High Voltage Direct Current system based on Voltage Source Converters (VSC-HVDC) is becoming a more effective, solution for long distance power transmission especially for off-shore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions Confronting with an increasing demand of power, there is a need to explore the most efficient and reliable bulk power transmission system. Rapid development in the field of power electronics devices especially Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) has led to the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission based on Voltage Source Converters (VSCs).Since VSCs do not require commutating voltage from the connected ac grid, they are effective in supplying power to isolated and remote loads. Due to its advantages, it is possible that VSC-HVDC will be one of the most important components of power systems in the future. The VSC based HVDC transmission system mainly consists of two converter stations connected by a DC cable. This paper presents the performance analysis of VCS based HVDC transmission system. In this paper a 75kM long VSC HVDC system is simulated for various faults on the ACSide of the receiving station using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The data has been analyzed and a method is proposed to classify the faults by using back propagation algorithm. The simulated results presented in this paper are in good agreement with the published work.
Conventional and emerging converter technologies in hvdc power transmission s...Naveed Shahzad
The efficiency of HVDC system is primarily associated with power electronic converters which are playing the key role in transforming AC to DC and vice versa. There have been several converter topologies known and implemented in HVDC system throughout the world, however the major converter topologies are line commutated-current source converters (CSC) and self-commutated voltage source converters (VSC). This presentation provides an overview and comparison of CSC and VSC converters including their applications, advantages, limitations and new technological advancement related to CSC, and VSC including 2 level VSC and 3 level VSC and newer modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies.
I have created this report for my final semester seminar at Poornima college of engineering Jaipur, electrical department. This report covers various chapters and other contents. feel free to download.
Note: some minor editsin format and a quick spelling check might be needed.
**content source is wikipedia and internet**
any thing you would like to suggest please let me know in the comments.
VSC BASED HVDC SYTEM DESIGN AND PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGESIJERD Editor
High Voltage Direct Current system based on voltage source converter (VSC-HVDC) is becoming
more effective solution for offshore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions. In this paper, the
control of a VSC-based HVDC system (VSC-HVDC) is described. Based on this control strategy, appropriate
controllers utilizing PI controllers are designed to control the active and reactive power at each end station.The
operation performance of a voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC (VSC-HVDC system) system is
explained under some characteristic faulted conditions with and without protection measures. A protection
strategy is proposed to enhance the continuous operation performance of the VSC-HVDC system. The strategy
utilizes a voltage chopper to suppress over-voltages on the DC side of the VSC. Digital simulation is done to
verify the validity of the proposed control strategy and protection strategy
This paper analyzes the behaviour of a Voltage Source Converter Based HVDC system under DC pole to ground fault & AC faults for 2-level VSC-HVDC & 12-pulse VSC-HVDC system in order to better understand the system under such faults. DC line faults on HVDC systems utilising Voltage Source Converters (VSC) are a major issue for HVDC systems in which complete isolation of the faulted system is not a viable option. The occurrence of pole-to-ground faults on DC link is the most common fault in HVDC system. It was observed that with the occurrence of DC pole to ground faults leads to substantial over current in the AC grid system which may lead to damage of the converter valve. Simulation of 2-level VSC-HVDC under AC fault is carried out. The fault current magnitude is attempted with the mathematical analysis & which was found to be the same as the simulated result. This paper also compares the performance of the conventional 12-pulse (CSC) HVDC system with the PWM based 2-level VSC-HVDC & 12-pulse VSC-HVDC system.
Conventional and emerging converter technologies in hvdc power transmission s...Naveed Shahzad
The efficiency of HVDC system is primarily associated with power electronic converters which are playing the key role in transforming AC to DC and vice versa. There have been several converter topologies known and implemented in HVDC system throughout the world, however the major converter topologies are line commutated-current source converters (CSC) and self-commutated voltage source converters (VSC). This presentation provides an overview and comparison of CSC and VSC converters including their applications, advantages, limitations and new technological advancement related to CSC, and VSC including 2 level VSC and 3 level VSC and newer modular multilevel converter (MMC) topologies.
I have created this report for my final semester seminar at Poornima college of engineering Jaipur, electrical department. This report covers various chapters and other contents. feel free to download.
