could effectively remove Cr(VI) from water through adsorption coupled reduction and complexation mechanisms. The biochar produced at 300°C exhibited higher maximum adsorption capacity (114 mg/g) compared to bio
Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using bana...Alexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that used banana peel as a biosorbent to remove oil from produced water.
2) Characterization of the banana peel showed it contained mainly carbon (88.52%) and had a surface area of 0.1135 m2/g.
3) Batch experiments showed that banana peel could effectively remove up to 194 mg/L of oil from produced water within 35 minutes of contact time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. The document discusses the application of radiation-produced oligo chitosan as a plant growth promoter through field tests in Indonesia.
2. It describes how shrimp and crab shells from Indonesia's seafood industry can be processed into chitosan and then oligo chitosan using radiation technology.
3. Field tests on crops like chili peppers, potatoes, and carrots showed that spraying oligo chitosan on the soil and plants led to increased yields and improved plant growth compared to untreated control crops.
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
This document summarizes a study on recycling jarosite waste from zinc production to recover valuable metals. Jarosite is a hazardous waste produced during zinc hydrometallurgy containing metals like zinc, lead, cadmium, and iron. The authors developed a process using sulfation roasting followed by water and brine leaching to selectively extract these metals. They achieved high recovery rates of over 98% for zinc, 99% for cadmium and lead, and 86% for iron through this process. Microstructural analysis showed the jarosite structure becomes finer with increasing roasting temperature. This process provides an environmentally friendly solution for treating hazardous jarosite waste and recovering contained metals.
1. The study investigated the use of chemically modified rice husk for removing copper from wastewater through adsorption. Rice husk was treated with alkali to increase its sorption properties.
2. Batch experiments showed that 90-98% of copper could be removed using the treated rice husk. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model best fit the experimental data on the distribution of copper between liquid and solid phases.
3. Kinetic studies were conducted to determine the rate constant, activation energy, and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process. This provided information about the adsorption mechanism.
Studies on removal of acid orange 7 by advanced oxidation process using uv an...prjpublications
This document summarizes a study on using advanced oxidation processes (AOP) involving UV light and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove the synthetic dye Acid Orange 7 from wastewater. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimized pH, H2O2 dosage, UV contact time, and their combined effects on decolorization efficiency. The study found that 100% color removal was achieved with a H2O2 dosage of 30ml/1000ml and a UV contact time of 90 minutes. A continuous flow experiment also achieved 100% removal after 4 hours using these conditions. When applied to treating an industrial textile wastewater, 100% color removal was obtained after 24 hours of UV contact time with 30
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5)...Arvind Singh Heer
Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Vitamin C was investigated as a green inhibitor for carbon steel corrosion in 3% NaCl and 4% HCl solutions. The results showed that Vitamin C was a better inhibitor in HCl solution, achieving 70-80% efficiency that increased with higher concentrations. However, inhibitor efficiency decreased over time due to decomposition, dropping 24-50%. In NaCl solution, efficiency was lower at 38-52% and also decreased over time. Adsorption of Vitamin C to the steel surface followed Langmuir isotherm behavior. Overall, Vitamin C showed potential as a non-toxic corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel but required maintenance of concentration levels over time.
IRJET- Review on Removel of Heavy Metal using Low - Cost AbsorbentsIRJET Journal
The document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It discusses how agricultural and industrial wastes can be used effectively as adsorbents due to their low cost. Several studies are summarized that prepared activated carbon from rice husk and used composites of rice husk and polyvinylpyrrolidone to adsorb heavy metals. Other research prepared adsorbents from banana peels and grafted acrylonitrile onto them for chromium removal. Agricultural wastes like African spinach stalk and papaya seeds were also effective at removing metals like manganese and lead. The review concludes that adsorbents produced from cheap, locally available materials like rice hus
Corrosion of mild steel in HCl was investigated using the weight loss method. The
mild steel used was cut into 16 coupons with 5.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 0.2 cm dimensions
which were degreased with ethanol and washed with distilled water and finally
weighed. The mild steel coupons were exposed to HCl with varied concentrations (0,
10, 25 and 40%) of Garcinia kola extracts used as corrosion inhibitors for 4 hours at
400C and 600C respectively. The result showed that at 400C; the inhibition efficiency
of 65.5% was observed at 25 % HCl concentration and 62.9% at 40% HCl
concentration while at 600C; inhibition efficiency of 87.7% was at 25% HCl
concentration and 88.1% at 40% concentration respectively. It can be concluded that
increase in concentration increases the inhibition efficiency. The presence of
flavonoid and alkanoids in bitter kola stem is a good inhibitor.
Cod Removal Of An Industrial Effluent Using Nan crystalline Ceria Synthesized...IOSRJAC
Nanocrystalline ceria (CeO2) was prepared by solution combustion method using cerium nitrate as oxidizer and citric acid as fuel. The as-formed CeO2 nanopowder was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles were found to be agglomerated, fluffy and porous with a mean crystallite size of about 20 nm. The as-formed ceria nanopowder was used for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of an industrial effluent. The effect of various factors such as pH, dosage of nanopowder, stirring time and sedimentation time was studied. It was found that more than 89% removal of COD could be achieved at a pH of 4, for a catalyst dosage of 0.8g of the nanopowder per liter of the industrial effluent with a sedimentation time of about 80 minutes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Abstract
A rapid advance of nanotechnology has the potential approach for significant improvements in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using silver nitrate as metal precursor in Curcuma longa. These Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nano meter range in UV–vis spectroscopy. TEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-dispersed Ag-NPs with its size and morphology. Microbiology assay founds that Ag-NPs are effective against V.cholera bacteria. These developments raise exciting opportunities to diagnose and treat pathogenic mode of infection based on the various profiles to target diseases.
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
Application of guar gum for the removal of dissolved lead from wastewaterSoumyadeep Mukherjee
This document discusses the use of guar gum for removing dissolved lead from wastewater. Guar gum, extracted from guar beans, was able to achieve 83% removal of lead (initial concentration of 15 mg/L) at an optimal dose and pH level. The removal mechanism involves hydrogen bonding between lead ions and guar gum, as shown by FTIR analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed guar gum forming compact flocs. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process parameters of guar gum dose, pH, and initial lead concentration to maximize lead removal. Guar gum is a potential alternative to inorganic coagulants for wastewater treatment since it produces less sludge and does not introduce additional pollutants.
