Control of microorganisms is essential to prevent disease transmission and spoilage. Microorganisms are controlled through chemical and physical methods. Physical methods include heat, filtration, dessication, and radiation which can kill microbes. Chemical methods use disinfectants, antiseptics, and other antimicrobial agents like alcohols, phenols, iodophors, and heavy metals to control microbes. Proper application of these chemical and physical methods based on characteristics of the microbes and environment is needed for effective microbial control.
Each of the letters in “IMViC” stands for one of these tests. “I” is for indole; “M” is for methyl red; “V” is for Voges-Proskauer, and “C” is for citrate, lowercase “i” is added for the ease of pronunciation. IMViC is an acronym that stands for four different tests
Indole test
Methyl red test
Voges-Proskauer test
Citrate utilization test
Each of the letters in “IMViC” stands for one of these tests. “I” is for indole; “M” is for methyl red; “V” is for Voges-Proskauer, and “C” is for citrate, lowercase “i” is added for the ease of pronunciation. IMViC is an acronym that stands for four different tests
Indole test
Methyl red test
Voges-Proskauer test
Citrate utilization test
INFECTION, Microbial pathogenicity
Important for MBBS and paramedical students to know about various sources , different types and modes of transmission of infection.
A Very important topic for all healthcare workers.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Airborne disease can spread when people with certain infections cough, sneeze, or talk, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air. Some viruses or bacteria take flight and hang in the air or land on other people or surfaces.
When you breathe in airborne pathogenic organisms, they take up residence inside you. You can also pick up germs when you touch a surface that harbors them, and then touch your own eyes, nose, or mouth.
Because these diseases travel in the air, they’re hard to control. Keep reading to learn more about the common types of airborne diseases and what you can do to protect yourself from catching them.
INFECTION, Microbial pathogenicity
Important for MBBS and paramedical students to know about various sources , different types and modes of transmission of infection.
A Very important topic for all healthcare workers.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Airborne disease can spread when people with certain infections cough, sneeze, or talk, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air. Some viruses or bacteria take flight and hang in the air or land on other people or surfaces.
When you breathe in airborne pathogenic organisms, they take up residence inside you. You can also pick up germs when you touch a surface that harbors them, and then touch your own eyes, nose, or mouth.
Because these diseases travel in the air, they’re hard to control. Keep reading to learn more about the common types of airborne diseases and what you can do to protect yourself from catching them.
Control of microrganisms - Food Microbiology - Food Processing MUTHUGANESAN N
1. Sterilization - the destruction of all microorganisms, including endospores, on an object or in a material.
2. Disinfection - the destruction of pathogens, but not endospores, on an object or in a material. The number of pathogens is reduced or growth is inhibited to a level that does not produce disease.
3. Antisepsis - chemical disinfection of the skin, mucosal membranes, or other living tissues.
4. Germicide ("cide" = kill) - a chemical agent that rapidly kills microorganisms.
Specific germicides include:
(I) Sporicide - kills spores
(II) Bactericide - kills bacteria
(III) Viricide - kills viruses
(IV) Fungicide - kills fungi
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. IMPORTANCE OF CONTROL OF
MICROBIAL GROWTH
Control of micro-organisms is essential in order to prevent the transmission
of diseases and infection ,spoilage and prevent unwanted microbial
contamination.
Micro-organisms are controlled by means of chemical and physical methods.
Control of Microbial Growth: Rate of Microbial Death
Several factors influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment.
Number of Microbes: The more microbes present, the more time it takes to
eliminate population.
Type of Microbes: Endospores are very difficult to destroy. Vegetative
pathogens vary widely in susceptibility to different methods of microbial
control.
3. Environmental influences: Presence of organic material (blood, feces, saliva) tends
to inhibit antimicrobials, pH etc.
Time of Exposure: Chemical antimicrobials and radiation treatments are more
effective at longer times. In heat treatments, longer exposure compensates for
lower temperatures.
Micro-organisms are controlled by means of chemical and physical methods:
Physical methods control as high or low temperature, desiccation, osmotic
pressure, radiation, and filtration.
Chemical methods :Control by chemical agents refers to the use of disinfectants,
antiseptics, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic antimicrobial chemicals.
4. Physical methods:
Heat: Kills microorganisms by denaturing their enzymes and other
proteins. Heat resistance varies widely among microbes.
Moist Heat: Kills microorganisms by coagulating their proteins . In
general, moist heat is much more effective than dry heat.