Note: some minor editsin format and a quick spelling check might be needed.
**content source is wikipedia and internet**
any thing you would like to suggest please let me know in the comments.
VSC BASED HVDC SYTEM DESIGN AND PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGESIJERD Editor
High Voltage Direct Current system based on voltage source converter (VSC-HVDC) is becoming
more effective solution for offshore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions. In this paper, the
control of a VSC-based HVDC system (VSC-HVDC) is described. Based on this control strategy, appropriate
controllers utilizing PI controllers are designed to control the active and reactive power at each end station.The
operation performance of a voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC (VSC-HVDC system) system is
explained under some characteristic faulted conditions with and without protection measures. A protection
strategy is proposed to enhance the continuous operation performance of the VSC-HVDC system. The strategy
utilizes a voltage chopper to suppress over-voltages on the DC side of the VSC. Digital simulation is done to
verify the validity of the proposed control strategy and protection strategy
This paper analyzes the behaviour of a Voltage Source Converter Based HVDC system under DC pole to ground fault & AC faults for 2-level VSC-HVDC & 12-pulse VSC-HVDC system in order to better understand the system under such faults. DC line faults on HVDC systems utilising Voltage Source Converters (VSC) are a major issue for HVDC systems in which complete isolation of the faulted system is not a viable option. The occurrence of pole-to-ground faults on DC link is the most common fault in HVDC system. It was observed that with the occurrence of DC pole to ground faults leads to substantial over current in the AC grid system which may lead to damage of the converter valve. Simulation of 2-level VSC-HVDC under AC fault is carried out. The fault current magnitude is attempted with the mathematical analysis & which was found to be the same as the simulated result. This paper also compares the performance of the conventional 12-pulse (CSC) HVDC system with the PWM based 2-level VSC-HVDC & 12-pulse VSC-HVDC system.
Introduction, Operation of 12-pulse converter as receiving and sending terminals of HVDC system, Equipment required for HVDC System and their significance, Comparison of AC and DC transmission, Control of HVDC transmission
HVDC Transmission System Today's Upgrading TechnologyDixit Patel
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission line is highly use in today's generation for long power transmission system because it has many great advantages over HVAC Transmission system. It's requires low transmission line space and more space we can use around transmission line over HVAC transmission line.
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System ReportNadeem Khilji
The development of HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) transmission system dates back to the 1930s when mercury arc rectifiers were invented. Since the 1960s, HVDC transmission system is now a mature technology and has played a vital part in both long distance transmission and in the interconnection of systems. Transmitting power at high voltage and in DC form instead of AC is a new technology proven to be economic and simple in operation which is HVDC transmission. HVDC transmission systems, when installed, often form the backbone of an electric power system. They combine high reliability with a long useful life. An HVDC link avoids some of the disadvantages and limitations of AC transmission. HVDC transmission refers to that the AC power generated at a power plant is transformed into DC power before its transmission. At the inverter (receiving side), it is then transformed back into its original AC power and then supplied to each household. Such power transmission method makes it possible to transmit electric power in an economic way.
HVDC Bridge and Station Configurations
1. General HVDC – HVAC Comparisons
2. Components of a Converter Bridge
3. HVDC scheme configurations
Operation of the HVDC converter
1. General assumptions
2. Rectifier operation with uncontrolled valves and X = 0
3. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X = 0
4. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X 0
5. Inverter operation with controlled valves and X 0
6. Commutation and Commutation Failure
7. Reactive Power Requirements
8. Short-circuit capacity requirements for an HVDC terminal.
9. Harmonics and filtering on the AC and DC sides
Neil Kirby: VSC HVDC Transmission and Emerging Technologies in DC GridsEnergyTech2015
EnergyTech2015.com
TERRESTRIAL POWER TECHNOLOGY I
Track 2 Session 1 Moderator: Dr. Allen Morinec, First Energy
This session will explore technologies developed to improve the terrestrial power utility grid including; fast protection system methods to find and clear faults and dc protection system devices to enable dc distribution systems.
