Maize Cob has been used for silica production but no research had been reported on the optimization of maize husk for silica production. This study is aimed at developing an approach for the optimization of silica production from Maize Husk (MH) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The MH was analyzed for crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP) and ash constituents using standard method. The MH (30kg) was run using Box Behnken Design to determine the experimental combinations of the predictor variables: Temperature (400-700 ºC), Time (2-6 h) and MH (5-7 g). Optimal process variables predicted were validated by confirmatory experiments. The silica produced was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The CF, CP and ash content were 1.52, 10 and 1.5 % respectively. The optimal values of the variables from the RSM, namely: temperature, time and MH were 528 ºC, 5.31 hr and 5.85g. There was no significant difference between the values obtained from RSM and that of the validation. FTIR showed noticeable absorption peaks attributed to O-Si-O stretching. It can be concluded that maize husk which is an agricultural waste is a viable product for silica production.
Copper (ii) adsorption by calcium alginate shea butter cakeAlexander Decker
1) The document investigates the use of modified shea butter cake for removing copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Characterization techniques like FT-IR, SEM, and XRD were used to analyze the adsorbent material.
2) Batch equilibrium studies examined the effect of parameters like initial metal ion concentration, contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage on copper adsorption. Kinetic studies fitted the data best to pseudo-second order models.
3) The maximum adsorption of copper occurred at a pH of 5, equilibrium time of 30 minutes, and adsorbent dosage of 40 beads. Modified shea butter cake shows potential as a low-cost adsorbent
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the production and application of biodiesel. It discusses the history of biodiesel dating back to 1893 when diesel first used peanut oil. Methods of biodiesel production discussed include transesterification using supercritical methanol, ultrasonication, and microwave techniques. Nano particles are also explored as an additive to reduce emissions when biodiesel is used in engines without modification. Biodiesel cultivation and harvesting techniques for plants like jatropha are also summarized.
IRJET- Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater by Acid Treated Rice HuskIRJET Journal
The article discusses international issues. It mentions that globalization has increased economic interdependence between nations while also raising complex policy challenges. Countries now must find ways to cooperate on issues that transcend borders such as climate change, cybersecurity, and international trade.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Effects of pretreatment of single and mixed lignocellulosic substrates on pro...Mushafau Adebayo Oke
A mixed substrate (MS) comprising oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil palm frond (OPF), and rice husk (RH) was evaluated for endoglucanase production by Bacillus aerius S5.2. Effects of sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), and hydrothermal pretreatments on endoglucanase production were investigated. Endoglucanase production by B. aerius on the untreated (0.677 U/mL) and pretreated MS (0.305 – 0.630 U/mL) was generally similar, except that the acid (0.305 U/mL) and hydrothermal (0.549 U/mL) pretreatments that were more severe consequently produced significantly lower titres. Alkali pretreatment supported the highest enzyme production (0.630 U/mL) among all pretreatments that were studied. When endoglucanase production on the alkali-pretreated MS and single substrates (SS) was compared, alkali-pretreated EFB produced a titre (0.655 U/mL) similar to the MS, and this was significantly higher than titres recorded on OPF (0.504 U/mL) and RH (0.525 U/mL). Lower enzyme production was found to be consistent with higher pretreatment severity and greater removal of amorphous regions in all the pretreatments. Furthermore, combining the SS showed no adverse effects on endoglucanase production.
11.production of cellulose from barley husks as a partial ingredient of formu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on producing cellulose from barley husks to use as a partial ingredient in fish feed formulations. Barley husks were pretreated through hot water treatment and liquid oxidation using hydrogen peroxide. Testing found the barley husks contained 66% cellulose after pretreatment. This cellulose could provide a cost-effective carbohydrate source in fish feeds. The study aims to utilize an agricultural byproduct while reducing the costs of tilapia fingerling feeds.
Production of cellulose from barley husks as a partial ingredient of formulat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on producing cellulose from barley husks to use as a partial ingredient in fish feed formulations. The study involved pretreating barley husks through hot water treatment at 100°C followed by liquid oxidation with 30% H2O2 at 60°C. This process successfully extracted cellulose from the barley husks, yielding 66% cellulose. The extracted cellulose can potentially reduce the cost of fish feed production by providing a digestible carbohydrate source for the feed. The study provides a potential method for utilizing barley husks as a renewable source of cellulose.
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Copper (ii) adsorption by calcium alginate shea butter cakeAlexander Decker
1) The document investigates the use of modified shea butter cake for removing copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions. Characterization techniques like FT-IR, SEM, and XRD were used to analyze the adsorbent material.
2) Batch equilibrium studies examined the effect of parameters like initial metal ion concentration, contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage on copper adsorption. Kinetic studies fitted the data best to pseudo-second order models.
3) The maximum adsorption of copper occurred at a pH of 5, equilibrium time of 30 minutes, and adsorbent dosage of 40 beads. Modified shea butter cake shows potential as a low-cost adsorbent
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on the production and application of biodiesel. It discusses the history of biodiesel dating back to 1893 when diesel first used peanut oil. Methods of biodiesel production discussed include transesterification using supercritical methanol, ultrasonication, and microwave techniques. Nano particles are also explored as an additive to reduce emissions when biodiesel is used in engines without modification. Biodiesel cultivation and harvesting techniques for plants like jatropha are also summarized.
IRJET- Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater by Acid Treated Rice HuskIRJET Journal
The article discusses international issues. It mentions that globalization has increased economic interdependence between nations while also raising complex policy challenges. Countries now must find ways to cooperate on issues that transcend borders such as climate change, cybersecurity, and international trade.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Effects of pretreatment of single and mixed lignocellulosic substrates on pro...Mushafau Adebayo Oke
A mixed substrate (MS) comprising oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil palm frond (OPF), and rice husk (RH) was evaluated for endoglucanase production by Bacillus aerius S5.2. Effects of sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide, N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), and hydrothermal pretreatments on endoglucanase production were investigated. Endoglucanase production by B. aerius on the untreated (0.677 U/mL) and pretreated MS (0.305 – 0.630 U/mL) was generally similar, except that the acid (0.305 U/mL) and hydrothermal (0.549 U/mL) pretreatments that were more severe consequently produced significantly lower titres. Alkali pretreatment supported the highest enzyme production (0.630 U/mL) among all pretreatments that were studied. When endoglucanase production on the alkali-pretreated MS and single substrates (SS) was compared, alkali-pretreated EFB produced a titre (0.655 U/mL) similar to the MS, and this was significantly higher than titres recorded on OPF (0.504 U/mL) and RH (0.525 U/mL). Lower enzyme production was found to be consistent with higher pretreatment severity and greater removal of amorphous regions in all the pretreatments. Furthermore, combining the SS showed no adverse effects on endoglucanase production.