Boiling: Heat to 100 oC or more at sea level. Kills vegetative forms of
bacterial pathogens, almost all viruses, and fungi and their spores within
10 minutes or less. Endospores and some viruses are not destroyed this
quickly. However brief boiling will kill most pathogens.
Hepatitis virus: Can survive up to 30 minutes of boiling.
Endospores: Can survive up to 20 hours or more of boiling.
5. Autoclave: Chamber which is filled with hot steam under pressure.
Preferred method of sterilization, unless material is damaged by heat,
moisture, or high pressure.
Temperature of steam reaches 121o C at twice atmospheric pressure.
Most effective when organisms contact steam directly or are
in a small volume of liquid.
All organisms and endospores are killed within 15 minutes.
Pasteurization: Developed by Louis Pasteur to prevent the
spoilage of beverages. Used to reduce microbes responsible for
spoilage of beer, milk, wine, juices, etc.
6. Dry Heat:
Direct Flaming: Used to sterilize inoculating loops and needles. Heat
metal until it has a red glow.
Incineration: Effective way to sterilize disposable items (paper cups,
dressings) and biological waste.
Hot Air Sterilization: Place objects in an oven. Require 2 hours at 170oC
for sterilization. Dry heat is transfers heat less effectively to a cool body,
than moist heat.
Filtration: Removal of microbes by passage of a
liquid or gas through a screen like material with small pores. Used to sterilize heat
sensitive materials like vaccines, enzymes, antibiotics, and some culture media.
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters (HEPA): Used in operating rooms
and burn units to remove bacteria from air.
7. Membrane Filters: Uniform pore size. Used in industry and research. Different
sizes:
0.22 and 0.45um Pores: Used to filter most bacteria. Don’t retain
spirochetes, mycoplasmas and viruses.
0.01 um Pores: Retain all viruses and some large proteins.
Low Temperature: Effect depends on microbe and treatment applied.
Refrigeration: Temperatures from 0 to 7 oC. Bacteriostatic effect. Reduces
metabolic rate of most microbes so they cannot reproduce or produce
Freezing: Temperatures below 0oC.
Flash Freezing : Does not kill most microbes.
Slow Freezing : More harmful because ice crystals disrupt cell structure.
Over a third of vegetative bacteria may survive 1 year.
Most parasites are killed by a few days of freezing.
8. Dessication: In the absence of water, microbes
cannot grow or reproduce, but some may remain viable for years. After water
becomes available, they start growing again.
Susceptibility to dessication varies widely:
Neisseria gonnorrhea: Only survives about one hour.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: May survive several months.
Viruses are fairly resistant to dessication.
Clostridium spp. and Bacillus spp .: May survive decades
Osmotic Pressure: The use of high concentrations of salts and sugars in foods is
used to increase the osmotic pressure and create a hypertonic
Yeasts and molds: More resistant to high osmotic pressures.
Staphylococci spp. that live on skin are fairly resistant to high osmotic pressure.
9. Radiation: Three types of radiation kill microbes:
1. Ionizing Radiation: Gamma rays, X rays, electron beams, or higher energy rays.
Have short wavelengths (less than 1 nanometer).
Used to sterilize pharmaceuticals and disposable medical supplies. Food industry
interested in using ionizing radiation.
Disadvantages: Penetrates human tissues. May cause genetic mutations in
humans.
Ultraviolet light ( Nonionizing Radiation): Wavelength is longer than 1 nanometer
Used to disinfect operating rooms, nurseries, cafeterias.
Disadvantages: Damages skin, eyes. Doesn’t penetrate paper, glass, and cloth.
Microwave Radiation: Wavelength ranges from 1 millimeter to 1 meter.Heat is
absorbed by water molecules. May kill vegetative cells in moist foods.
Bacterial endospores, which do not contain water, are not damaged by
radiation. Solid foods are unevenly penetrated by microwaves.
10. Chemical methods:
A disinfectant is an agents used to disinfect inanimate objects but generally to
toxic to use on human tissues.
Phenol (carbolic acid) was first used by Lister as a disinfectant.
Rarely used today because it is a skin irritant and has strong odor.
Used in some throat sprays and lozenges.
Acts as local anesthetic.
Nowadays used phenolic derivatives; Advantages: Stable, persist for
long times after applied, and remain active in the presence of organic
compounds.
11. Iodophors: Compounds with iodine that are slow releasing , take several minutes
to act. Used as skin antiseptic in surgery. Not effective against bacterial
endospores.
Betadine
Alcohols:
Kill bacteria, fungi, but not endospores or naked viruses.
Act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes.
Evaporate, leaving no residue.
Used to mechanically wipe microbes off skin before injections or blood drawing.