Neil Kirby: Paper 1: VSC HVDC Transmission and Emerging Technologies In DC Grids
Zach Summerford: Paper 2: Ultra-High Speed Relaying for Transmission Lines
Introduction, Operation of 12-pulse converter as receiving and sending terminals of HVDC system, Equipment required for HVDC System and their significance, Comparison of AC and DC transmission, Control of HVDC transmission
HVDC Transmission System Today's Upgrading TechnologyDixit Patel
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission line is highly use in today's generation for long power transmission system because it has many great advantages over HVAC Transmission system. It's requires low transmission line space and more space we can use around transmission line over HVAC transmission line.
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System ReportNadeem Khilji
The development of HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) transmission system dates back to the 1930s when mercury arc rectifiers were invented. Since the 1960s, HVDC transmission system is now a mature technology and has played a vital part in both long distance transmission and in the interconnection of systems. Transmitting power at high voltage and in DC form instead of AC is a new technology proven to be economic and simple in operation which is HVDC transmission. HVDC transmission systems, when installed, often form the backbone of an electric power system. They combine high reliability with a long useful life. An HVDC link avoids some of the disadvantages and limitations of AC transmission. HVDC transmission refers to that the AC power generated at a power plant is transformed into DC power before its transmission. At the inverter (receiving side), it is then transformed back into its original AC power and then supplied to each household. Such power transmission method makes it possible to transmit electric power in an economic way.
HVDC Bridge and Station Configurations
1. General HVDC – HVAC Comparisons
2. Components of a Converter Bridge
3. HVDC scheme configurations
Operation of the HVDC converter
1. General assumptions
2. Rectifier operation with uncontrolled valves and X = 0
3. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X = 0
4. Rectifier operation with controlled valves and X 0
5. Inverter operation with controlled valves and X 0
6. Commutation and Commutation Failure
7. Reactive Power Requirements
8. Short-circuit capacity requirements for an HVDC terminal.
9. Harmonics and filtering on the AC and DC sides
Neil Kirby: VSC HVDC Transmission and Emerging Technologies in DC GridsEnergyTech2015
EnergyTech2015.com
TERRESTRIAL POWER TECHNOLOGY I
Track 2 Session 1 Moderator: Dr. Allen Morinec, First Energy
This session will explore technologies developed to improve the terrestrial power utility grid including; fast protection system methods to find and clear faults and dc protection system devices to enable dc distribution systems.
Neil Kirby: Paper 1: VSC HVDC Transmission and Emerging Technologies In DC Grids
Zach Summerford: Paper 2: Ultra-High Speed Relaying for Transmission Lines
Capability maturity model for maintenance planning of physical assetDedy Darmawan
Although maintenance planning contributes positively to the output of maintenance activity, in which planning process responsible in ensuring all required resources will available at the agreed schedules, and also contribute to minimize the delay time between two maintenance activities. Unfortunatelly, many organization did not realize and obtain the benefit of effective maintenance planning, eventhough they do not know how to make a good maintenance planning. The objective of this research is to identify the capality elements of maintenance planning, attributes of each capability, as well as measure the maturity level of maintenance planning activity. Capability Maturity Model, enable organization to understand the strengths and weak points in manage maintenance planning activities, as well as deploy a roadmap to improve its capabilities. In addition, the Roadmap helps establish priorities for improvement and guide the implementation of improvement.
KING DNARMSA SPIRULINA INTERNATIONAL KDSI KING HUMUSPLUS PRESENTATION ORGANIC...Vincent Rafael
KING DNARMSA SPIRULINA INTERNATIONAL KDSI KING HUMUSPLUS PRESENTATION ORGANIC FERTILIZER
By: KDSI CentrafaeL
We from King Dnarmsa Spirulina International Inc. are looking for investors and distributors who are very much willing to invest in partnership with our company.
Contact me @ 0933 362 7066
Email me @ centrafael@gmx.us
Intelligent system for production, storage and management of Multi-MW Solar P...Antonio Moreno-Munoz
The aim of this project is the design and implementation of an integral supervisory system for a PV plant. This system will not only monitor general parameters such as power or energy, but it will also delve deeply into detailed operation indicators. Weather Conditions (Wind, temperature, rain rate, humidity...) Production per PV module (DC current, Module temperature) Inverters' electrical parameters (voltage, current, harmonic, PQ ...)
