A hybrid converter topologies which can supply simultaneously AC as well as DC from a single DC source. The new Hybrid Converter is derived from the single switch controlled Boost converter by replacing the controlled switch with voltage source inverter (VSI). This new hybrid converter has the advantages like reduced number of switches as compared with conventional design having separate converter for supplying AC and DC loads, provide DC and AC outputs with an increased reliability, resulting from the inherent shoot through protection in the inverter stage. For controlling switches PWM control, based upon unipolar Sine-PWM is described.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUE...Pradeep Avanigadda
The project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and voltage.
There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal, solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUE...Pradeep Avanigadda
The project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and voltage.
There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal, solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
A dual active bridge dc-dc converter for application in a smart user networkAlessandro Burgio
Abstract—The paper presents a dual active bridge converter, i.e. an isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter composed of two full-bridge DC/AC converters and an isolation high frequency (HF) transformer, useful for application in a DC-powered microgrid. The dual active bridge converter connects a battery energy storage system to a DC bus so to provide a high level of reliability and resilience to grid disturbances. In particular, the proposed converter ensures a stable DC bus voltage when the microgrid is operated in islanded mode. Numerical results demonstrate the good dynamic response of the converter under transient condition of
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Load / Frequency balancing Control systems studyCAL
In this project, the load and frequency control problem on the power generator at 'Britannia sugar factory' is investigated under different governor action. The existing system employs a Mechanical-hydraulic governor. It is desired to improve the system's response to load disturbances on the interconnected power grid.
A dual active bridge dc-dc converter for application in a smart user networkAlessandro Burgio
Abstract—The paper presents a dual active bridge converter, i.e. an isolated bidirectional DC/DC converter composed of two full-bridge DC/AC converters and an isolation high frequency (HF) transformer, useful for application in a DC-powered microgrid. The dual active bridge converter connects a battery energy storage system to a DC bus so to provide a high level of reliability and resilience to grid disturbances. In particular, the proposed converter ensures a stable DC bus voltage when the microgrid is operated in islanded mode. Numerical results demonstrate the good dynamic response of the converter under transient condition of
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
SIMULATION STUDY OF QZSI Z-SOURCE INVERTER FOR RESISTIVE AND INDUCTIVE LOADijiert bestjournal
This paper involves design and simulation of a step up dc/dc converter topology connected with the chopper circuit
intended for resistive and inductive load. The topology contains voltage fed qzsi Z Source Inverter (qzsi), a high
frequency isolation transformer with reduced turn’s ratio, a Voltage Doubler Rectifier (VDR). A carrier based PulseWidth
Modulation (PWM) which employs shoot through state strategy for qzsi is implemented which gives significantly
high voltage gain compared to traditional PWM techniques. To improve the power density of converter, three phase aclink
and three-phase VDR is implemented. The designed step up dc/dc converter is tested for various kinds of resistive
and inductive load in MATLAB/SIMULIKN platform.
Control and Analysis of VSC Based High Voltage DC Transmissionijsrd.com
High Voltage Direct Current system based on Voltage Source Converters (VSC-HVDC) is becoming a more effective, solution for long distance power transmission especially for off-shore wind plants and supplying power to remote regions Confronting with an increasing demand of power, there is a need to explore the most efficient and reliable bulk power transmission system. Rapid development in the field of power electronics devices especially Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) has led to the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission based on Voltage Source Converters (VSCs).Since VSCs do not require commutating voltage from the connected ac grid, they are effective in supplying power to isolated and remote loads. Due to its advantages, it is possible that VSC-HVDC will be one of the most important components of power systems in the future. The VSC based HVDC transmission system mainly consists of two converter stations connected by a DC cable. This paper presents the performance analysis of VCS based HVDC transmission system. In this paper a 75kM long VSC HVDC system is simulated for various faults on the ACSide of the receiving station using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The data has been analyzed and a method is proposed to classify the faults by using back propagation algorithm. The simulated results presented in this paper are in good agreement with the published work.
Improvement In Pre-Regulation For Power Factor Using CUK ConverterIJRES Journal
Cuk converters, operating in Discontinuous Capacitor Voltage Mode can achieve unity power factor when used as rectifiers with no need of duty-cycle modulation. This operating mode causes high voltage stresses across the semiconductors, calling for high-voltage switches like IGBT's. However, zero-voltage turn-off is achieved, resulting in limited power loss even at high frequency. Both current- and voltage-fed approaches as well as constant- and variable-frequency control are analyzed in the paper. Simulation and experimental results are Explained, which demonstrate actual converter performance. Most of the power factor regulator topologies in continuous conduction mode result in bulky magnetic, and in discontinuous conduction mode result in high harmonic content. To solve these problems a Cuk topology is presented in discontinuous conduction mode with coupled inductors for power factor regulation, the unique feature exhibited by the converter that makes the converter better than the other converter in operation for power factor regulation. Inductive coupling is used to transfer the ripple from the input to the output side thereby reducing the switching harmonics in the line current. Experimental results obtained on a some Watt prototype are also presented.