11.production of cellulose from barley husks as a partial ingredient of formu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on producing cellulose from barley husks to use as a partial ingredient in fish feed formulations. Barley husks were pretreated through hot water treatment and liquid oxidation using hydrogen peroxide. Testing found the barley husks contained 66% cellulose after pretreatment. This cellulose could provide a cost-effective carbohydrate source in fish feeds. The study aims to utilize an agricultural byproduct while reducing the costs of tilapia fingerling feeds.
Production of cellulose from barley husks as a partial ingredient of formulat...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on producing cellulose from barley husks to use as a partial ingredient in fish feed formulations. The study involved pretreating barley husks through hot water treatment at 100°C followed by liquid oxidation with 30% H2O2 at 60°C. This process successfully extracted cellulose from the barley husks, yielding 66% cellulose. The extracted cellulose can potentially reduce the cost of fish feed production by providing a digestible carbohydrate source for the feed. The study provides a potential method for utilizing barley husks as a renewable source of cellulose.
Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using...ijtsrd
The numerous applications of citric acid have increased its demand. It is of great importance to produce citric acid using adequate monosaccharides and dissacharides as they have proven to be easily catabolyzed and decomposed by Fungi when compared to polysaccharides. The superiority of sucrose to other sugars is a result of strong extracellular mycelium bound invertase of A.niger which rapidly hydrolyses sucrose at low pH. This project was undertaken to isolate, screen and produce citric acid in a submerged fermentation by four different strains of Aspergillus niger using sucrose. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterized from garden soil. Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger in a submerged basal medium was quantitatively determined using titrimetric method. Aspergillus niger strain HUS1 ASHUS1 , Aspergillus niger strain HUS7 ASHUS7 , Aspergillus niger strain HG49 ASHG49 and Aspergillus niger strain AN8 ASAN8 showed significant accumulation of citric acid from the submerged basal medium, of which ASHUS 1 significantly a 0.05 recorded the most yield from the production after 9 days of incubation. Mbah, O. G | Okpalla, J. O | Osuala, O. J | Okoye, P. O | Alagbu, P. O "Isolation and Screening for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus Niger Using Sucrose as a Carbon Source" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46260.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46260/isolation-and-screening-for-citric-acid-production-by-aspergillus-niger-using-sucrose-as-a-carbon-source/mbah-o-g
Characterization of Solid Silicone Fertilizer Produced by Hydrothermal Proces...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Wastes from agriculture or sewage systems have several properties, such as huge volume, high humidity, and high organic compositions. According to the past studied, sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk contain high silicon content. Chemical conversion of biomass feedstock will enhance usage and provide value to agricultural waste. In this research, we applied hydrothermal carbonization to rice husk waste biomass to produce silicon-doped biochar carbon material. From SEM/SEX, FT-IR and XRD results, The silicon content of the synthesized carbon materials changed with increase in carbonization temperature. In addition, the averaged silicon content in carbon material was found:sugarcane exocarp to be 3.27wt %, peanut shells to be 3.01wt %, rice husks to be 7.26wt %. The silicon content of synthesized carbon materials changed with the carbonization temperature. It was speculated that due to silicon content of rice husk, peanut shells and sugarcane exocarp, Raw materials dissolve into reaction water bath and might have bonded to the surface of carbide whilst in hydrothermal carbonization processes. Silicon content of agriculture wastes through hydrothermal carbonization was found to be feasible for the production of silicon-doped Biochars carbon materials. It is suggested that this method be used for recycling of high carbon content waste material for the production of carbon materials. Recycled silicon doped biochars can be used as a base fertilizer for growing vegetables, organic soil conditioner, and also improve the added value of agriculture. Silicon containing biomasses are feasible methods for the recovery and recycling and processing of agricultural waste. Therefore, this study using agricultural waste sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk raw carbon silicon fertilizer raw materials production, cultivation hypokalemia, hyponatremia high silicon vegetables Accord research of patients with hyperkalemia (kidney disease).
Design, Performance Evaluation and Synthesis of Sulfonated Carbon Based Catal...ijtsrd
Microcrystalline cellulose can be converted into valuable products such as glucose via hydrolysis reaction at mild condition using sulfonated carbon catalyst. A sulfonated carbon material was prepared by carbonization of bamboo sawdust followed by sulfonation. Prepared catalyst was studied for its ability to catalyze microcrystalline cellulose yield via hydrolysis reaction. Three carbon based catalysts at three different temperatures 400, 450 and 500 were prepared. The sulfonated catalysts were characterized using the following analyses elemental analysis, total acid density, FT IR, SEM and XRD. Based on the above characterization results, sulfonated carbon prepared at 500 and sulfonated via ultra sonication was found to have a higher acid density that is suitable to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. The first step in the catalyst development approach was to increase the hydrolysis reaction by employing a stronger sulfonation procedure during catalyst preparation. The total acid density obtained for sulfonated carbon catalyst at 500 was 4.16 mmol g which significantly increases glucose yield. According to the FTIR analysis the sulfonated bio char contained sulfonic, carboxylic, and phenolic groups, which are responsible for the exhibited high catalytic performance during hydrolysis of cellulose. The yield of glucose obtained was 60.5 at 149.0°C in 8hour reaction time. Kefyalew H/Mariam | Bayisa Dame | Beteley Tekola "Design, Performance Evaluation and Synthesis of Sulfonated Carbon Based Catalyst for Hydrolysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38100.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/38100/design-performance-evaluation-and-synthesis-of-sulfonated-carbon-based-catalyst-for-hydrolysis-of-microcrystalline-cellulose/kefyalew-hmariam
This academic article summarizes a study that evaluated different methods for controlling the larger wax moth (Galleria mellonella) in post-harvest honeycombs. The treatments tested included various concentrations of salt water, hermetic storage, and aluminum phosphide tablets. After 2 months of storage, all treatments resulted in 100% mortality of wax moths. Hermetic storage and aluminum phosphide best preserved the condition of the combs. None of the treatments significantly affected the amount of wax or slum gum extracted. The study concluded that hermetic storage is the best control method due to the potential for aluminum phosphide residue in treated combs.
STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LOW CALCIUM BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Geopolymer concrete is a cement less concrete gaining popularity globally towards the sustainable development. It is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate cementitious material which can be synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. Beside fly ash, alkaline solution is utilized to make geopolymer paste which binds the aggregates to form geopolymer concrete. In this experiment an attempt is made to study the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm or 150 x 150 x 150 mm, beams of size 100 x 100 x 500 mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm length are prepared and cured under ambient curing. The compressive strength was found out at 7 days and 28 days.