This document discusses the concomitant bioremediation of chromium (VI) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) from tannery effluent using immobilized Brevibacterium casei cells. B. casei was previously isolated from tannery effluent and shown to reduce 69% of Cr(VI) and degrade 72% of PCP simultaneously. Here, B. casei cells were immobilized in calcium alginate, agar, and agarose beads. Calcium alginate beads performed best, reducing 74% of Cr(VI) and degrading 80% of PCP within 168 hours. Immobilized B. casei cells also effectively bioremediated Cr(
Este documento describe cómo los juegos de ordenador son una gran manera de entretener e instruir a los niños. Ofrece miles de juegos educativos y divertidos en línea de forma gratuita para niños de diferentes edades, desde juegos para aprender colores y letras para los más pequeños hasta juegos de temas como historia y ciencia para adolescentes. También destaca que los juegos multiplayer permiten a los niños aprender habilidades sociales jugando con sus padres y que los estudios no han encontrado evidencia de que los videojuegos causen ad
Comparative study of artificial neural network based classification for liver...Alexander Decker
This document presents a comparative study of different artificial neural network (ANN) classification models for predicting liver disease in patients. It evaluates ANN models like backpropagation, radial basis function, self-organizing map, and support vector machine on liver patient data. The support vector machine model achieved the highest accuracy at 99.76% for men data and 97.7% for women data, indicating it may be effective as a predictive tool for liver patients.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. The document discusses the application of radiation-produced oligo chitosan as a plant growth promoter through field tests in Indonesia.
2. It describes how shrimp and crab shells from Indonesia's seafood industry can be processed into chitosan and then oligo chitosan using radiation technology.
3. Field tests on crops like chili peppers, potatoes, and carrots showed that spraying oligo chitosan on the soil and plants led to increased yields and improved plant growth compared to untreated control crops.
Effect of Inhibitor Concentration and Immersion Time on the Corrosion Rate an...AJSERJournal
The effect of inhibitor concentration and immersion time on the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency of
AISI 1019 steel in seawater environment were investigated by means of weight loss measurement (WLM) at an interval
of 6days for a period of 60 days. AISI 1019 steel were immersed in seawater solution in the absence and presence of
varying inhibitor concentrations of potassium chromate (PC), Sodium Nitrite(SN), Methyl Orange (MO), Methyl Red
(MR), Terminalia Catappa Leaves (TCL) Extract, Carica papaya Leaves (CPL) Extract. The results showed that there is an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease in inhibition efficiency with
increase in immersion time. The inorganic inhibitor (potassium chromate), inorganic inhibitor (Sodium Nitrite), the
organic Inhibitor (Methyl Orange), the organic inhibitor (Methyl Red), the green inhibitor (Terminalia Catappa Leaves)
and green inhibitor (Carica Papaya Leaves) produced their best inhibition efficiency of 71.94%, 634%, 68.94%, 68.32%,
627% ,59.79% respectively at a concentration of 10g/L. From the result obtained, the potassium chromate inhibitor has
better inhibitory property than other inhibitors, which revealed that it is best suited for inhibition of corrosion of mild
steel in seawater environment.
This document summarizes a study on recycling jarosite waste from zinc production to recover valuable metals. Jarosite is a hazardous waste produced during zinc hydrometallurgy containing metals like zinc, lead, cadmium, and iron. The authors developed a process using sulfation roasting followed by water and brine leaching to selectively extract these metals. They achieved high recovery rates of over 98% for zinc, 99% for cadmium and lead, and 86% for iron through this process. Microstructural analysis showed the jarosite structure becomes finer with increasing roasting temperature. This process provides an environmentally friendly solution for treating hazardous jarosite waste and recovering contained metals.
1. The study investigated the use of chemically modified rice husk for removing copper from wastewater through adsorption. Rice husk was treated with alkali to increase its sorption properties.
2. Batch experiments showed that 90-98% of copper could be removed using the treated rice husk. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model best fit the experimental data on the distribution of copper between liquid and solid phases.
3. Kinetic studies were conducted to determine the rate constant, activation energy, and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process. This provided information about the adsorption mechanism.
Studies on removal of acid orange 7 by advanced oxidation process using uv an...prjpublications
This document summarizes a study on using advanced oxidation processes (AOP) involving UV light and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove the synthetic dye Acid Orange 7 from wastewater. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimized pH, H2O2 dosage, UV contact time, and their combined effects on decolorization efficiency. The study found that 100% color removal was achieved with a H2O2 dosage of 30ml/1000ml and a UV contact time of 90 minutes. A continuous flow experiment also achieved 100% removal after 4 hours using these conditions. When applied to treating an industrial textile wastewater, 100% color removal was obtained after 24 hours of UV contact time with 30
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
Catalysis of SO2 to SO3 by Ocimum Sanctum Mediated Potassium Vanadate (KV2O5)...Arvind Singh Heer
Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Vitamin C was investigated as a green inhibitor for carbon steel corrosion in 3% NaCl and 4% HCl solutions. The results showed that Vitamin C was a better inhibitor in HCl solution, achieving 70-80% efficiency that increased with higher concentrations. However, inhibitor efficiency decreased over time due to decomposition, dropping 24-50%. In NaCl solution, efficiency was lower at 38-52% and also decreased over time. Adsorption of Vitamin C to the steel surface followed Langmuir isotherm behavior. Overall, Vitamin C showed potential as a non-toxic corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel but required maintenance of concentration levels over time.
IRJET- Review on Removel of Heavy Metal using Low - Cost AbsorbentsIRJET Journal
The document reviews the use of low-cost adsorbents for removing heavy metals from wastewater. It discusses how agricultural and industrial wastes can be used effectively as adsorbents due to their low cost. Several studies are summarized that prepared activated carbon from rice husk and used composites of rice husk and polyvinylpyrrolidone to adsorb heavy metals. Other research prepared adsorbents from banana peels and grafted acrylonitrile onto them for chromium removal. Agricultural wastes like African spinach stalk and papaya seeds were also effective at removing metals like manganese and lead. The review concludes that adsorbents produced from cheap, locally available materials like rice hus
Corrosion of mild steel in HCl was investigated using the weight loss method. The
mild steel used was cut into 16 coupons with 5.0 cm x 5.0 cm x 0.2 cm dimensions
which were degreased with ethanol and washed with distilled water and finally
weighed. The mild steel coupons were exposed to HCl with varied concentrations (0,
10, 25 and 40%) of Garcinia kola extracts used as corrosion inhibitors for 4 hours at
400C and 600C respectively. The result showed that at 400C; the inhibition efficiency
of 65.5% was observed at 25 % HCl concentration and 62.9% at 40% HCl
concentration while at 600C; inhibition efficiency of 87.7% was at 25% HCl
concentration and 88.1% at 40% concentration respectively. It can be concluded that
increase in concentration increases the inhibition efficiency. The presence of
flavonoid and alkanoids in bitter kola stem is a good inhibitor.
Cod Removal Of An Industrial Effluent Using Nan crystalline Ceria Synthesized...IOSRJAC
Nanocrystalline ceria (CeO2) was prepared by solution combustion method using cerium nitrate as oxidizer and citric acid as fuel. The as-formed CeO2 nanopowder was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles were found to be agglomerated, fluffy and porous with a mean crystallite size of about 20 nm. The as-formed ceria nanopowder was used for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of an industrial effluent. The effect of various factors such as pH, dosage of nanopowder, stirring time and sedimentation time was studied. It was found that more than 89% removal of COD could be achieved at a pH of 4, for a catalyst dosage of 0.8g of the nanopowder per liter of the industrial effluent with a sedimentation time of about 80 minutes.