Likewise, all the information will be collected and processed by a centralized applicacion which will have some of the following features:
Visualization and Control (SCADA)
Signal and events procressing
Measurements storage (Database and ftp server)
Thus, this project will allow us to analyze a real PV plant with different PV modules and inverters, and therefore, the detailed study of plant operation. This will provide a better comprehension of the system and it is the cornerstone in order to ensure the system reliability and subsequently decrease the operation costs.
Fuzzy Logic Controller Based on Voltage Source Converter-HVDC with MMC TopologyIJMTST Journal
This paper presents Modular Multi Level Converters (MMC) are used for high voltage high power DC to AC conversion. The MMCs with increased number of levels offer close to sine wave operation with reduced THD on the AC side. This is a new type of voltage source converter (VSC) topology. The use of this converter in a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system is called by a MMC-HVDC system. The MMC-HVDC has the advantage in terms of scalability, performance, and efficiency over two-and three-level VSC-HVDC. The proposed HVDC system offers the operational flexibility of VSC based systems in terms of active and reactive power control, in addition to improved ac fault ride-through capability and the unique feature of current-limiting capability during dc side faults. The proposed VSC-HVDC system, in this project assesses its dynamic performance during steady-state and network alternations, including its response to AC and DC side faults. In this project using a fuzzy controller and the proposed topology is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the simulation results are observed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A hybrid converter topologies which can supply simultaneously AC as well as DC from a single DC source. The new Hybrid Converter is derived from the single switch controlled Boost converter by replacing the controlled switch with voltage source inverter (VSI). This new hybrid converter has the advantages like reduced number of switches as compared with conventional design having separate converter for supplying AC and DC loads, provide DC and AC outputs with an increased reliability, resulting from the inherent shoot through protection in the inverter stage. For controlling switches PWM control, based upon unipolar Sine-PWM is described.
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission LinesRajaram Meena
HVDC and FACTS for Improved Power Delivery Through Long Transmission Lines in using PSAT in GUI/matlab in that slide uses a basic deeply small instrument using power transmission lines..it's main purpose to improve knowledge skills of students..
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
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Control and Analysis of VSC Based High Voltage DC Transmission
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 07, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 89
Control and Analysis of VSC based High Voltage DC Transmission
Tripti Shahi1 K.P.Singh2
1
M.Tech Student 2
Associate Professor
1,2
Department of Electrical Engineering
1,2
MMMUT, Gorakhpur, India
Abstract— High Voltage Direct Current system based on
Voltage Source Converters (VSC-HVDC) is becoming a
more effective, solution for long distance power
transmission especially for off-shore wind plants and
supplying power to remote regions Confronting with an
increasing demand of power, there is a need to explore the
most efficient and reliable bulk power transmission system.
Rapid development in the field of power electronics devices
especially Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) has
led to the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
transmission based on Voltage Source Converters
(VSCs).Since VSCs do not require commutating voltage
from the connected ac grid, they are effective in supplying
power to isolated and remote loads. Due to its advantages, it
is possible that VSC-HVDC will be one of the most
important components of power systems in the future. The
VSC based HVDC transmission system mainly consists of
two converter stations connected by a DC cable. This paper
presents the performance analysis of VCS based HVDC
transmission system. In this paper a 75kM long VSC HVDC
system is simulated for various faults on the ACSide of the
receiving station using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The data has
been analyzed and a method is proposed to classify the
faults by using back propagation algorithm. The simulated
results presented in this paper are in good agreement with
the published work.
Key words: Voltage source converter, Control Strategy,
HVDC cables
I. INTRODUCTION
Conventional HVDC transmission employs line-
commutated, current-source converters with thyristor valves.