Extraction of Bio-Fuel from Algae by Anaerobic DigestionEditor IJMTER
The growing energy demand across the globe has instigated us to synthesize bio-fuel
from algae, a renewable resource. Algae Botryococcus braunii when subjected to anaerobic digestion
and broken down by enzymes liberate methane and CO2. The CO2 obtained is cultivated in open
ponds and are passed through a fluidised bed chamber after pre-treatment. The chamber contains
enzymes which breakdown the algal colloid into fatty acids. These fatty acids on decomposition
release CO2 that is internally cycled for algal cultivation and the methane can be profitably and
cleanly extracted. This methane can be used as a fuel in vehicles (CNG) and also in various industrial
and domestic fields, providing a low-cost solution to the global energy crisis.
Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential of Cyanobacteria in Oil Polluted Soilijtsrd
Petroleum hydrocarbon is one of the most common environmental pollutants in Nigeria and other countries. Its debilitating effects on arable lands and water bodies have far reaching consequences to agriculture and aquatic life. Several bioremediation strategies have been developed over the years in a bid to manage this type of pollution. Cyanobacteria are a group of microorganisms possessing the potential to be harnessed as bioremediation alternatives. This study sought to conduct bioremediation of crude oil polluted oil usung cyanobacteria. Organisms were isolated from crude oil polluted soil and were identified using molecular typing. A 200 ml portion of broth cultures of organisms was used singly and in consortium in different set ups to bio remedaite the polluted soil samples. Gas chromatography was used to monitor the residual total petroleum hydrocarbon TPH in each set up for a period of thirty days. Microcystisholsatica, Chlorella kessleriand Anabaena cicadae were identified from polluted soil samples. Chlorella kessleri gave a 94.10 TPH loss, while Anabaena cicadae gave 91.10 and their co culture set up gave a 95 TPH loss and the control experiment had 2.10 TPH loss. Temperature of the reacting systems was mesophilic and the pH was at weak acid range. This study thus has shown that cyanoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of soil is possible and efficient and should be adopted more often Agu, K. C. | Orji, M. U. | Ikele, M. O. | Uwanta, L. I. | Onyeneho, V. I "Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential of Cyanobacteria in Oil Polluted Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52397.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/52397/hydrocarbon-biodegradation-potential-of-cyanobacteria-in-oil-polluted-soil/agu-k-c
Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using bana...Alexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that used banana peel as a biosorbent to remove oil from produced water.
2) Characterization of the banana peel showed it contained mainly carbon (88.52%) and had a surface area of 0.1135 m2/g.
3) Batch experiments showed that banana peel could effectively remove up to 194 mg/L of oil from produced water within 35 minutes of contact time.
Characterization of physicochemical and baking expansionAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of oxidizing sago starch using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite with UV irradiation at varying times (10, 15, and 20 minutes) on the physicochemical and baking properties of the oxidized starches. The key findings were that oxidation increased whiteness (L* value), amylose content, swelling power and solubility up to 15 minutes of irradiation, but decreased them at 20 minutes. Oxidation also decreased pasting temperature while increasing viscosity properties. Peroxide-oxidized starch generally had better properties than hypochlorite-oxidized starch. Oxidation increased specific volume and baking expansion up to 15 minutes using peroxide, which gave the
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
Treatment of Dairy Wastewater Using Saw dust as a Natural Low Cost AdsorbentIRJET Journal
This document discusses using sawdust activated carbon to treat dairy wastewater. Batch and column adsorption studies were conducted. In batch studies, maximum removal efficiencies of 76%, 72%, 65.8%, 72.9%, 62.9%, and 57.7% were achieved for various parameters at 60g dosage over 60 minutes. In column studies, maximum removal efficiencies of 68.6-55.6%, 64.5-65.4%, 60.7-64.2%, 67.2-64.6%, 53.8-63.3%, and 57.9-65.9% were achieved depending on flow rate (6mL/min) or contact time (60 minutes). Overall
This document describes a study that produced biodegradable plastic from agricultural wastes. Specifically:
- The researchers produced cellulose acetate (CA) biofiber from flax fibers and cotton linters with yields of 81% and 54% respectively.
- They characterized the structure of the produced bioplastic using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and gel permeation chromatography.
- Tests showed the bioplastic was biodegradable and resistant to acid and salt treatment but degraded in alkaline conditions. It was less affected by acids than polypropylene and polystyrene.
- Therefore, this new CA bioplastic could potentially be applied in the food industry and medicine as
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Effluent using Groundnut ShellsIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on treating tannery effluent using groundnut shells. Tannery effluent contains high levels of pollutants like chromium, copper and nickel that contaminate water sources. The researchers prepared activated carbon from groundnut shells and used it to adsorb pollutants from tannery effluent. They characterized the activated carbon and analyzed pollutant levels in the raw and treated effluent. The treatment significantly reduced pollutant concentrations like chromium, chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand. Using an agricultural byproduct like groundnut shells for treatment provides an inexpensive and effective alternative to existing costly treatment methods.
Optimizing the Conversion of Pretreated Sila Sorghum Stalks to Simple Sugars ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the conversion of pretreated Sila sorghum stalks to simple sugars using immobilized enzymes. Key findings include:
- Sila sorghum stalks were dried, milled, pretreated with alkali, and subjected to hydrolysis using immobilized cellulase and cellobiase enzymes.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, and concentration of sodium alginate used to immobilize the enzymes were varied in the experiments.
- Under optimal conditions of 55°C, pH 6.0, and 2.0% sodium alginate concentration, a maximum glucose yield of 71.3% was achieved.
- Mathematical models were developed
Recent Development on Treatment of Crude Oil Contaminated Water Using Agricul...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Crude oil recovery processes generate large volumes of crude oil-contaminated water. Crude oil-contaminated water was noted to contain hydrocarbons (including saturates and aromatics) as well as non-hydrocarbons. Some hydrocarbons in the contaminated water are found to be carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic to humans and other organisms. Thus, the exposure of human being and other organism like fishes in the marine environment to these hydrocarbons through skin contact to such contaminated water or consumption of contaminated food and water may be very dangerous. The remediation of such oil contaminated water has become a crucial problem in oil producing countries and requires more drastic attention. Several technologies have been deployed at solving this problem. Utilization of agricultural wastes as adsorbents has however, been found to be more attractive to researches due to its environmental friendly tendencies and economic viability. This paper reviewed the attempt of researchers at addressing this problem by using agricultural wastes like banana peel, rice husk, etc as sorbent for removal of the oil from the crude oil-contaminated water. It was observed that agricultural wastes compete favourably with synthetic adsorbents in oil removal from crude oil contaminated water. Though many agricultural products have been investigated, there are some like plantain peel, papaya peel and water melon rind that need to be considered for this treatment.
Utilization of Food Waste to Produce BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document discusses utilizing food waste to produce biodiesel. Food waste was collected from a university campus and analyzed. It had moisture contents ranging from 5.2-7.2% depending on drying method. Lipid extraction yielded 15.8% lipids. Gas chromatography identified various fatty acids present including lauric, mystric, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, indicating potential for biodiesel production. Transesterification of the lipids produced 31.9% biodiesel. Testing found the biodiesel met various standards for density, viscosity and other properties, suggesting food waste is a viable feedstock for biodiesel production.