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Abstract
A rapid advance of nanotechnology has the potential approach for significant improvements in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we report a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using silver nitrate as metal precursor in Curcuma longa. These Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nano meter range in UV–vis spectroscopy. TEM micrographs revealed the formation of well-dispersed Ag-NPs with its size and morphology. Microbiology assay founds that Ag-NPs are effective against V.cholera bacteria. These developments raise exciting opportunities to diagnose and treat pathogenic mode of infection based on the various profiles to target diseases.
Optimization of Na-Alginate Immobilization Method for Sulfide Oxidation Using...Premier Publishers
The study was aimed to investigate the optimization of Na-alginate immobilization method for biological sulfide oxidation process using an immobilized Thiobacillus species and the effects of four factors including Na-alginate concentration, CaCl2 concentration, agitation speed and amount of inoculum on sulfide conversion. The strength of sodium-alginate immobilization method for Thiobacillus species was evaluated. For this purpose, experiments were designed by a central composite design (CCD) and results were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Design of experiments (DOE) was used to model and optimize the operational conditions. The central composite design (CCD) was very good for the optimization of variables; the R2 value for the developed model was 0.91. The results and analysis showed the optimized values for the sulfide oxidation. 95% Sulfide oxidation was achieved with optimized values. Beside this a useful by- product was produced from waste effluents.
Kinetic model for the sorption of cu (ii) and zn (ii) using lady fernAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the kinetic modeling of copper and zinc ion sorption using lady fern leaf waste biomass. The study found that the rate of copper and zinc sorption was rapid within the initial 5-20 minutes, reaching a maximum in 30 minutes. Kinetic modeling showed the process followed a pseudo-second order model. Equilibrium sorption was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, with the Langmuir model revealing a monolayer sorption capacity of 0.09mg/g for both copper and zinc ions. The results indicate lady fern leaf waste could effectively remove toxic metals from industrial effluents.
Application of guar gum for the removal of dissolved lead from wastewaterSoumyadeep Mukherjee
This document discusses the use of guar gum for removing dissolved lead from wastewater. Guar gum, extracted from guar beans, was able to achieve 83% removal of lead (initial concentration of 15 mg/L) at an optimal dose and pH level. The removal mechanism involves hydrogen bonding between lead ions and guar gum, as shown by FTIR analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images also showed guar gum forming compact flocs. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process parameters of guar gum dose, pH, and initial lead concentration to maximize lead removal. Guar gum is a potential alternative to inorganic coagulants for wastewater treatment since it produces less sludge and does not introduce additional pollutants.
This document discusses the concomitant bioremediation of chromium (VI) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) from tannery effluent using immobilized Brevibacterium casei cells. B. casei was previously isolated from tannery effluent and shown to reduce 69% of Cr(VI) and degrade 72% of PCP simultaneously. Here, B. casei cells were immobilized in calcium alginate, agar, and agarose beads. Calcium alginate beads performed best, reducing 74% of Cr(VI) and degrading 80% of PCP within 168 hours. Immobilized B. casei cells also effectively bioremediated Cr(
Este documento describe cómo los juegos de ordenador son una gran manera de entretener e instruir a los niños. Ofrece miles de juegos educativos y divertidos en línea de forma gratuita para niños de diferentes edades, desde juegos para aprender colores y letras para los más pequeños hasta juegos de temas como historia y ciencia para adolescentes. También destaca que los juegos multiplayer permiten a los niños aprender habilidades sociales jugando con sus padres y que los estudios no han encontrado evidencia de que los videojuegos causen ad
Comparative study of artificial neural network based classification for liver...Alexander Decker
This document presents a comparative study of different artificial neural network (ANN) classification models for predicting liver disease in patients. It evaluates ANN models like backpropagation, radial basis function, self-organizing map, and support vector machine on liver patient data. The support vector machine model achieved the highest accuracy at 99.76% for men data and 97.7% for women data, indicating it may be effective as a predictive tool for liver patients.
Consumer’s attitude towards purchasing green foodAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on consumers' attitudes toward purchasing green food in Bangladesh. It provides background on green marketing and defines green food as food produced through environmentally friendly agricultural practices with reduced chemical use. The researchers conducted a survey of 50 consumers in Dhaka to identify perceptions of and willingness to purchase green food. They aim to determine if green food will find a market in Bangladesh and how price may impact purchasing decisions. The literature review discusses definitions of green marketing and green products. It outlines environmental criteria for green food production and reviews limited prior studies on consumer willingness to purchase green foods.
Corporate governance, ownership structure and firm performance in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document examines the relationship between ownership structures (concentrated and foreign) and firm performance in Nigeria. It analyzes data from 72 non-financial firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange between 2003 and 2007. The results suggest that concentrated ownership has a significant negative impact on firm performance, while foreign ownership has a significant positive impact. However, prior studies on this topic have yielded mixed results, so there is no conclusive evidence on the relationship between ownership structure and performance. The nature of this relationship remains an important governance concern.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
The document summarizes research on using raw and activated Hevea brasiliensis ash to adsorb copper from water. The researchers prepared activated carbon from rubber wood sawdust, characterized the adsorbents, and conducted batch experiments to study the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and effect of parameters. Results showed the activated carbon had higher adsorption capacity than the raw ash. Kinetic data fit the pseudo-second order model best and adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated the process was endothermic for raw ash and exothermic for activated carbon. Overall, the study demonstrated activated carbon produced from the agricultural waste was effective for copper removal from water.
Relationship between Ownership Structure and Company Performance: Evidence fr...Snezana Kiradziska
This document summarizes a research project that examined the relationship between ownership structure and company performance in Macedonian companies listed on the Macedonian Stock Exchange from 2006 to 2009. The hypothesis was that more concentrated ownership structures would lead to better monitoring of managers and thus better performance. While previous studies on this topic have shown mixed results, the empirical analysis of Macedonian data did not support the hypothesis. The document provides background on relevant theories, definitions of key terms, methodology used, and results of testing the hypothesis.
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon f...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon that refers to the uniform distribution of a substance through another at the surface, such as the solution of H2 in Pd. It is the condensation of ions, molecules, or aggregates of molecules upon a surface that they come into contact with. Adsorption is defined as the concentration of a substance at the interface between heterogeneous phases such as a solid/gas or two immiscible liquids.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang library isometrik gratis dan terbuka bernama AS3Isolib yang didesain untuk membantu pengembang membuat dan menampilkan konten isometrik dengan cepat dan performa tinggi menggunakan API sederhana. Dokumen tersebut juga membahas tentang objek inti library seperti IsoView, IsoScene, IsoPrimitive, IsoSprite beserta contoh kode dan demo.
Thiobacillus ferroxidans N-13 was explored for bioleaching copper from low-grade covellite ore. Shake flask experiments showed 82% copper extraction after 10 days at 37°C, pH 4.5, 200 rpm agitation, 0.5 g/L yeast extract, and 40% ore concentration. Bioreactor experiments extracted 88% copper in 8 days under the same conditions. T. ferroxidans N-13, isolated from saline soil, is a promising candidate for bioleaching copper from covellite using this pollution-free process.