These converters require a relatively strong synchronous
voltage source in order to commutate. The conversion
process demands reactive power from filters, shunt banks, or
series capacitors, which are an integral part of the converter
station. Any surplus or deficit in reactive power must be
accommodated by the ac system. This difference in reactive
power needs to be kept within a given band to keep the ac
voltage within the desired tolerance. The weaker the system
or the further away from generation, the tighter the reactive
power exchange must be to stay within the desired voltage
tolerance. HVDC transmission using voltage-source
converters (VSC) with pulse-width modulation (PWM) was
introduced as HVDC Light in the late 1990s by ABB. These
VSC-based systems are force-commutated with insulated-
gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) valves and solid-dielectric,
extruded HVDC cables HVDC transmission and reactive
power compensation with VSC technology has certain
attributes which can be beneficial to overall system
performance. VSC converter technology can rapidly control
both active and reactive power independently of one
another. Reactive power can also be controlled at each
terminal independent of the dc transmission voltage level.
This control capability gives total flexibility to place
converters anywhere in the ac network since there is no
restriction on minimum network short-circuits capacity.
Forced commutation with VSC even permits black start, that
is, the converter can be used to synthesize a balanced set of
3-phase voltages like a virtual synchronous generator. The
dynamic support of the ac voltage at each converter terminal
improves the voltage stability and increases the transfer
capability of the sending and receiving end ac systems. In
the present work, possibility of using VSC based HVDC
transmission for evacuating power is explored.
Fig. 1: Operational principle of VSC
The VSC based HVDC transmission system mainly
consists of two converter stations connected by a dc cable.
Usually the magnitude of AC output voltage of converter is
controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) without
changing the magnitude of DC voltage. Due to switching
frequency, that is considerably higher than the AC system
power frequency the wave shape of the converter AC will be
controlled to vary sinusoidal. This is achieved by special
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). A three level VSC
provides significant better performance regarding the Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD).
A. Components of VSC-HVDC System and its operation
VSC-HVDC is a new dc transmission system technology. It
is based on the voltage source converter, where the valves
are built by IGBTs and PWM is used to create the desired
voltage waveform. With PWM, it is possible to create any
waveform (up to a certain limit set by the switching
frequency), any phase angle and magnitude of the
fundamental component. Changes in waveform, phase angle
and magnitude can be made by changing the PWM pattern,
which can be done almost instantaneously. Thus, the voltage
source converter can be considered as a controllable voltage
source. This high controllability allows for a wide range of
applications. From a system point of view VSC-HVDC acts
as a synchronous machine without mass that can control
active and reactive power almost instantaneously. In this
chapter, the topology of the investigated VSC-HVDC is
2. Control and Analysis of VSC based High Voltage DC Transmission
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discussed. Design considerations and modelling aspects of
the VSC-HVDC are given. The topology selection for the
VSC-HVDC is based on the desired capabilities.
1) Physical Structure
The main function of the VSC-HVDC is to transmit constant
DC power from the rectifier to the inverter. As shown in
Figure1, it consists of dc-link capacitors Cdc, two converters,
passive high-pass filters, phase reactors, transformers and dc
cable.
2) Converters
The converters are VSCs employing IGBT power
semiconductors, one operating as a rectifier and the other as
an inverter. The two converters are connected either back-
to-back or through a dc cable, depending on the application.
3) Transformers
Normally, the converters are connected to the ac system via
transformers. The most important function of the
transformers is to transform the voltage of the ac system to a
value suitable to the converter. It can use simple connection
(two-winding instead of three to eight-winding transformers
used for other schemes). The leakage inductance of the
transformers is usually in the range 0.1-0.2p.u.[7].
4) Phase Reactors
The phase reactors are used for controlling both the active
and the reactive power flow by regulating currents through
them. The reactors also function as ac filters to reduce the
high frequency harmonic contents of the ac currents which
are caused by the switching operation of the VSCs. The
reactors are essential for both active and reactive power
flow, since these properties are determined by the power
frequency voltage across the reactors. The reactors are
usually about 0.15p.u. Impedance.
5) AC Flters
The ac voltage output contains harmonic components,
derived from the switching of the IGBTs. These harmonics
have to be taken care of preventing them from being emitted
into the ac system and causing malfunctioning of ac system
equipment or radio and telecommunication disturbances.
High-pass filter branches are installed to take care of these
high order harmonics. With VSC converters there is no need
to compensate any reactive power consumed by the
converter itself and the current harmonics on the ac side are
related directly to the PWM frequency. The amount of low-
order harmonics in the current is small. Therefore the
amount of filters in this type of converters is reduced
dramatically compared with natural commutated converters.