Application of carbon nitrogen supplementation from plant and animal sources ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the use of sawdust, yam peel, and a mixture of cow dung, goat dung, and poultry dung as amendments to biostimulate microorganisms and degrade diesel oil contamination in soil. Microcosm experiments were conducted with 10% diesel-contaminated soil amended individually and combined with the organic wastes. Biodegradation was monitored over 42 days and followed first-order kinetics. The combination of all amendments achieved the highest degradation rate (0.089 day-1) and shortest half-life (7.79 days), indicating these wastes effectively stimulated bioremediation while providing a low-cost solution.
Quality evaluation of soy milk ice cream prepared with ipomoea batatas starch...Skyfox Publishing Group
Stabilizers are used in ice cream preparation for viscosity, air incorporation, melt down and texture improvement to attain
attractive end product. Soybeans were used to produce soy milk. Soy milk used as a milk replacer due to its some important health
aspects such protein, vitamin C, isoflavones, dietary fiber, omega-3-fatty acid and oligosaccharides. Starch was extracted form Ipomoea
Batatas. Meteroxylon Sagu powder and Ipomoea Batatas starch analyzed against some quality characteristics such as pH, swelling power
and solubility, water holding capacity, moisture, ash protein and viscosity. Ice cream was prepared by using soy milk with different
concentration such as 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% of starch and powder. Commercially used stabilizing agent Cremodan was kept as reference
standard. Prepared ice cream mix was analyzed against some physicochemical and sensory parameters. Ice cream sample that contain
ipomoea batatas starch 0.75% showed significant (P<0.05) outcomes against overrun, standup time, viscosity and melt-ability. Soy milk
ice cream development with natural stabilizers such as starches can be cost effective and provide more health benefits.
Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Shooting Range Soils using Indian Musta...IRJET Journal
This study examined using Indian mustard and sunflower plants to remove lead from contaminated shooting range soil through phytoremediation. Soil samples were collected from a shooting range and grown with the two plant species. Samples analyzed over 60 days found that both plants reduced lead levels, with Indian mustard removing 67% of lead and sunflower removing 54%. While both plants showed potential for phytoremediation, Indian mustard performed better at removing lead from the contaminated shooting range soil. The study demonstrated that Indian mustard and sunflower are suitable for phytoremediation to degrade lead pollution and improve soil quality in a safe, natural, and cost-effective manner.
This research paper presents a novel approach to the production of activated carbon (AC) utilizing Adonidia merrillii seeds, a readily available biomass resource. The study outlines the step-by-step process of activation, including preparation, activation, and characterization of the resulting AC. The ACs were prepared by carbonization method which was then followed by activation of carbonized A. merrillii seeds. ZnCl2 was used as the activating agent at an impregnation ratio of 1:10 wt/vol. Physicochemical properties, such as surface area, pore size distribution, and adsorption capacity, were extensively analyzed. From the XRF analysis, the elemental composition of merit of the AC is potassium chloride known as sylvite, 0.435; calcium oxide also known as lime, 2.850; chloroapatite, 2.850; silicon dioxide, also known as quartz, 1.669; and γ-anhydrite, 1.405.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
Characterization of Solid Silicone Fertilizer Produced by Hydrothermal Proces...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Wastes from agriculture or sewage systems have several properties, such as huge volume, high humidity, and high organic compositions. According to the past studied, sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk contain high silicon content. Chemical conversion of biomass feedstock will enhance usage and provide value to agricultural waste. In this research, we applied hydrothermal carbonization to rice husk waste biomass to produce silicon-doped biochar carbon material. From SEM/SEX, FT-IR and XRD results, The silicon content of the synthesized carbon materials changed with increase in carbonization temperature. In addition, the averaged silicon content in carbon material was found:sugarcane exocarp to be 3.27wt %, peanut shells to be 3.01wt %, rice husks to be 7.26wt %. The silicon content of synthesized carbon materials changed with the carbonization temperature. It was speculated that due to silicon content of rice husk, peanut shells and sugarcane exocarp, Raw materials dissolve into reaction water bath and might have bonded to the surface of carbide whilst in hydrothermal carbonization processes. Silicon content of agriculture wastes through hydrothermal carbonization was found to be feasible for the production of silicon-doped Biochars carbon materials. It is suggested that this method be used for recycling of high carbon content waste material for the production of carbon materials. Recycled silicon doped biochars can be used as a base fertilizer for growing vegetables, organic soil conditioner, and also improve the added value of agriculture. Silicon containing biomasses are feasible methods for the recovery and recycling and processing of agricultural waste. Therefore, this study using agricultural waste sugarcane exocarp, peanut shells and rice husk raw carbon silicon fertilizer raw materials production, cultivation hypokalemia, hyponatremia high silicon vegetables Accord research of patients with hyperkalemia (kidney disease).
Design, Performance Evaluation and Synthesis of Sulfonated Carbon Based Catal...ijtsrd
Microcrystalline cellulose can be converted into valuable products such as glucose via hydrolysis reaction at mild condition using sulfonated carbon catalyst. A sulfonated carbon material was prepared by carbonization of bamboo sawdust followed by sulfonation. Prepared catalyst was studied for its ability to catalyze microcrystalline cellulose yield via hydrolysis reaction. Three carbon based catalysts at three different temperatures 400, 450 and 500 were prepared. The sulfonated catalysts were characterized using the following analyses elemental analysis, total acid density, FT IR, SEM and XRD. Based on the above characterization results, sulfonated carbon prepared at 500 and sulfonated via ultra sonication was found to have a higher acid density that is suitable to catalyze the hydrolysis reaction. The first step in the catalyst development approach was to increase the hydrolysis reaction by employing a stronger sulfonation procedure during catalyst preparation. The total acid density obtained for sulfonated carbon catalyst at 500 was 4.16 mmol g which significantly increases glucose yield. According to the FTIR analysis the sulfonated bio char contained sulfonic, carboxylic, and phenolic groups, which are responsible for the exhibited high catalytic performance during hydrolysis of cellulose. The yield of glucose obtained was 60.5 at 149.0°C in 8hour reaction time. Kefyalew H/Mariam | Bayisa Dame | Beteley Tekola "Design, Performance Evaluation and Synthesis of Sulfonated Carbon Based Catalyst for Hydrolysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38100.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/38100/design-performance-evaluation-and-synthesis-of-sulfonated-carbon-based-catalyst-for-hydrolysis-of-microcrystalline-cellulose/kefyalew-hmariam
This academic article summarizes a study that evaluated different methods for controlling the larger wax moth (Galleria mellonella) in post-harvest honeycombs. The treatments tested included various concentrations of salt water, hermetic storage, and aluminum phosphide tablets. After 2 months of storage, all treatments resulted in 100% mortality of wax moths. Hermetic storage and aluminum phosphide best preserved the condition of the combs. None of the treatments significantly affected the amount of wax or slum gum extracted. The study concluded that hermetic storage is the best control method due to the potential for aluminum phosphide residue in treated combs.
STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LOW CALCIUM BASED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEIAEME Publication
Geopolymer concrete is a cement less concrete gaining popularity globally towards the sustainable development. It is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate cementitious material which can be synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. Beside fly ash, alkaline solution is utilized to make geopolymer paste which binds the aggregates to form geopolymer concrete. In this experiment an attempt is made to study the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Concrete cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm or 150 x 150 x 150 mm, beams of size 100 x 100 x 500 mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter x 300 mm length are prepared and cured under ambient curing. The compressive strength was found out at 7 days and 28 days.
Extraction of Bio-Fuel from Algae by Anaerobic DigestionEditor IJMTER
The growing energy demand across the globe has instigated us to synthesize bio-fuel
from algae, a renewable resource. Algae Botryococcus braunii when subjected to anaerobic digestion
and broken down by enzymes liberate methane and CO2. The CO2 obtained is cultivated in open
ponds and are passed through a fluidised bed chamber after pre-treatment. The chamber contains
enzymes which breakdown the algal colloid into fatty acids. These fatty acids on decomposition
release CO2 that is internally cycled for algal cultivation and the methane can be profitably and
cleanly extracted. This methane can be used as a fuel in vehicles (CNG) and also in various industrial
and domestic fields, providing a low-cost solution to the global energy crisis.
Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential of Cyanobacteria in Oil Polluted Soilijtsrd
Petroleum hydrocarbon is one of the most common environmental pollutants in Nigeria and other countries. Its debilitating effects on arable lands and water bodies have far reaching consequences to agriculture and aquatic life. Several bioremediation strategies have been developed over the years in a bid to manage this type of pollution. Cyanobacteria are a group of microorganisms possessing the potential to be harnessed as bioremediation alternatives. This study sought to conduct bioremediation of crude oil polluted oil usung cyanobacteria. Organisms were isolated from crude oil polluted soil and were identified using molecular typing. A 200 ml portion of broth cultures of organisms was used singly and in consortium in different set ups to bio remedaite the polluted soil samples. Gas chromatography was used to monitor the residual total petroleum hydrocarbon TPH in each set up for a period of thirty days. Microcystisholsatica, Chlorella kessleriand Anabaena cicadae were identified from polluted soil samples. Chlorella kessleri gave a 94.10 TPH loss, while Anabaena cicadae gave 91.10 and their co culture set up gave a 95 TPH loss and the control experiment had 2.10 TPH loss. Temperature of the reacting systems was mesophilic and the pH was at weak acid range. This study thus has shown that cyanoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of soil is possible and efficient and should be adopted more often Agu, K. C. | Orji, M. U. | Ikele, M. O. | Uwanta, L. I. | Onyeneho, V. I "Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential of Cyanobacteria in Oil Polluted Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52397.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/52397/hydrocarbon-biodegradation-potential-of-cyanobacteria-in-oil-polluted-soil/agu-k-c
Biosorption and kinetic studies on oil removal from produced water using bana...Alexander Decker
1) The document describes a study that used banana peel as a biosorbent to remove oil from produced water.
2) Characterization of the banana peel showed it contained mainly carbon (88.52%) and had a surface area of 0.1135 m2/g.
3) Batch experiments showed that banana peel could effectively remove up to 194 mg/L of oil from produced water within 35 minutes of contact time.
Characterization of physicochemical and baking expansionAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of oxidizing sago starch using hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite with UV irradiation at varying times (10, 15, and 20 minutes) on the physicochemical and baking properties of the oxidized starches. The key findings were that oxidation increased whiteness (L* value), amylose content, swelling power and solubility up to 15 minutes of irradiation, but decreased them at 20 minutes. Oxidation also decreased pasting temperature while increasing viscosity properties. Peroxide-oxidized starch generally had better properties than hypochlorite-oxidized starch. Oxidation increased specific volume and baking expansion up to 15 minutes using peroxide, which gave the
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
Treatment of Dairy Wastewater Using Saw dust as a Natural Low Cost AdsorbentIRJET Journal
This document discusses using sawdust activated carbon to treat dairy wastewater. Batch and column adsorption studies were conducted. In batch studies, maximum removal efficiencies of 76%, 72%, 65.8%, 72.9%, 62.9%, and 57.7% were achieved for various parameters at 60g dosage over 60 minutes. In column studies, maximum removal efficiencies of 68.6-55.6%, 64.5-65.4%, 60.7-64.2%, 67.2-64.6%, 53.8-63.3%, and 57.9-65.9% were achieved depending on flow rate (6mL/min) or contact time (60 minutes). Overall
This document describes a study that produced biodegradable plastic from agricultural wastes. Specifically:
- The researchers produced cellulose acetate (CA) biofiber from flax fibers and cotton linters with yields of 81% and 54% respectively.
- They characterized the structure of the produced bioplastic using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and gel permeation chromatography.
- Tests showed the bioplastic was biodegradable and resistant to acid and salt treatment but degraded in alkaline conditions. It was less affected by acids than polypropylene and polystyrene.
- Therefore, this new CA bioplastic could potentially be applied in the food industry and medicine as
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Effluent using Groundnut ShellsIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on treating tannery effluent using groundnut shells. Tannery effluent contains high levels of pollutants like chromium, copper and nickel that contaminate water sources. The researchers prepared activated carbon from groundnut shells and used it to adsorb pollutants from tannery effluent. They characterized the activated carbon and analyzed pollutant levels in the raw and treated effluent. The treatment significantly reduced pollutant concentrations like chromium, chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand. Using an agricultural byproduct like groundnut shells for treatment provides an inexpensive and effective alternative to existing costly treatment methods.
Optimizing the Conversion of Pretreated Sila Sorghum Stalks to Simple Sugars ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing the conversion of pretreated Sila sorghum stalks to simple sugars using immobilized enzymes. Key findings include:
- Sila sorghum stalks were dried, milled, pretreated with alkali, and subjected to hydrolysis using immobilized cellulase and cellobiase enzymes.
- Parameters like temperature, pH, and concentration of sodium alginate used to immobilize the enzymes were varied in the experiments.
- Under optimal conditions of 55°C, pH 6.0, and 2.0% sodium alginate concentration, a maximum glucose yield of 71.3% was achieved.