Zeolites (clinoptilolite) are volcanic tuff minerals,
which are formed when ash and lava from a volcano have a
chemical reaction with cool sea water, are naturally
negatively charged with a cage-like structure. The most
prominent features of Zeolites include the exchange of
cations and absorption of inorganic and organic molecules of
specific dimensions. Their high mechanical strength,
chemical stability,and abrasion values make Zeolites a
special material for water purifications and many more
applications. The negative chargesact as a magnet to attract
positively charged toxins and heavy metals to the Zeolites
Maize Cob has been used for silica production but no research had been reported on the optimization of maize husk for silica production. This study is aimed at developing an approach for the optimization of silica production from Maize Husk (MH) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The MH was analyzed for crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP) and ash constituents using standard method. The MH (30kg) was run using Box Behnken Design to determine the experimental combinations of the predictor variables: Temperature (400-700 ºC), Time (2-6 h) and MH (5-7 g). Optimal process variables predicted were validated by confirmatory experiments. The silica produced was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The CF, CP and ash content were 1.52, 10 and 1.5 % respectively. The optimal values of the variables from the RSM, namely: temperature, time and MH were 528 ºC, 5.31 hr and 5.85g. There was no significant difference between the values obtained from RSM and that of the validation. FTIR showed noticeable absorption peaks attributed to O-Si-O stretching. It can be concluded that maize husk which is an agricultural waste is a viable product for silica production.
The document describes an IIT Bombay patented soil biotechnology (SBT) system for treating wastewater. SBT uses formulated media, culture, and additives to biologically purify water. It provides primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment in a single facility that is simple to operate and maintain. The technology has been implemented for sewage treatment, effluent treatment from industries like distilleries, and for greywater recycling. An example is presented showing how SBT was used to treat and recycle over 720 cubic meters per day of distillery process condensate.
The document summarizes research on removing zinc ions from wastewater using activated carbon prepared from corn cobs. It first discusses the issues caused by heavy metals like zinc in wastewater and its toxicity. It then reviews literature that has optimized methods for making activated carbon from corn cobs and used it to adsorb zinc ions. The objectives and methodology of the study are to examine zinc ion removal efficiency of this activated carbon by studying factors like contact time and dosage, and the effect of interfering ions like sulfate and chloride.
Our journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the journal publishes research papers in the fields of science and technology such as Astronomy and astrophysics, Mathematics, Mechanics, Statistics, Health Care & Public Health, Nutrition.
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Adsorption using low-cost Adsorbents and Ac...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on removing hexavalent chromium from water using low-cost adsorbents like rice husk silica, rice husk, and sawdust. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of parameters like pH, contact time, and adsorbent dose on chromium removal. Column adsorption experiments studied the effects of flow rate and bed height. Results showed rice husk silica was the most effective adsorbent, removing 64.25% of chromium in batch tests and 98.08% in column tests with optimal conditions of lower flow rate and higher bed height. Column tests provided better removal than batch tests. Comparing to activated carbon, rice husk silica
This document discusses using clay minerals and organoclays as flocculants to pretreat brine wastewater (BWW) from the pickle industry. BWW is difficult to treat due to its low pH, high salt content, and high levels of suspended and organic matter. The study tested different clay minerals and berberine-modified organoclays in a two-step sedimentation process to reduce turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in BWW. Preliminary tests showed Volclay KWK bentonite (VO) and Pangel C150 sepiolite (C150) were the most effective at reducing
Crystallization of synthetic wollastonite prepared from local raw materialsMohammed Obeid
Wollastonite (CaSiO3) has been synthesized by the solid state reaction method at a temperature range of 1050-1250℃ from local raw materials, e.g. silica sand and limestone as well as pure chemicals in the form of carbonate and quartz with and without B2O3 adding as a mineralized. The resulting products are investigated employing XRD and SEM techniques. β-wollastonite was obtained at 1050℃ and transformed to pseudowollastonite (α- CaSiO3) at 1150℃ due to the presence of B2O3. While the pure chemicals failed to give wollastonite at this range of temperature 1050-1150℃. As the temperature increased up to 1400℃, both experimental and standard samples have been melted.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of Desulfovibrio desulfricans bacteria and a bacterial consortia on the corrosion of carbon steel in a soil model under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The study found that aerobic conditions significantly increased corrosion rates compared to anaerobic conditions. Additionally, the bacterial consortia accelerated corrosion by forming an uneven biofilm, while the D. desulfricans bacteria decreased corrosion by forming a protective iron sulfide film on the steel surface. Various factors like dissolved oxygen levels, water content, pH, and nutrient concentrations in the model soil were analyzed over 56 days to understand their impact on microbial growth and corrosion rates.
This document summarizes a study on producing cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from energy cane bagasse (ECB) through a rapid microwave-assisted delignification process and their application as additives in water-based drilling fluids. Specifically, the study isolated cellulose fibers from ECB using different concentrations of NaOH (10 wt% and 20 wt%) with microwave irradiation. The resulting cellulose fibers were then mechanically processed into CNF suspensions. These CNF suspensions exhibited shear thinning and viscoelastic properties due to their entangled network structure. When added to water-based drilling fluids at 0.5 wt%, the CNFs improved the rheological and filtration properties of the fluids, demonstrating their potential
Design, Performance Evaluation and Synthesis of Sulfonated Carbon Based Catal...ijtsrd
Microcrystalline cellulose can be converted into valuable products such as glucose via hydrolysis reaction at mild condition using sulfonated carbon catalyst. A sulfonated carbon material was prepared by carbonization of bamboo sawdust followed by sulfonation. Prepared catalyst was studied for its ability to catalyze microcrystalline cellulose yield via hydrolysis reaction. Three carbon based catalysts at three different temperatures 400, 450 and 500 were prepared. The sulfonated catalysts were characterized using the following analyses elemental analysis, total acid density, FT IR, SEM and XRD. Based on the above characterization results, sulfonated carbon prepared at 500 and sulfonated via ultra sonication was found to have a higher acid density that is suitable to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. The first step in the catalyst development approach was to increase the hydrolysis reaction by employing a stronger sulfonation procedure during catalyst preparation. The total acid density obtained for sulfonated carbon catalyst at 500 was 4.16 mmol g which significantly increases glucose yield. According to the FTIR analysis the sulfonated bio char contained sulfonic, carboxylic, and phenolic groups, which are responsible for the exhibited high catalytic performance during hydrolysis of cellulose. The yield of glucose obtained was 60.5 at 149.0°C in 8hour reaction time. Kefyalew H/Mariam | Bayisa Dame | Beteley Tekola "Design, Performance Evaluation and Synthesis of Sulfonated Carbon Based Catalyst for Hydrolysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38100.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/38100/design-performance-evaluation-and-synthesis-of-sulfonated-carbon-based-catalyst-for-hydrolysis-of-microcrystalline-cellulose/kefyalew-hmariam
This document summarizes a study on changes to the effluent from a chlor-alkali plant in India due to process modifications. The study evaluated the plant's effluent before and after implementing suggestions to minimize waste, such as covering equipment to reduce evaporation and process losses. Water quality parameters like pH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, mercury and free chlorine were analyzed. The modifications successfully reduced wastewater loads and improved effluent characteristics compared to before the changes were made.