6) Dc Capacitors
On the dc side there are two capacitor stacks of the same
size. The size of these capacitors depends on the required dc
voltage. The objective for the dc capacitor is primarily to
provide a low inductive path for the turned-off current and
energy storage to be able to control the power flow. The
capacitor also reduces the voltage ripple on the dc side.
7) Dc Cables
The cable used in VSC-HVDC applications is a new
developed type, where the insulation is made of an extruded
polymer that is particularly resistant to dc voltage.
Polymeric cables are the preferred choice for HVDC, mainly
because of their mechanical strength, flexibility, and low
weight.
8) IGBT Valves
The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) valves used in
VSC converters are comprised of series-connected IGBT
positions. The IGBT is a hybrid device exhibiting the low
forward drop of a bipolar transistor as a conducting device.
Instead of the regular current controlled base, the IGBT has
a voltage-controlled capacitive gate, as in the MOSFET
device.
9) AC Grid
Usually a grid model can be developed by using the
Thevenin equivalent circuit. However, for simplicity, the
grid was modelled as an ideal symmetrical three-phase
voltage source.
II. CONVERTER TOPOLOGY
The converters so far employed in actual transmission
applications are composed of a number of elementary
converters, that is, of three-phase, two-level, six-pulse
bridges, as shown in Figure.2, or three phase , three-level,
12-pulse bridges, as shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 2: Two Levels VSC
Fig. 3: Three Levels VSC
The two-level bridge is the most simple circuit
configuration that can be used for building up a three-phase
forced commutated VSC bridge. It has been widely used in
many applications at a wide range of power levels. As
shown in Figure 2, the two-level converter is capable of
generating the two-voltage levels −0.5·VdcN and +0.5·VdcN
. The two-level bridge consists of six valves and each valve
consists of an IGBT and an anti-parallel diode. In order to
use the two-level bridge in high power applications series
connection of devices may be necessary and then each valve
will be built up of a number of series connected turn-off
devices and anti-parallel diodes. The number of devices
required is determined by the rated power of the bridge and
the power handling capability of the switching devices. With
a present technology of IGBTs a voltage rating of 2.5kV has
3. Control and Analysis of VSC based High Voltage DC Transmission
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recently become available in the market and soon higher
voltages are expected. The IGBTs can be switched on and
off with a constant frequency of about 2 kHz. The IGBT
valves can block up to 150kV. A VSC equipped with these
valves can carry up to 800A (rms) ac line current. This
results in a power rating of approximately 140MVA of one
VSC and a±150kV bipolar transmission system for power
ratings up to 200MW.
III. CONTROL (PWM)
A converter is interconnecting two electric networks to
transmit electric power from one network to other, each
network being coupled to a respective power generator
station. The converter, having an AC side and a DC side,
includes a bridge of semiconductor switches with gate turn-
off capability coupled to a control system to produce a
bridge voltage waveform having a fundamental Fourier
component at the frequency of the electric network coupled
to the AC side of the converter. The control system includes
three inputs for receiving reference signals allowing
controlling the frequency, the amplitude and the phase angle
of the fundamental Fourier component and the alternating
voltage of the network coupled to the DC side of the
converter [4]. The principle characteristic of VCS-HVDC
transmission is its ability to independently control the
reactive and real power flow at each of the AC systems to
which it is connected, at the Point of Common Coupling
(PCC). In constant to line commutated HVDC transmission,
the polarity of the DC link voltage remains the same with
the DC current being reversed to change the direction of
power flow. The choice of different kinds of controllers to
calculate the reference values of the converter current will
depend on the application and may require some advanced
power system study. For example: the active power
controller can be used to control the active power to/from
the converter; the reactive power controller can be used to
control the reactive power; the ac voltage controller which is
usually used when the system supplies a passive network
can be used to keep the ac voltage.
If the load is a passive system, then VSC-HVDC
can control frequency and ac voltage. If the load is an
established ac system, then the VSC-HVDC can control ac
voltage and power flow. But it should be known that
because the active power flow into the dc link must be
balanced, the dc voltage controller is necessary to achieve
power balance. The other converters can set any active
power value within the limits for the system. The dc voltage
controller will ensure active power balance in all cases.