- Mathematical models were developed
Recent Development on Treatment of Crude Oil Contaminated Water Using Agricul...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Crude oil recovery processes generate large volumes of crude oil-contaminated water. Crude oil-contaminated water was noted to contain hydrocarbons (including saturates and aromatics) as well as non-hydrocarbons. Some hydrocarbons in the contaminated water are found to be carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic to humans and other organisms. Thus, the exposure of human being and other organism like fishes in the marine environment to these hydrocarbons through skin contact to such contaminated water or consumption of contaminated food and water may be very dangerous. The remediation of such oil contaminated water has become a crucial problem in oil producing countries and requires more drastic attention. Several technologies have been deployed at solving this problem. Utilization of agricultural wastes as adsorbents has however, been found to be more attractive to researches due to its environmental friendly tendencies and economic viability. This paper reviewed the attempt of researchers at addressing this problem by using agricultural wastes like banana peel, rice husk, etc as sorbent for removal of the oil from the crude oil-contaminated water. It was observed that agricultural wastes compete favourably with synthetic adsorbents in oil removal from crude oil contaminated water. Though many agricultural products have been investigated, there are some like plantain peel, papaya peel and water melon rind that need to be considered for this treatment.
Utilization of Food Waste to Produce BiodieselIRJET Journal
This document discusses utilizing food waste to produce biodiesel. Food waste was collected from a university campus and analyzed. It had moisture contents ranging from 5.2-7.2% depending on drying method. Lipid extraction yielded 15.8% lipids. Gas chromatography identified various fatty acids present including lauric, mystric, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, indicating potential for biodiesel production. Transesterification of the lipids produced 31.9% biodiesel. Testing found the biodiesel met various standards for density, viscosity and other properties, suggesting food waste is a viable feedstock for biodiesel production.
Application of carbon nitrogen supplementation from plant and animal sources ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the use of sawdust, yam peel, and a mixture of cow dung, goat dung, and poultry dung as amendments to biostimulate microorganisms and degrade diesel oil contamination in soil. Microcosm experiments were conducted with 10% diesel-contaminated soil amended individually and combined with the organic wastes. Biodegradation was monitored over 42 days and followed first-order kinetics. The combination of all amendments achieved the highest degradation rate (0.089 day-1) and shortest half-life (7.79 days), indicating these wastes effectively stimulated bioremediation while providing a low-cost solution.
Quality evaluation of soy milk ice cream prepared with ipomoea batatas starch...Skyfox Publishing Group
Stabilizers are used in ice cream preparation for viscosity, air incorporation, melt down and texture improvement to attain
attractive end product. Soybeans were used to produce soy milk. Soy milk used as a milk replacer due to its some important health
aspects such protein, vitamin C, isoflavones, dietary fiber, omega-3-fatty acid and oligosaccharides. Starch was extracted form Ipomoea
Batatas. Meteroxylon Sagu powder and Ipomoea Batatas starch analyzed against some quality characteristics such as pH, swelling power
and solubility, water holding capacity, moisture, ash protein and viscosity. Ice cream was prepared by using soy milk with different
concentration such as 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75% of starch and powder. Commercially used stabilizing agent Cremodan was kept as reference
standard. Prepared ice cream mix was analyzed against some physicochemical and sensory parameters. Ice cream sample that contain
ipomoea batatas starch 0.75% showed significant (P<0.05) outcomes against overrun, standup time, viscosity and melt-ability. Soy milk
ice cream development with natural stabilizers such as starches can be cost effective and provide more health benefits.
Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Shooting Range Soils using Indian Musta...IRJET Journal
This study examined using Indian mustard and sunflower plants to remove lead from contaminated shooting range soil through phytoremediation. Soil samples were collected from a shooting range and grown with the two plant species. Samples analyzed over 60 days found that both plants reduced lead levels, with Indian mustard removing 67% of lead and sunflower removing 54%. While both plants showed potential for phytoremediation, Indian mustard performed better at removing lead from the contaminated shooting range soil. The study demonstrated that Indian mustard and sunflower are suitable for phytoremediation to degrade lead pollution and improve soil quality in a safe, natural, and cost-effective manner.
This research paper presents a novel approach to the production of activated carbon (AC) utilizing Adonidia merrillii seeds, a readily available biomass resource. The study outlines the step-by-step process of activation, including preparation, activation, and characterization of the resulting AC. The ACs were prepared by carbonization method which was then followed by activation of carbonized A. merrillii seeds. ZnCl2 was used as the activating agent at an impregnation ratio of 1:10 wt/vol. Physicochemical properties, such as surface area, pore size distribution, and adsorption capacity, were extensively analyzed. From the XRF analysis, the elemental composition of merit of the AC is potassium chloride known as sylvite, 0.435; calcium oxide also known as lime, 2.850; chloroapatite, 2.850; silicon dioxide, also known as quartz, 1.669; and γ-anhydrite, 1.405.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. Olawale,O, Raphael,O.D,Akinyemi,B.A, Ogunsemi B.T*,Ogundipe,S.J and Abayomi S.T.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 756 editor@iaeme.com
rather than increase in yield. Nigeria has divided maize into four groups namely low, medium,
medium to high and lastly high maize production potential (ATA, 2011). Furthermore, maize
researchers’ efforts in Nigeria have no doubt improved its production. The collaborative efforts
of research institutes in Nigeria and advance maize breeding research programs has led to many
achievements including; development of agronomic package for maize production for different
farming systems, development and release of many maize genotypes (based on the needs,
requirements, prevailing pest and diseases) in different agro-ecological zones, development of
new varieties, release of different maturing varieties : extra early, early, intermediate and late
maturing which enable expansion of maize production to different areas including areas with
short rainy season; improvement in nutrient composition: quality protein maize were developed
which provides better quality protein than normal maize in terms of lysine, tryptophan and
micronutrients to combat diseases caused by macro and micronutrient deficiency (Ado et
al.,2007; Amudalat , 2015). Corn Husk (CH) are examples of agricultural wastes being
generated in large quantities annually that can be converted into silica.
Silica is the second most abundant element in the earth crust besides Oxygen. It has been
successfully extracted from different agricultural materials like rice husk (Olawale, et al.,
2012), Sugarcane bagasse (Elvis, 2016) and Corn cob (2012). According to Jungi et al., (2011),
amorphous silica was produced using the sol-gel method; which is widely used in various types
of industry. It is used in making glass, porcelain, resin and also as the conducting regions. This
is due to its mechanical resistance and high dielectric strength (Eduardo, 2009). Furthermore,
it was reported in the literature that amorphous silica is considered to be much safer than
crystalline silica. However, according to Omotola and Onojah (2009), amorphous silica is
formed between temperature ranges of 600-1000o
C and also on the time of combustion but at a
higher temperature, crystalline silica is obtained. Its usefulness is in a wide variety of materials,
such as pharmaceutical products, paints, cosmetics, and food. Moreover, with the development
of nanotechnology, other practical uses for amorphous silica nanoparticles (<100 nm diameter
particles) are rapidly expanding because they have unique physicochemical properties and exert
innovative functions (Bowman, 2010). Olawale et al., (2012) reported that at temperature above
700 o
C, the ash obtained was crystalline while Rohani et al., (2015) stated that optimization of
combustion temperature for rice husk is important to prevent crystallization of silica.