Characterization of Solid Silicone Fertilizer Produced by Hydrothermal Proces...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Wastes from agriculture or sewage systems have several properties, such as huge volume, high humidity, and high organic compositions. According to the past studied, sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk contain high silicon content. Chemical conversion of biomass feedstock will enhance usage and provide value to agricultural waste. In this research, we applied hydrothermal carbonization to rice husk waste biomass to produce silicon-doped biochar carbon material. From SEM/SEX, FT-IR and XRD results, The silicon content of the synthesized carbon materials changed with increase in carbonization temperature. In addition, the averaged silicon content in carbon material was found:sugarcane exocarp to be 3.27wt %, peanut shells to be 3.01wt %, rice husks to be 7.26wt %. The silicon content of synthesized carbon materials changed with the carbonization temperature. It was speculated that due to silicon content of rice husk, peanut shells and sugarcane exocarp, Raw materials dissolve into reaction water bath and might have bonded to the surface of carbide whilst in hydrothermal carbonization processes. Silicon content of agriculture wastes through hydrothermal carbonization was found to be feasible for the production of silicon-doped Biochars carbon materials. It is suggested that this method be used for recycling of high carbon content waste material for the production of carbon materials. Recycled silicon doped biochars can be used as a base fertilizer for growing vegetables, organic soil conditioner, and also improve the added value of agriculture. Silicon containing biomasses are feasible methods for the recovery and recycling and processing of agricultural waste. Therefore, this study using agricultural waste sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk raw carbon silicon fertilizer raw materials production, cultivation hypokalemia, hyponatremia high silicon vegetables Accord research of patients with hyperkalemia (kidney disease).
Thermal treatment effects on the calcium oxalate and mineral contents of xant...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of thermal treatment (boiling) and tuber thickness on the calcium oxalate and mineral contents of Xanthosoma atrovirens, a species of cocoyam. Wholesome cocoyam tubers were peeled, washed, and cut into dimensions of 1cm, 3cm, and 5cm thickness. Samples from each thickness were boiled for intervals of 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Boiling significantly reduced calcium oxalate levels over time, with the highest removal occurring in the 1cm thickness samples after 60 minutes of boiling. Mineral losses also increased with longer boiling durations. The study found that boiling duration and tuber thickness
Optimizing the Conversion of Pretreated Sila Sorghum Stalks to Simple Sugars ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the conversion of pretreated Sila sorghum stalks to simple sugars using immobilized enzymes. Key findings include:
- Sila sorghum stalks were dried, milled, pretreated with alkali, and subjected to hydrolysis using immobilized cellulase and cellobiase enzymes.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, and concentration of sodium alginate used to immobilize the enzymes were varied in the experiments.
- Under optimal conditions of 55°C, pH 6.0, and 2.0% sodium alginate concentration, a maximum glucose yield of 71.3% was achieved.
- Mathematical models were developed
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET- Reliability Analysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers by Using...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research analyzing the reliability of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers using Weibull distribution. The researchers prepared fiber samples of different sizes through milling and sieving. They then analyzed the reliability of the reddish pulp fibers using a four-parameter Weibull distribution to model the probability of failure for different fiber sizes. A number of pretreatment methods are also summarized that can be used to reduce lignin content in empty fruit bunch fibers, such as alkaline, acid, steam explosion, and organosolv pretreatments. The goal is to analyze the reliability of empty fruit bunch fibers for potential uses and overcome challenges in reliability.
Similar to Copper (ii) adsorption by calcium alginate shea butter cake (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
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Copper (ii) adsorption by calcium alginate shea butter cake
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
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Copper (II) Adsorption by Calcium-alginate Shea Butter Cake
Muibat Diekola Yahya (Corresponding author)
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna,
P.M.B. 65, Nigeria. E-mail: mdoyejobi@yahoo.com
I.A. Mohammed-Dabo, A.S.Ahmed, A.S. Olawale
Department of Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
P.M.B. 810261, Nigeria.
Abstract
This study investigated the utilization of modified shea butter cake for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous
solution. Instrumental analysis such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) was used for the characterisation of the solid sorbent. Batch
equilibrium study was carried out to evaluate the adsorption capacity, and process parameters such as initial metal
ion concentration, time, pH, and adsorbent dosage. An optimum pH of 5, equilibrium time of 30mins and adsorbent
dosage of 40 beads was obtained. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the experimental data and
values fits the Langmuir more adequately with correlation coefficient unity (1.000) at 10mg/l of initial metal ion
concentration. The Kinetic study using the Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second were used to determine the rate
constants and experiments data best fits the pseudo-second –order with calculated amount adsorbed approximately
equal to the experimental values. The results indicate that modified shea butter cake could be employed as an
adsorbent for the removal of copper (II) ions in an aqueous solution.
Keywords: Shea butter cake, process parameters, kinetics, Copper (II),
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Introduction
The activities of man through the growing and development of the small and medium scale enterprise has gradually
kept on the increaseof copper (II) ions discharge into the environment. Thousands of years ago, the use of copper
was limited to making tools and other utensils, but now, it is widely used in electrical wire, coins, ornamental
objects, jewellery, pharmaceuticals, fungicides (Odukoya and Ajayi, 1987; Wu et al., 1999) and mining activities
(Hansen et al., 2010). These consequently have impact on the threshold limit.Copper toxicity can occur in plants
growing in polluted soils, and animals grazing on these plants, through the food chain. In humans about 10-20mg of
orally ingested Cu may cause intestinal discomfort, dizziness and headaches, while ingestion of Cu salts in excess of
500-100mg have caused fatal acute poisoning such as vomiting, diarrhoea with bleeding, circulatory collapse, failure
of the liver and kidneys and severe haemolysis (Johnson, 1997). The maximum permissible limit of copper in
drinking water is 2mg/L (Larous et al., 2005). A wide variety of treatment technologies for the decontamination of
this metal-polluted effluent have been investigated and developed. These are chemical precipitation, ion exchange,
adsorption, solvent extraction, membrane processes and electrochemical techniques. Adsorption process via the use
of agricultural waste material is however been recently utilised because it is readily available, it has low energy
consumption, eco-friendly, and cost effective.
The use of the Shea Butter Cake is proposed for the adsorption of copper in this study. Shea butter cake is the residue
obtained after the extraction of the butter from the shea butter seed. Nigeria is blessed with the Shea butter tree with
an estimated production output of 250,000 metric tonnes per annum (Peter, 2004). Although this has not been
optimally utilised, cottage industry are gradually indulging in the shea butter production which obviously will lead to
the increase in the cake production. Studies have shown that the presence of the cake into the environment causes
nuisance as they are non-bio-degradable and are un-palatable to livestock (He et al., 2007; Nitiema, 2010).Limited
work has been reported in the utilisation of shea butter cake for adsorption processes.Yahya et al., (2012) used the
cake in the raw and modified form for the removal of Pb (II) ions in an aqueous solution. It is however proposed to
use theshea butter cake by modifying it with calcium alginate for the adsorption of copper (II) ions in aqueous
solution so as to serve the double benefit of treating a waste polluted water streams and revenue generation to the
producing industry. It will also provide a baseline of information and data for further research.
3. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
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2. Materials and Methods
The shea butter fruits were collected from the farmland of Sabon-Dagaward inMinna, Niger state, Nigeria. The
collected biomaterials were thoroughly washed with tap water to remove soil and dusts, and then further washed with
distilled water and dried in an oven at 80o
C until a constant weight is achieved (Önate, 2009).The dried seed is
grinded to smoothness with a blender (Moulinex) and sieved using an electrical sieve shaker (Endecotts England BS
410/1986) to obtain a powder <250µm particle size. Some physical processes such as churning andmixing was done.
Warm water was used to press out the oil and over-float thefats. The fat was skimmed and heated to evaporate the
excess water molecules. The oil was decanted and filtering was done. The residue obtained after filtrationis the Shea
Butter Cake. This is air-dried until a constant weight is obtained and stored in a polyethene bag for further use.
2.1 Preparation of shea butter cake
The Modified shea butter cake MSBC) was prepared by dissolving 1g of sodium alginate (1% w/v) into 100ml of
distilled water at a temperature of 65o
C on a constant temperature magnetic stirrer(LabTech 78HW-1) (Fiol et al.,
2006). The gel was completely dissolved and allowed to cool down at room temperature (25o
C) and thereafter 2g of
shea butter cake (<250 µm) was added. An intense agitation was maintained on the magnetic stirrer in order to
produce homogeneous mixture of alginate and the powder. Afterwards the solution was added drop wise via a
hypoject IV 110108syringe to a solution of 0.1M calcium chloride dihydate (CaCl2.2H2O) under soft agitation. The
Calcium atoms from the CaCl2 will cross link to form salt bridges between the α-L-guloronic acids (G) blocks of the
sodium alginate (Onate, 2009). As a result of this, the alginate chains wrapped up the sorbents to form beads
(Khorramabadi et al., 2011). The entrapped shea butter cake in the calcium alginate (CA) beads were cured in the
CaCl2 solution for 24hr. Hard spherical beads of similar sizes containing 2% (w/v) of shea butter cake now called
modified shea butter cake (MSBC) were filtered and rinsed several times with distilled water to remove excess Ca2+
ions. The obtained beads were covered with abundant distilled water and stored in the fridge at around 4o
C for
further use.
2.2 Preparation of metal solutions
Deionized water obtained from deionizer was used to prepare all solutions. All glass wares were soaked in 5% nitric
acid for 24hr and repeatedly washed with doubly distilled deionized water followed by drying at 353K for 5 hr. so as
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to avoid contamination. Stock solution (1000mg/L) of copper was prepared by dissolving 2.6847g of analytical grade
copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2.2H2O) in 100ml of deionized water and dilute to1 litre in a volumetric flask with
deionized water.
2.3 Characterisation of adsorbent
The shea butter cake was characterized using the Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR-8400S,
Schimadzu Japan) in order to determine the functional group. The sample was prepared using KBr discs and the
spectral range was varied from 4000cm-1
to 400cm-1
. The surface morphology of the sorbents was also studied with
High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (EVO MA 10 Carl Zeiss). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was
carried out to determine the mineral composition, and crystalinity of the cake.
2.4 Batch Equilibrium study
Experiments were carried out in batch mode using series of 250ml conical flasks with cork. 50ml of metal solution in
various concentrations ranging from 4mg/l, 6mg/l, 10mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l, and 200mg/l were added to 40 beads of
the modified shea butter cake on Stuart Scientific flask shaker at a speed of 200rpm. Agitation was carried out for
over 360 minutes to ensure equilibrium although no significant change was recorded after 120 minutes as saturation
had been reached. All other parameters studied were therefore fixed at 120 minutes. After agitation, the beads were
filtered using Whatman filter paper (110cm) and metal concentration in the liquid phase was analysed using Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Varian SpectrAA 220FS.
The metal concentration in the the solid phase qe (mg.bead-1
) was calculated from the difference between the initial,
Ci and equilibrium, final, Ce metal concentration in solution (mg.L-1
). The uptake of the sorbent was calculated
according to the next equation:
( )
N
V
CeCiqe −= (1)
Where V(L) is the solution volume and N is the amount of beads
To compute the sorption percentage, %R
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100% ×
−
=
Ci
CeCi
R (2)
2.5 Kinetic study on Cu (II) adsorption
Sorption kinetics was studied for initial concentrations of Cu ranging from 4mg/l-to 200mg/l. Metal solutions were
prepared by serial dilution and pH of 5 was maintained throughout. For each contact time, content of the flasks was
filtered and copper concentration in solution was analysed. The studied time range was fixed at120minutes.
2.6 Initial pH effect on Cu (II) adsorption
Effect of initial pH on Cu (II) sorption onto modified Shea butter cake was studied in order to obtain information on
the role of H+
in Cu(II) uptake.pH values was from 1to 10 and initial metal concentration was around 250mg/l. The
pH of the adsorbate solution was adjusted with either 1 M NaOH or 0.1 M HCl without increasing the initial
volume of the solution significantly. Contact time was 120minutes.
2.7 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
Adsorbent dosage was varied from 40 beads-240 beads in 50ml of Copper (II) solution at a concentration of
250mg/L. This was agitated for 120minutes at a speed of 200rpm. Solutions were filtered and residual metal
concentrations was analysed as statedpreviously.
3. Discussions of results
3.1 Characterisation of adsorbent material
The IR spectra (Fig. 1) indicate that the RSBC possess different surface structure. There are some Absorption above
3000/cm which suggests that it is unsaturated (contains C=C).Absorption is at the low end of the range (i.e
below1700/cm) this suggest that the compound is probably amide or carboxylate. Additional moderate band in the
range 1200-1000 and 800-600 implies simple hydroxyl compound. The shifting of the band of the O-H (Phenol)
at1374.33/cm to 1440.87 of the loaded sample is attributed to O-H (phenol) bonding. Complete disappearance of the
aliphatic nitro-compounds from the loaded sample also indicated adsorption of the metal at 1522.85/cm. A shift in
the peak at 1615 to 1633.76 of the loaded sorbent can be attributed to the stretching of C=O corresponding to
carbonyls, olefinic C=C stretching frequencies of hemicelluloses, lignin and amino groups. This was more prominent
in the loaded sorbent indicating higher sorption due to structural modification (Akhtar et al., 2010). The sharp peak
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observed at 1741.78forsheabuttercake is assigned to C-O bond of carboxylic or its ester and its
completedisappearance on the Cu-loaded sorbent inferred that the copper metal bonded to the shea butter cake
through interaction with active groups OH, COOH (Minamisawa et al.,2004).Emerging of new bands on the
modified sorbents at 3154.68; 3458.48; 3777.71 may be attributed to binding of –OH group with the polymeric
structure.