IV. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
The 230 kV, 2000 MVA AC system (AC system and AC
system 2 subsystems) are modeled by damped L-R
equivalents, with an angle of 800 at fundamental frequency
(50HZ) and at the third harmonic. The simulation model is
as shown in Figure 2. The VSC converters are three-level
bridge blocks using close to ideal switching device model of
IGBT/diodes. The control capability of IGBTs and its
suitability for high frequency switching has made this
device the better choice over GTO and thyristor. Like all
power electronic converters, VSC generate harmonic
voltages and currents in the AC and DC systems connected.
In a simplified manner, from the AC system a VSC can be
considered a harmonic current source connected in parallel
to the storage capacitor. This behavior is just opposite to
those of conventional line commutated converters.
Harmonics generated depends on the station topology,
switching frequency of IGBTs and pulse pattern applied.
Using 12 pulse configurations instead of 6 pulse will
improve harmonic condition both on AC and DC side.
Characteristic AC side harmonics will have the ordinal
numbers
Vac=12n+1 ; n = 1, 2 . . . . . . . . (1)
Characteristic DC harmonic will have the ordinal numbers
Vdc=12n; n = 1, 2 . . . . . . . (2)
All harmonics will be cancelled out under ideal
conditions. Due to its inherent harmonic elimination
capability the harmonic interface of VSC converter is rather
small in comparison to the conventional line commutated
converters. However harmonics filters might be necessary
on the AC and DC sides depending on the harmonics
performance requirements both for AC and DC sides [5].
AC system harmonic impedance, DC line/cable impedance
and loss evaluation.
V. SIMULATION MODEL
A. System Description
A 300 MW (± 150 kV) forced-commutated voltage-sourced
converter (VSC) interconnection is used to transmit DC
power from a 400 kV, 2000 MVA, 50 Hz system to another
identical AC system [17]. The AC systems (1 and 2) are
modelled by damped L-R equivalents with an angle of 80
degrees at fundamental frequency and at the third harmonic.
The rectifier and the inverter are three-level Neutral Point
Clamped (NPC) VSC converters using close IGBT/Diodes.
The rectifier and the inverter are interconnected through a
125 km cable (i.e. 2 pi sections) and two 8 mH smoothing
reactors. The sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)
switching uses a single-phase triangular carrier wave with a
frequency of 27 time’s fundamental frequency (1350 Hz). A
converter transformer (Wye grounded /Delta) is used to
permit the optimal voltage transformation. The present
winding arrangement blocks tripplen harmonics produced
by the converter. The 0.15 pu phase reactor with the 0.15 pu
transformer leakage reactance permits the VSC output
voltage to shift in phase and amplitude with respect to the
AC system Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and allows
control of converter active and reactive power output. The
tap position is rather at a fixed position determined by a
multiplication factor applied to the primary nominal voltage
of the converter transformers. The multiplication factors are
chosen to have a modulation index around 0.85 (transformer
ratios of 0.915 on the rectifier side and 1.015 on the inverter
side). To meet AC system harmonic specifications, AC
filters form an essential part of the scheme. They can be
connected as shunt elements on the AC system side or the
converter side of the converter transformer. Since there are
only high frequency harmonics, shunt filtering is therefore
relatively small compared to the converter rating. The 78.5
Mvar shunt ACare 27th and 54th high-pass tuned around the
two dominating harmonics.
4. Control and Analysis of VSC based High Voltage DC Transmission
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B. Design Procedure
In the present work, the rectifier/inverter are three levels
VSC that use the IGBT/diode module available in the
MATLAB/Simulink/Simpower system. The case study is
done for a VSC based HVDC transmission link rated 315
MVA (300MW, 0.95), ±150kv.
The system on AC side has: step down Y-Δ
transformer, AC filters, Converter reactor. The system on
DC side has: Capacitors and DC filters. The design of the
components on AC and DC side are shown below. DC
voltage rating: ±150kV System frequency: 50Hz Source AC
voltage: 400kV line voltage Rated DC current=Rated DC
power/Rated DC voltage.