This research focuses on Response Surface Optimization of the Maize husk for Silica
production using chemical extraction. The effects of the process variables namely, Maize Husk
(g); Temp (o
C), and Time of calcination (h) respectively on the maize husk ash were studied
using Box Behnken Design. This method of Design of Experiment studied the linear, square
and interaction effects of the process variables thereby providing the best approach for
establishing a model correlating the response variable and the independent variables affecting
the ash yield and also type of silica produced.
The approach of the present study involves the following steps:
i. Design of experiment using Box Behnken Design to obtain the points where the
experimental runs will be performed.
ii. Experimental observation of the process variables at the design points. These are Maize
Husk, Temp and Time of calcination.
iii. Obtaining a Mathematical model expressing the relationship between the process
variables and the percentage of the ash yield which is the system response.
iv. Prediction of the optimum values of the process parameters for maximum yield of the
Maize husk Ash.
v. Experimental verification of the conditions predicted by the model.
3. Modeling and Optimization of Silica Production from Maize Husk
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 757 editor@iaeme.com
The significance of this research is that it applies a greenway approach since it transformed
waste into a useful beneficial product. This also protected the environment from open burning
process that usually impacts the environment.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Preparation of Maize Husk (MH)
Maize husk was collected from Teaching and Research Farm in Landmark University, Omu-
Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria. The husks were ground, afterward, the husk was washed with acetic
acid to remove the impurities. The reaction between the acetic acid and the maize husk resulted
in the formation of insoluble and less dense esters, that floated on the surface of the water and
it was decanted. The proximate analysis was done on MH.
2.2. Preparation of Maize Husk Ash (MHA)
The pre-treated husk produced was subjected to calcination based on the experimental runs
predicted by the Box Behnken Design. The ranges of the variables used were: Maize husk: 4-
6 g, Temp 500-700 o
C, and Time of calcination 4-6 hrs. respectively. Table 1.0 shows the
process variables and levels with corresponding values.
Table 1.0 Experimental range of independent variables with different levels for the MH.
Variable Unit Symbol
Levels
-1 0 +1
Temp O
C A 500 600 700
Amount of Husk G B 4 5 6
Time H C 2 4 6
2.3. Preparation of Sodium Silicate from MHA
Sodium hydroxide pellet of 2 g was first dissolved in 50 ml of water and then stirred till it all
dissolved in water. 1g of the MHA was then added to NaOH solution and mixed thoroughly.
The solution was later placed in an oven at 100 o
C for 1hr after which it was removed from the
oven and the precipitate obtained was filtered. The residue was dried again for 30 minutes. The
obtained product was sodium silicate as shown in the reaction equation (1).
OHSiONaNaOHSiO 2322 2 →+ (1)
2.3.1. Preparation of silica from sodium silicate
300 ml of 1N HCl was added to the sodium silicate and kept in an ice water bath for 1hr. The
compound was later filtered and the residue taken out and then dried in an oven at 60o
C. The
obtained product was silica which is in Nano scale. This is shown in the reaction equation (2).
OHNaClSiOHClNaSiO 233 22 ++→+ (2)
This methodology was adapted from Bogeshwaran et al., 2014.
4. Olawale,O, Raphael,O.D,Akinyemi,B.A, Ogunsemi B.T*,Ogundipe,S.J and Abayomi S.T.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 758 editor@iaeme.com
2.3.2. Proximate composition
Proximate compositions of the samples were determined by the methods of Association of
Official and Analytical Chemists (A.O.A.C., 1990) on dry matter basis. Ash, crude protein
(N·6.25), fat (ether extract) and fiber were evaluated. All measurements were made in triplicate.
Proximate analysis of the treated maize husk was done to determine the amount of ash, crude
protein, Nitrogen, crude fiber and crude fat.
2.4. Design of Experiment
In order to examine the combined effect of the three different variables, (Temperature, Time
and Amount of Maize husk) on amount of ash yield and derive a model, a Box Behnken Design
was adopted. The experiments were performed in random order to reduce systematic error.
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a statistical tool was used to investigate the
interaction between the variables. The design model used for this study was Quadratic and 17
runs were generated.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
The generated experimental data were analyzed using Design Expert 8.0.7.1 software to obtain
the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The linear quadratic and linear interactive effects of the
process variables on the MHA were calculated and their respective significance evaluated by
ANOVA. The p-value was used as the yardstick for measuring the significance of the
coefficients, values of p ≤ 0.05 signified that the coefficient is significant. The experimental
data were fitted to the second order polynomial regression model and the adequacy of the model
tested by the coefficient of determination (R2
) value as compared to the Adjusted R2
value.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. The proximate analysis of MH
The quntitative analysis of the constituents of MH is shown in Table 2.0. Figures 1(a-b) shows
the dried maize husk with maize, maize husk , Pretreatment maize husk inside crucible and the
Silica from MH ash respectively.
Figure 1a Dried Maize with cob and Husk Figure 1b Maize Husk
The results observed from this study showed that MH had higher amount of Ash (1.5%)
than Maize cob, which means a better material than maize cob for silica production. Literatures
have reported that Proximate constituents of Maize cob were: Crude Protein : 0.77 %, Crude
Fiber : 0.67+ 0.10 %,Crude fat: 0.50% and Ash : 1.33 % (Abubakar et al., 2016; Biswas et
al.,2017).
5. Modeling and Optimization of Silica Production from Maize Husk
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 759 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2 Proximate Analysis of MH
S/N Component Amount (%)
1 Nitrogen 0.45
2 Crude Protein 2.85
3 Ash 1.5
4 Crude Fiber 1.52
5 Crude Fat 10
3.2. Evaluation of Regression Model for MHA
The yield of the MH ash is as shown in Table 3. The correlation between the experimental
process variables and the percentage of Ash yield was calculated using Box Behnken modelling
technique. A polynomial quadratic regression equation of the form was fitted between the
response (% Ash yield) and the process variables. The model in terms of the coded values of
the process a prameters is given by:
Y = 0.080-0.017 *X1-5.278X2 +6.944 X3-1.944 X1
2
- 8.611 X2
2
+0.014 X3
2
-2.500X1X3 -4.167 X2 X3
Table 3 Yield of Maize Husk Ash
Run Block Temp(o
C) Time(h) MH1(g) MH1(g) % of Ash
1 Block 1 500.00 4.00 5.00 0.1 99.8
2 Block 1 600.00 2.00 5.00 0.08 98.4
3 Block 1 500.00 4.00 7.00 0.12 98.2
4 Block 1 500.00 4.00 7.00 0.12 98.2
5 Block 1 600.00 4.00 6.00 0.08 98.6
6 Block 1 500.00 6.00 6.00 0.08 98.6
7 Block 1 600.00 4.00 6.00 0.08 98.6
8 Block 1 700.00 4.00 7.00 0.08 98.8
9 Block 1 600.00 4.00 6.00 0.08 98.6
10 Block 1 700.00 4.00 5.00 0.07 98.6
11 Block 1 600.00 6.00 5.00 0.08 98.4
12 Block 1 600.00 4.00 6.00 0.08 98.6
13 Block 1 700.00 4.00 5.00 0.07 98.6
6. Olawale,O, Raphael,O.D,Akinyemi,B.A, Ogunsemi B.T*,Ogundipe,S.J and Abayomi S.T.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 760 editor@iaeme.com
14 Block 1 600.00 2.00 7.00 0.1 98.5
15 Block 1 700.00 2.00 6.00 0.06 99.0
16 Block 1 500.00 2.00 6.00 0.08 99.0
17 Block 1 600.00 4.00 6.00 0.08 98.6
From the ANOVA result showed in Table 4 that the Model F-value of 189.06 implied the
model is significant. There is only a 0.01% chance that a "Model F-Value" this large could
occur due to noise.Values of "Prob > F" less than 0.0500 indicate model terms are significant.