Fig. 2 shows the XRD patterns of Shea Butter Cake. The non-appearance of major peaks indicated that the sorbent is
amorphous in nature. A very weak peak was observed at 26o
2Θ diffraction anglewhich was attributed to quartz
structure of the silica (Kumagai et al., 2010)that may have been introduce during air-drying .
Fig.3: depicts the SEM image of the Shea butter cake at 1KX and 3KX magnification. The micrographs indicated
that the surface was irregular and porous in nature. The micrographs also depict the presence of superficial layers of
protective silica and some natural resin.
3.2 Effect of Time and initial metal ion concentration
Fig. 4 shows the effect of Time and initial metal ion concentration;there was a sharp increase in percentage removal
of the metal ions from the starting initial concentration value to the next level before saturation is reached. At lower
initial concentration almost all the sites are filled during adsorption as there is a greater interaction between the metal
ion and sorptive sites but as the concentration increases more Cu(II) are left unadsorbed due to saturation of the
adsorptive sites . This high initial rate of adsorption is as a result of increase in concentration which provides the
driving force that helps to overcome mass transfer resistance between the metal ion and adsorbent (Ibrahim et al.,
2010).The amount of copper (II) ions adsorbed at equilibrium increases from 0.094mg/g to 4.64 mg/g as the initial
metal ion concentration was increased from 4 to 200 ppm.
In relation to time, the rate of metal ion removal is found to be very rapid during the first 30 minutes of adsorption,
thereafter, it is almost constant and then gradually decreases at higher concentrations. No significant change in metal
ion removal is observed after 120 minutes. Basically for the lower concentration metal ion solution, the maximum
percentage removal was achieved within 30minutes while for the higher concentration metal solution it was after1
hour of agitation time. The rate of percentage metal removal is higher at the beginning firstly because of the affinity
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the sorbates has for the sorbent. Secondly, it may be due to the modification with calcium alginate. This played an
important role in the rigidity, enhanced porousity of the sorptive sites, resistance to leaching of the organic
component into the solution. This is justified in this study as percentage removal increased to over 90% as
concentration builds as high as 250mg/L. Authors that have used calcium alginate successfully for adsorption
processes to mention a few are Fiolet al., (2003); Khorambadiet al., (2011).
3.3 Effect of pH
The pH governs the speciation of the metals in aqueous solution and also affects the dissociation of active functional
sites on the sorbent (Kazemipouret al., 2008). Notably is this as shown in Fig. 5. The percentage removal of Cu using
shea butter cake increases progressively from 1.4% at pH of 2 to 92.3%% at pH value of 5. This then gradually drops
at pH of 6 and remain almost constant up to pH of 10. At lower pH values (pH 2) biosorption was low as a results of
protons (H+
or H30+
) domination to compete with the cations in the aqueous solution to occupy the shea butter cake
surface. Increasing the pH from 3 to 5 bring about a progressive increase in the biosorption which is as a result of
decrease in the protons and consequently lowering the electrostatic repulsion between the Cu(II) and surface sites.
The maximum percentage removal occurred at pH of 5 which agrees quite well with the work of Benaissa and
Eloudchi (2011) in their study of Cu(II) from aqueous solution using activated sludge. Beyond pH of 5, insoluble
copper hydroxides starts precipitating resulting in lower amount of Cu(II) sorbed at equilibrium (Villaesusa et al.,
2004).
3.4 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
Figure 6 shows the adsorption of Cu(II) with modified shea butter cake at varying adsorbent dosage (40beads-
200beads), 250mg/L of initial metal concentrationand agitation speed of 200rpm at 120mins.Amount adsorbed of the
metal ions decreases with increase in adsorbent dose. For example,the amount adsorbed at 40 beads is
0.2525mg/bead this then reduces drastically to 0.070mg/beads at 200beads of the adsorbent mass. This reduction is
as a result of using large amount of adsorbent dose which leaves the active sites partially filled and some sites even
vacant. This was justified by the work of Hansen et al., (2010) who reported that the larger the amount of solid
biomass, the lower the equilibrium concentration; Khan et al., (2011) further affirmed this in his study that increasing
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27
the biosorbent dosage may lead to some of the sites unsaturated and consequently decrease in biosorption capacity.
The decrease in amount adsorbed may be further explained by the fact that aggregation of adsorbent particle does
occur as adsorbent dosage is increased and this results to longer diffusion path length (Zheng et al, 2009).The reverse
is the case with percentage removal of the metal ions from the solution. It rather, increases with increase in
biosorbent mass due to larger surface area on the sorbent and thus creates easy penetration of the metal ions to the
adsorption sites (Ibrahim et al., 2010).
3.5 Adsorption Kinetics
In order to investigate the adsorption of Cu(II) on modified shea butter cake (MSBC), adsorption kinetic study using
the pseudo-first –order (Lagergren, 1898) and pseudo-second-order, kinetic models (Ho and Mckay, 1999) were used
to predict the rate constants. These rate controls the residence time and the mechanism involved in the adsorbate
uptake in the solid - solution interphase (Naiyaet al., 2009). The conformity between the calculated amount adsorbed
and experimental data is determined by correlation coefficient (R2
).
3.5.1 Pseudo-first –order-model
The pseudo first-order equation of Lagergren is generally expressed as follows:
( ) ( ) t
K
qqq ete
303.2
loglog 1
−=− (3)
Where qe is the amount of adsorption capacity at equilibrium (mg/g), qt is amount adsorbed at time t, K1 is the
pseudo-first-order rate constant (min-1
).
The values of qe and K1 for the pseudo-first-order kinetic model were determined from the intercepts and the slopes
of the plots of log (qe-qt) versus time, respectively. The values are given in Table 1.From the linear regression
equation, the correlation coefficient R2
was 0.5496 at 4mg/L and 0.4333 at 6mg/l. These were quite low and are not
shown on the plot except for the non-linear regressions that were above 60% in correlation co-efficient. There is a
wide variation between the calculated and experimental values. This shows that the adsorption does not follow the
first order which follow similar observation of other authors (Hansen et al., 2010; Kosasih et al., 2010; Gündoĝan et
al., 2004).
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3.5.2 The pseudo-second-order model : This can be expressed as:
( )2
2 qtqeK
dt
dqt
−= (4)
Where K2 is the pseudo-second–order rate constant (g/mg min). Integrating with boundary conditions, qt=0 at t=0
and qt=qt at t=t, results in the following equation:
t
qeqeKq
t
t
11
2
2
+= (5)
The initial sorption rate, h(mg/mg min), at 0→t can be defined as
2
2qeKh = (6)
Re arranging and substituting Eq (6) into Eq (5) gives
t
qeh
t
qt
+
=
11
(7)
The value of qe is determined from the slope of the plot of
qt
t
versus t (Fig. 9), and h isobtained from the
intercept. The values of qe, K2, h and R2
are shown in Table 2. The graph is linear for second-order than that of the
first- order model. The experimental values (qe,exp.) correlated well with the calculated (qe,calc.) values for pseudo-
second –order model than the pseudo-first-order, the correlation coefficient R2
is closer to unity at 4mg/L, 6 mg/l
50mg/l, 100mg/l and exactly 1.00 at 10mg/l . The initial sorption rate h can also be seen to be quite adequate from
Table 2 indicating a very fast sorption rate .Therefore the adsorption can be said to follow pseudo-second-order-
model adequately which were well justified by the work of Zhang et al 2011; Gündoĝan et al., 2004).