C. AC System Modeling
AC system is modelled as a simple three phase AC source
with internal resistance and inductance that is calculated
from short circuit level MVA calculations. (MVA)B =
2000MVA (KV)B= 400 kV (Phase to Phase rms).
Transformer Design Y grounded /Δ Transformer is used to
permit the optimal voltage transformation. It also blocks the
triplen harmonics produced by the converter. The following
data for the transformer is considered: Nominal Power
=315MVA (total for three phases) Nominal
frequency=50Hz. Winding1 specifications: Y connected,
nominal voltage = 400kV rms (Line to Line) X 0.915 (to
simulate a fixed tap ratio) = 366kV Resistance = 0.0025pu,
Leakage reactance = 0.0075pu Winding 2 specifications: Δ
connected, nominal voltage = 150kV rms (Line to Line),
Resistance = 0.0025pu, Leakage reactance = 0.075pu
Magnetizing losses at nominal voltage in % of nominal
current: Resistive 5 %( =500pu), Inductive 5 % (500pu).
D. AC Filters
Three-phase harmonic filters are shunt elements that are
used in power systems for decreasing voltage distortion and
for power factor correction. Harmonic filters reduce
distortion by diverting harmonic currents in low impedance
paths. Harmonic filters are designed to be capacitive at
fundamental frequency, so that they are also used for
producing reactive power required by converters and for
power factor correction. In order to achieve an acceptable
distortion, several banks of filters of different types are
usually connected in parallel. The most commonly used
filter types are Band-pass filters, which are used to filter
lowest order harmonics such as 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc.
Band-pass filters can be tuned at a single frequency (single-
tuned filter) or at two frequencies (double-tuned
filter).High-pass filters, which are used to filter high-order
harmonics and cover a wide range of frequencies. A special
type of high-pass filter, the C-type high-pass filter, is used to
provide reactive power and avoid parallel resonances. It also
allows filtering low order harmonics (such as 3rd), while
keeping zero losses at fundamental frequency. The The
resistance, inductance, and capacitance values are
determined from the filter type and from the following
parameters: Reactive power at nominal voltage Tuning
frequencies Quality factor. The quality factor is a measure
of the sharpness of the tuning frequency. It is determined by
the resistance value. The filter is made up of passive R,L,C
components their values can be computed using specified
nominal reactive power, tuning frequency and quality factor.
Nominal voltage: 150kV
Nominal frequency: 50Hz
Nominal reactive power: 25% of real power (300MW) =
78.5Mvar
Tuning frequency= 27*50 and 54*50.
Quality factor= 15.
5. Control and Analysis of VSC based High Voltage DC Transmission
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VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig. 5: DC Voltage at sending end
Fig. 6: DC voltage in p.u at sending end
Fig. 7: DC real power in p.u at sending end
Fig. 8: Sending end AC voltage measured in p.u
Fig. 9: Active power in p.u at sending end
Fig.10: Reactive power in p.u at sending end
6. Control and Analysis of VSC based High Voltage DC Transmission
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Fig. 11: Three phase Voltage in p.u at sending end
A. FFT Analysis of Output Voltage At Sending End:
B. Receiving End Waveforms:
Fig. 12: DC Voltage at receiving end
Fig. 13: DC Voltage in p.u at receiving end
Fig. 14: DC real power in p.u at receiving end (Y
Fig. 15: Receiving end AC voltage measured in p.u
7. Control and Analysis of VSC based High Voltage DC Transmission
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Fig. 16: active power in p.u at receiving end
Fig. 17: Reactive power in p.u at receiving end
Fig. 18:Three phase Voltage at receiving end
C. FFT Analysis of Output Voltage At Receiving End:
VII. CONCLUSION
This Paper presents the steady-state performance of AC
Transmission System and VSC based HVDC transmission
system. The modeling details of HVDC system with three
levels VSC are discussed. From the simulation results, it is
concluded that the system response is fast; high quality ac
voltages and ac currents can be obtained; and that the active
power and the reactive power can be controlled
independently and are bi-directional. The proposed scheme
also ensures that, the receiving end voltage is maintained at
1 pu without any compensation.
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