This document discusses coordinating conjunctions and parallel structure. It explains that coordinating conjunctions like AND, BUT, OR, and NOR are used to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function. Examples are provided to illustrate connecting nouns, verbs, adjectives, and infinitives in a parallel structure. The use of commas with coordinating conjunctions is also explained.
Information on:
Sentence structure & types
Phrases & Clauses
Direct & Indirect Speech
Concord & Register
Ambiguity
Punctuation marks
Parts of Speech
Synonyms & Antonyms
Malapropism
Comma Splice Error
Sentence Types Structural classification (Part I: Simple, Compound, Compound-Complex Sentence)
Compiled by: Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Types of Sentences: Structural
Sentences are classified in to four according to their structure i.e. the type and number of clauses it consists.
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
1.Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
The dog barked.
The baby cried.
Girma and Alemu play football every afternoon.
St. George played well and won the game.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
It expresses a single complete thought.
A simple sentence is a single independent clause.
A simple sentence might have a compound subject and/or compound verb.
Simple Sentence with Compound Subject and/or Compound Verb
The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.
It may have a compound verb:
The dog howled and barked.
It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:
The dog and the cat howled and yowled respectively.
2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by
(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so):
The dog barked, and the cat yowled.
(2) a semicolon:
The dog barked; the cat yowled.
(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences
are being treated as items in a series:
The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit
chewed.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).
A compound sentence can also consist of two independent clauses joined by semi-colon
3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
A. When he handed in his homework, he
forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after
she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they
have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and
Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after
they finished studying.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to
sells cosmetics. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. A girl whom I know was recently accepted
to Harvard University.
D. The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris,
is visited by millions of tourists annually.
The underlined part is the independent clause.
Quick Refresher for Grammar and Tenses in English with Simple Examples will help you to understand the English language.it's a definite beginner's guide.
Learn more at http://learningenglishsimplified.com
Information on:
Sentence structure & types
Phrases & Clauses
Direct & Indirect Speech
Concord & Register
Ambiguity
Punctuation marks
Parts of Speech
Synonyms & Antonyms
Malapropism
Comma Splice Error
Sentence Types Structural classification (Part I: Simple, Compound, Compound-Complex Sentence)
Compiled by: Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Types of Sentences: Structural
Sentences are classified in to four according to their structure i.e. the type and number of clauses it consists.
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
1.Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
The dog barked.
The baby cried.
Girma and Alemu play football every afternoon.
St. George played well and won the game.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
It expresses a single complete thought.
A simple sentence is a single independent clause.
A simple sentence might have a compound subject and/or compound verb.
Simple Sentence with Compound Subject and/or Compound Verb
The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.
It may have a compound verb:
The dog howled and barked.
It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:
The dog and the cat howled and yowled respectively.
2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by
(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so):
The dog barked, and the cat yowled.
(2) a semicolon:
The dog barked; the cat yowled.
(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences
are being treated as items in a series:
The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit
chewed.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).
A compound sentence can also consist of two independent clauses joined by semi-colon
3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
A. When he handed in his homework, he
forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after
she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they
have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and
Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after
they finished studying.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to
sells cosmetics. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. A girl whom I know was recently accepted
to Harvard University.
D. The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris,
is visited by millions of tourists annually.
The underlined part is the independent clause.
Quick Refresher for Grammar and Tenses in English with Simple Examples will help you to understand the English language.it's a definite beginner's guide.
Learn more at http://learningenglishsimplified.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Parallel Structure
• We use the conjunctions AND, BUT, OR, and NOR to connect words
or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence.
These words are called “coordinating conjunctions.”
Example:
A. Zulma and Cris are students from Colombia
noun +and+ noun
B. Nazmeen opened her book and began to read.
verb +and+ verb
C. Nancy was talking on the phone and cooking dinner last night.
verb +and+ verb
D. My shoes are old but comfortable.
adjective +but+ adjective
E. Linh wants to see a movie or [to] go to a concert.
infinitive +or+ infinitive
3. Parallel Structure with Commas
No commas are used when AND connects TWO
parts of a parallel structure:
Mao and Thao are friends. (No comma)
Commas are used when AND connects three or
more parts of a parallel structure.
Mao, Thao, and Xiao are friends. (Two commas)
We could also write this with just one comma:
Mao, Thao and Xiao are friends. (One comma)
4. Using Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS)
to join to independent clauses
When using a coordinating conjunction to join two independent clauses, a comma is
placed at the end of the first clause (before the conjunction).
Ex 1: Two independent clauses:
1. Ninna didn’t pass level 4.
2. She didn’t care (because she passed the TSI).
Let’s combine them into one compound sentence with a conjunction.
Ninna didn’t pass level 4, BUT she didn’t care because she passed the TSI.
Ex 2: Two independent clauses.
1. Ribesh missed the bus.
2. He still made it to class in time for the test.
Let’s combine them into one compound sentence with a conjunction.
Ribesh missed the bus, YET he still made it to class in time for the test.
5. Paired conjunctions: Both...And
• When two subjects are connected by
both...and, the verb is plural. This is logical.
• Both Roman and Farhat are from Afghanistan.
• Both Roman and Farhat worked for the US
army.*
*Thank you Roman and Farhat!
6. Paired conjunctions
When two subjects are connected with the not
only...but also/ either/or OR neither/nor ,
the subject closer to the verb determines whether
the verb is singular or plural:
1. Not only Sandip but also Bibek is from Nepal.
2. Not only Sandip but also Bibek and Ribesh are
from Nepal.
3. Neither Doaa nor her husband is from Iran.
4. Neither Doaa nor her parents are from Iran.
7. Notice the parallel structure:
• Students need both a good teacher and a good environment to
learn.
(noun + noun)
• I visited not only the ancient ruins but also the new part of the city.
(noun + noun)
• I’ll take either L4 reading or L4 writing next semester.
(noun + noun)
• That lecture was neither interesting nor practical.
(adjective + adjective)
![Parallel Structure
• We use the conjunctions AND, BUT, OR, and NOR to connect words
or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence.
These words are called “coordinating conjunctions.”
Example:
A. Zulma and Cris are students from Colombia
noun +and+ noun
B. Nazmeen opened her book and began to read.
verb +and+ verb
C. Nancy was talking on the phone and cooking dinner last night.
verb +and+ verb
D. My shoes are old but comfortable.
adjective +but+ adjective
E. Linh wants to see a movie or [to] go to a concert.
infinitive +or+ infinitive](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)