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3.6 Adsorption Equilibrium Isotherm
Equilibrium data were analysed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm to understand the Cu(II) ions-modified
shea butter interaction.
e
L
L
Le
e
C
K
a
Kq
C
+=
1
(8)
eFe C
n
Kq log
1
loglog += (9)
Eq.(8) and (9) are Langmuir and Freundlich equations. In these equations, Ce and qe are the equilibrium
concentrations in the solution (mg/l) and on the modified shea butter cake (mg/g) respectively: aL (l/mg) and KL(l/g)
are the Langmuir constants for the Cu(II) ions-modified equilibrium and monolayer capacity. KF (l/g) is Freundlich
constant and 1/n is heterogeneity factor.
From Table 3, parameters obtained after correlation of experimental data to Langmuir and Freundlich showed good
correlation coefficient with the best fits for Langmuir model. Li et al., (2004) reported that the Gibbs free energy can
be calculated according to the equation ΔG= -RTln KL and the results shows that at higher Langmuir constant the ΔG
was smaller and invariably a higher spontaneity of the adsorption process. At KL310.00 L/g, the ΔG was -14.308 and
correlation coefficient R2
was exactly 1.0000. The dimensionless equilibrium parameter or the separation factor
RL(Panda et al., 2007) was also calculated from the Langmuir equation from the expression:
RL=
iLCK+1
1
(10)
Where Ci and is the initial concentration of the Cu(II) ion and KLis the Langmuir constant. If adsorption is
favourable, Then RL must be within 0 to 1, while RL>1, RL=1 and RL = 0, respectively describe unfavourable, linear
and irreversible adsorption. Here the RL value is within 0 to 1 and this indicates that the adsorption of Cu ions is well
favoured on the modified shea butter cake.
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Freundlich model did not provide as good determination coefficients as the Langmuir model. However, Freundlich
model was used to calculate KF and1/n which are the parameters associated to the adsorption capacity and adsorption
intensity respectively The higher the 1/n, the higher will be the affinity and heterogeneityof the adsorbent sites.The
values of 1/n as shown on Table 3 was less than 1 and thus indicate that the adsorption was beneficial (Manet et al.,
2007; Naiya et al., 2009).
4. Conclusions
Shea butter cake entrapped in calcium alginate effectively removes copper (II) ions from aqueous solution. Hydrogen
ion (H+
) plays an important role on the effect of pH and an optimum pH of 5 was obtained for adsorption of the
Cu(II) before precipitation of the hydroxides. The FT-IR analysis indicate the main active groups such as
carboxylates, hydroxyl and the phenols as being responsible for the sorption. The Kinetic isotherm of Pseudo-
second-order best fits the experimental and correlation coefficient of exactly 1 obtained at 10mg/l of initial metal ion
concentration. A very high amount adsorbed (qmax) of 161.290mg/g was achieved on subjecting experimental data to
the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm which suggest monolayer adsorption, this almost double that obtained for the
Freundlich Isotherm. However, on comparison with other agricultural waste (Table 4) for Cu (II) adsorption, the qmax
was on the high side for both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The entrapment of the Shea butter cake in the
calcium alginate gel gave an improvement in the sorption capacity.The thermodynamic property ΔG indicate the
spontaneity of the process and reaction is an exothermic one.
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Table 1: Pseudo-1st
–order for the removal of Cu (II) by MSBC at pH5 and 120 (mins)
Ci (mgL-1
) qe(exp.) (mgg-1
) qe(calc.) (mgg-1
) K1 (min-1
) R2
(linear) R2
(non-linear)
4 90.740 108.179 0.0152 0.5496 0.6584
6 137.315 90.386 0.0187 0.4333 0.6495
10 721.83 87.173 0.0119 0.581 0.7352
Ci (mgL-1
) qe(exp.) (mgg-1
) qe(Calc.)(mgg-1
) R2
K2(gmg-1
min-1
) h (mgg-1
min-1
)
4 89.8148 81.8148 0.9996 0.00100 8.1098
6 137.037 136.827 0.9999 0.00015 2.7146
10 229.629 230.032 1.0000 0.00002 1.1226
50 841.967 842.900 0.9895 0.00000 0.1012
100 955.093 876.575 0.9753 0.00000 0.1933
Table 2: Pseudo-2nd
-order for the removal of Cu(II) by MSBC at pH 5 and Time 120(mins)
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Table 3: Langmuir and Freundlich parameters for Cu(II) sorption onto modified shea butter cake.
Table 4: Comparison of amount adsorbed (qmax) of Cu(II) ions on other agricultural wastes
Adsorbent Capacity (mg/g)
Sorbent Langmuir Freundlich Reference
Rice Husk ash 2.30±0.2 28.8±0.02 Akhtar et al., 2010
Rice husk biomatrix 10.9 6.21 Krishnani et al., 2008
Herbaceous peat 4.84 8.86 Güdoĝan et al., 2004
Rice husk carbons at 40o
C 25.25 6.329 Zhang et al., 2011
Modified shea butter cake 161.290 88.191 This work
Grape Stalk 42.92 1.48 Onate, 2009
Langmuir modelFreundlich model
Ci
(mg/L)
qmax
(mg/g)
KL
(L/g)
RL ΔG0
(kJ/mol)
R2
K
(mg/g)
1/n R2
4 564.972 4.425 0.0534 -3.709 0.9986 56.36 -0.0679 0.9228
6 86.207 57.999 0.0029 -10.128 0.9987 159.00 -0.0477 0.8794
10 161.290 310.000 0.0003 -14.308 1.0000 88.191 -0.0153 0.9668
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Fig. 3: SEM of Shea butter cake (RSBC) at (A) mag 1.00KX & (B) 3.00 KX
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Fig. 4: The percent removal of Cu(II) as a function
of time at various concentrations Fig.5: Percent removal of Cu(II) at different initial pH
Fig.6: Percentage removal and amount adsorbed of Cu (II) on
modified shea butter beads at varying adsorbent dosage
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
80.0
82.0
84.0
86.0
88.0
90.0
92.0
0 50 100 150 200
amountadsobed(mg/Bead)
(%removal)
Adsorbent dose (beads)
% removal amount adsorbed (mg/bead)
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Fig.7: Pseudo-first–order kinetics of Cu(II) adsorption onto modified shea butter cake at 4mg/L and 6mg/L
Fig. 8 Pseudo-second-order Kinetics of Cu (II) adsorption onto modified shea butter cake at various initial
concentration
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Fig. 9: Langmuir adsorption isotherm at various initial Cu (II) concentrations 4; 6; 10mg/l on modified
Shea Butter Cake
Fig. 10: Freundlich adsorption isotherm at various initial Cu (II) concentrations 4; 6; 10mg/l on modified
Shea Butter Cake
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