In this case X1, X2, X3, X2
1, X2
2, X3
2, X1X3, X2X3 are significant model terms. The significant
and adequacy of the established model was further collaborated by the high value of coefficent
of determination (R2
= 0.9947) with which is in close agreement with the adjusted R2
(0.9895)
though predicted R2
is N/A.The coeffcient of multiple determinations (R2
) for the quadratic
regression model was 0.9947 since it is higher than 0.7, this indicated that the model was
suitable for use in the experiment.
Table 4 ANOVA for analysis of Ash yield and their significant effects
Source Sum of Squares DF Mean Value F value Prob < F
Model
significant
2.16 9 0.24 840.14 <0.0001
X1 0.14 1 0.14 480.50 <0.0001
X2 0.38 1 0.38 1312.50 <0.0001
X3 0.68 1 0.68 2380.50 <0.0001
X1
2
0.57 1 0.57 1981.81 <0.0001
X2
2
0.30 1 0.30 1043.05 <0.0001
X3
2
0.086 1 0.086 301.81 <0.0001
X1 X2 0.047 1 0.047 165.72 <0.0001
X1 X3 1.08 1 1.08 3780.00 <0.0001
X2X3 0.26 1 0.26 902.24 <0.0001
Residual 2.000E-.003 7 2.857E-004
Lack of Fit 2.000E-003 1 0.000
Pure Error 0.000 6
Cor Total 2.16 16
"Adeq Precision" measures the signal to noise ratio. A ratio greater than 4 is desirable. The
ratio of 50.394 indicated an adequate signal and this showed that the model can be used to
navigate the design space.The experimental data were also analysed to check the correlation
7. Modeling and Optimization of Silica Production from Maize Husk
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 761 editor@iaeme.com
between the predicted and the actual values as shown in Figure 2 showed that the data points
on the plot were reasonably distributed near to the straight line, radiating a good relationship
between the experimental and the predicted values of the reponse and the undelying
assumptions of the above analysis were appropriate.
Figure 2: Plot of predicted values versus the actual experimental values fo the Yield of MHA.
3.3. Surface Plots
However, result in Figure 3 showed that the selected quadratic model was adequate in
predicting the response variables for the experimental data. The result suggested that the
selected quadratic model was normally distributed. Figure 4 showed the response from the
interrractions. The optimal predicted with the Design Expert software are: Temp: 528o
C, Time:
5.31h MH: 5.85g. The yield was: 0.09 g.
However, experiment was carried out at these optimum conditions to validate the predicted
optimum values. The experimental value of % weight loss of 99% agreed with the prediction
of 99.5%.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Response 1
2
7777
2
772
2
2
2
7
Actual
Predicted
Predicted vs. Actual
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.12
0.06 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.12
8. Olawale,O, Raphael,O.D,Akinyemi,B.A, Ogunsemi B.T*,Ogundipe,S.J and Abayomi S.T.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 762 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 3 Normal Distribution of the Data
Figure 4 3D interraction between Maize and Time
3.4. FTIR Result
The result of FTIR as shown in Figure 5, confirmed what was reported in silica extraction from
Corn Cob Ash which indicated production of nanosilcia (Elvis et al., 2016). This showed that
nanosilica was also produced from maize husk at process levels of Temp 528 o
C, Time: 5.31 h;
and MH:5.85 g respectively. However, noticeable absorption peaks at 1047cm-1
, 871cm-1
and
461cm-1
attributed to O-Si- O bonding and bending vibrations.
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
Response 1
Studentized Residuals
Normal%Probability
Normal Plot of Residuals
-2.83 -1.41 0.00 1.41 2.83
1
5
10
20
30
50
70
80
90
95
99
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
StdErr of Design
X = B: Time
Y = C: Maize Husk
Actual Factor
A: Temp = 600.00
0.435838
0.839226
1.24261
1.646
2.04939
StdErrofDesign
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
B: Time
C: Maize Husk
9. Modeling and Optimization of Silica Production from Maize Husk
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 763 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 5: FTIR Results
4. CONCLUSION
The Box Behnken design and Response Surface Methodology enabled the determination of
optimal operating conditions for the Maize Husk. The validity of the model was proven by
fitting the values of the variables to the model equation and the experiment carried out via these
values. The optimization of the analyzed responses demonstrated that the best results were
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
StdErr of Design
X = A: Temp
Y = B: Time
Actual Factor
C: Maize Husk = 6.00
0.435838
0.839226
1.24261
1.646
2.04939
StdErrofDesign
500.00
550.00
600.00
650.00
700.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
A: Temp
B: Time
DESIGN-EXPERT Plot
StdErr of Design
X = A: Temp
Y = C: Maize Husk
Actual Factor
B: Time = 4.00
0.419499
0.564624
0.70975
0.854875
1
StdErrofDesign
500.00
550.00
600.00
650.00
700.00
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
A: Temp
C: Maize Husk
10. Olawale,O, Raphael,O.D,Akinyemi,B.A, Ogunsemi B.T*,Ogundipe,S.J and Abayomi S.T.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 764 editor@iaeme.com
Temp: 528 o
C, Time: 5.31 h and MH: 5.85 g respectively. The conditions were validated. The
experimental value of 99% agreed closely with 99.5% that obtained from the regression model.
FTIR result showed silica was observed. It can be concluded that Maize husk is an effective
waste for production of silica which can be used to solve its high demand in the solar collector’s
market.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The management of Landmark University is highly appreciated for making available the maize
husk used for this study. The Technologists at Soil Science Laboratory and Chemical
Engineering Laboratory of Landmark University were highly appreciated for their supports.
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