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Four sentence types
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- 2. Types of Sentences 1.Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Compound-complex
- 3. #1: Simple Sentence •A simple sentence has one subject and one verb • I like to study grammar. • A simple sentence is also called an independent clause. • An independent clause ends with a period or semicolon.
- 4. Simple Sentences • Examples: –Carol’ssweater is red. –You and Alex need to be quiet. –Ms. Bennett did a cartwheel and a backflip.
- 5. #2: Compound Sentence •A compound sentence is made up of two or more simple sentences joined by one of the following: • A comma and a coordinating conjunction – I like to study grammar, and I love this class. • A semicolon – I like to study grammar; I love this class. • A semicolon and an adverbial conjunction – I like to study grammar; therefore, I love this class.
- 6. Coordinating Conjunctions • CoordinatingConjunctions are used to join together two independent clauses. • Examples: • For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • So
- 7. Two independent clausesjoined together I love you, and you love me. Independent clause Independent clause
- 8. Semicolons • “If therelation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
- 9. COMPOUND SENTENCE: SEMICOLON Kelsey hasbenefited from her writing exercises; she has good grammar and punctuation. Tiffany works in San Francisco; she runs The Duck. Elaine pays attention in class; she takes copious notes
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- 11. COMPOUND SENTENCE: CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS Thomasis cool; moreover, he is fashionable . Luke’s grandmother buys him sweaters; however, he does not wear them. Clause 1 Clause 2 Independent Independent
- 12. #3: Complex Sentence •A complex sentence is a simple sentence (independent clause) to which a part of a sentence (dependent clause) has been added. – Because I like to study grammar, I love this class. – I love this class because I like to study grammar.
- 13. A dependent clausejoined to an independent clause. (The dependent clause needs the rest of the sentence for support.) Because you love me, I love you. Dependent clause Independent clause
- 14. A dependent clausecontains a subject and verb. It begins with a subordinating conjunction, and thus it does not express a completed thought. A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause. Dependent clauses, like babies, cannot stand alone. Because you love me. Fragment!
- 15. A Tip onPunctuation • Since dependent clauses are only part of a sentence, you can never connect them to another sentence with a semicolon. Semicolons are only used between two independent clauses. – I have loved you for years ; although I never admitted it. – I have loved you for years, although I never admitted it. OK No!
- 16. Common Subordinating (Dependent) Conjunctions aftereven if now that that where although even though once though whereas as if rather than unless wherever as if whenever since until whether because in order that so that when which before than in case while
- 17. Complex Sentences • Examples: –WhenTrey was little, he played with blocks. –After class, good students study. –If I pass 1A, I will take 1B. –Use the stairs in case of fire. –Ava stands at the bottom of the cliff while the climber moves up the rock.
- 18. #4: Compound/Complex Sentence •A compound/complex sentence is the last and most complicated type of sentence. • It contains at least one dependent clause and at least two independent clauses.
- 19. A dependent clauseadded to two or more independent clauses Because we are a family, I love you, and you love me. 2 independent clauses Dependent clause
- 20. Compound Complex Sentences Example: –Lauraforgot her friend’s birthday, so she sent her a card when she finally remembered.
- 21. Simple Compound Complex Compound/ complex Everysentence in English fits into one of these four categories,
- 22. Think You’ve GotIt? • 1 independent clause = simple sentence – Don’t’ forget: These can have compound subjects and predicates! • 2 independent clauses = compound sentence • 1 or more dependent clause + 1 independent clause = complex sentence • 2 or more independent clauses + 1 or more dep. clause = compound complex sentence
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- 24. Simple, Compound, orComplex? • The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance.
- 25. Simple, Compound, orComplex? • The teacher walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance. • SIMPLE: – Subject: “the teacher” – Compound Predicate “walked into the classroom, greeted the students, and took attendance.”
- 26. Simple, Compound, orComplex? • Juan played football while Juanita went shopping.
- 27. Simple, Compound, orComplex? • Juan played football while Juanita went shopping. • COMPLEX – Independent Clause: Juan played football – Subordinate Clause: while (subordinating conjunction) Juanita went shopping.
- 28. Simple, Compound, orComplex? • Juan played football, yet Juanita went shopping.
- 29. Simple, Compound, orComplex? • Juan played football, yet Juanita went shopping. • COMPOUND – Juan played football, yet (coordinating conjunction) – Juanita went shopping.
- 30. Simple, Compound, orComplex? • After Reggie passed the test, he went to the bar to celebrate!
- 31. Simple, Compound, orComplex? • After Reggie passed the test, he went to the bar to celebrate! • COMPLEX – After (subordinating conjunction) Reggie passed the test, – he went to the bar to celebrate!
- 32. CONGRATULATIONS! YOU NOW KNOWEVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW • To write anything you want to write • Any way you want to write it • And still get the punctuation right each time!
- 33. Writing Sentences Write twoof each kind of sentence and post them for homework. Make the sentences relevant to your essay #1 outline. 1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex 4. Compound-complex