Not good for open wounds, because cause proteins to coagulate.
Ethanol: Drinking alcohol. Optimum concentration is 70%.
Isopropanol: Rubbing alcohol. Better disinfectant than ethanol. Also cheaper
and less volatile.
12. Chlorine: Used to disinfect drinking water, pools, and sewage.
Chlorine is easily inactivated by organic materials.
Heavy Metals: Include copper, selenium, mercury, silver, and zinc.
Oligo dynamic action: Very tiny amounts are effective.
A. Silver:
1% silver nitrate used to protect infants against gonorrheal eye infections until recently.
B. Mercury
Organic mercury compounds like merthiolate and mercurochrome are used to
skin wounds.
C. Copper
Copper sulfate is used to kill algae in pools and fish tanks.
D. Selenium
Kills fungi and their spores. Used for fungal infections.
Also used in dandruff shampoos.
E. Zinc
Zinc chloride is used in mouthwashes.
Zinc oxide is used as antifungal agent in paints.
13. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats): Widely used surface active agents.
Effective against gram positive bacteria, less effective against gram-negative
bacteria. Also destroy fungi, amoebas, and enveloped viruses.
: Strong antimicrobial action, colorless, odorless, tasteless, stable, and nontoxic.
Diasadvantages: Form foam. Organic matter interferes with effectiveness.
Neutralized by soaps and anionic detergents.
Aldehydes:
Include some of the most effective antimicrobials. Inactivate proteins by forming
covalent crosslinks with several functional groups.
A. Formaldehyde gas:
Excellent disinfectant. Commonly used as formalin, Formalin was used extensively
to preserve biological specimens and inactivate viruses and bacteria in vaccines.
B. Glutaraldehyde: Commonly used to disinfect hospital instruments.
14. Gaseous Sterilizers: A. Ethylene Oxide: Kills all microbes and endospores, but
requires exposure of 4 to 18 hours.
(Oxidizing Agents):
Oxidize cellular components of treated microbes.
Disrupt membranes and proteins.
A. Ozone:
Used along with chlorine to disinfect water . Helps neutralize unpleasant tastes
odors. More effective killing agent than chlorine, but less stable and more
expensive.
Hydrogen Peroxide: Used as an antiseptic. Not good for open wounds because
quickly broken down by catalase present in human cells.
Benzoyl Peroxide: Used in acne medications.
15. Define the following terms:
Sterilization: the process of destroying all forms of
microbial life. A sterile object, in the microbiological
sense, is free of living microorganisms. An object or
substance is sterile or non-sterile; it can never be semi-
sterile or almost sterile.
The procedure of destroying all microorganisms in or on a given
environment, such as a surgical instrument, in order to prevent
the spread of infection. This is usually done by using heat,
radiation, or chemical agents.
16. Antiseptic: prevents the growth or action of microorganisms either
by destroying micro organisms or by inhibiting their growth and
metabolism. Usually associated with substances applied the bodyto.
Asepsis : the absence of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.
the exclusion of bacteria and other microorganisms, typically during surgery.
Aseptic : free from contamination caused by harmful bacteria, viruses, or other
microorganisms; surgically sterile or sterilized.
(of surgical practice) aiming at the complete exclusion of harmful
17. Antimicrobial agents:
Antibiotics: Antimicrobial substances produced by living micro-organisms which are
capable of inhibiting the growth or killing other micro-organisms are known as
antibiotics.
Penicillin , streptomycin and tetracycline.
Micro-static or bacteriostatic agents: Agents that reversibly inhibits the growth of
micro-organisms. Just inhibits the growth of micro-organisms.
Bactericidal agents or micro-cidal : agents that have lethal action ( killing actions on
microbes are known as cidal agents.
Chemotherapeutic Agents: Antimicrobial substances produced synthetically which
are capable of inhibiting the growth or killing micro-organisms like antibiotics are
known as chemotherapeutic agents, e.g. sulphonamides and quinolones.
18.
19. Differentiate between broad spectrum and
narrow spectrum antibiotics:
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS NARROW SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS
1.Effective against a wide range of
bacteria, both gram negative or positive
bacteria .
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics target a
types of bacteria.
2. Usually broad spectrum antibiotics used
when hard to treat bacteria
Specific to one type of bacteria
3. e.g. ampicillin for both, tetracycline,
fluroquinolones, 3rd and 4th generation of
cephalosporin
Vancomycin for gram positive bacteria
Colistin for gram negative bacteria
Isoniazid for tuberculosis
4.Used to avoid resistant