Design and Simulation of Power Factor Correction Boost Converter using Hyster...ijtsrd
Nowadays various power converters like AC DC or DC DC are widely used due to their flexible output voltage and high efficiency. But these converters take the current in the form of pulses from the utility grid so that the high Total Harmonic Distortion THD and poor Power Factor PF are the major disadvantages of these converters. Hence there is a continuous need for PF improvement and reduction of line current harmonics. The most popular topology for Active Power Factor Correction APFC is a boost converter as it draws continuous input current. This input current can be manipulated by Hysteresis control technique. The boost converter can perform this type of active power factor correction in many discontinuous and continuous modes. The design and simulation of boost converter with power factor correction in continuous conduction mode is represented by using MATLAB SIMULINK software. Yu Yu Khin | Yan Aung Oo "Design and Simulation of Power Factor Correction Boost Converter using Hysteresis Control" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27905.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27905/design-and-simulation-of-power-factor-correction-boost-converter-using-hysteresis-control/yu-yu-khin
This paper proposes the use of Embedded EZ-source
inverter system (EZSI) as a single stage power conversion
concept for adjustable speed drives (ASD) in photovoltaic
applications. Open loop and closed loop control strategy of
EZSI system are proposed. EZSI produces the same voltage
gain as Z-source inverter (ZSI) but due to the DC sources
embedded within the X- shaped impedance network, it has
the added advantage of inherent source filtering capability
and also reduced capacitor sizing. This is attained without
any extra passive filters. By controlling the shoot-through
duty ratio and modulation index, EZSI system can produce
any desired AC output voltage even greater than DC rail
voltage and it also provides ride-through capability under
voltage sag. These advantages are more significant for
adjustable speed drive (ASD) applications in order to regulate
the speed. The operational analysis, control strategy and
simulation results exemplify that an EZSI is the most
promising technique for renewable energy applications in
order to reduce the overall system complexity and thereby
improving the inverter efficiency.
Application of PWM Control Strategy on Z-Source Isolated Dual active bridge D...IJMER
This project presents a Z-source with bidirectional dc–dc converter. The switching count is
reduced by adding a passive element. Thus, we are improving the output voltage level. The voltage
regulation range of proposed converter is better than that of the traditional bidirectional dc–dc
converter. The fully bridge symmetrical circuit configuration, is neither a high-voltage side nor a lowvoltage
side in the circuit structure, and the sources connected to the dc side of each H-bridge circuit
with voltage sources and current sources. This method can reduce current stress and improves the
system efficiency.
In this paper we are presenting a dual active bridge (DAB) dc–dc converter is also known as
Bidirectional DC-DC converter. Both simulation results are shown by using MATLAB software.
Hybrid Two Quasi Z-Source Converter for Photovoltaic ApplicationPremier Publishers
This paper presents a Hybrid Two Quasi Z-source (HTQZS) DC-DC converter for photovoltaic applications. These are mainly employed to full fill the demand of the voltage boost in photovoltaic applications from the lower value voltage. The traditional z source networks have some limitations in voltage boosting, so the modified z source means the different combination of the LC components is combined to form the hybrid quasi z source networks. This hybrid two quasi z source dc-dc converters can be applied for the dc-ac, ac-ac, and ac-dc conversions. The structure of the proposed converter is simpler. This converter adds the benefits to the traditional z source converter. This converter draws the continuous input current. The converter simulated is the combination of two different quasi z source networks. This converter uses the duty cycle less than the traditional z source network and gives the more gain than that. PV panel used as source to converter and then the output is inverted and step up.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCONTINUOUS INDUCTOR CURRENT MODE IN CUK CONVERTERS FED B...Journal For Research
This paper presents a bridgeless Cuk converter-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. A Bridgeless Cuk converter is constructed to operate at discontinuous inductor current mode to improve the quality of power and power factor at the AC mains for better speed control. The bridgeless converter is designed for obtaining the low conduction losses and requirement of low size of heat sink for the switches. TI-TMS320-F2812-based Digital Signal Processor (DSP) is used for the development of the hardware prototype of proposed BLDC motor drive.
In wireless charging the current coming from the wall power outlet moves through the wire in the wireless charger, creating a magnetic field. The magnetic field creates a current in the coil inside the device. This coil is connected to the battery and the current charges the battery. The two induction coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer.
*LI-FI is transmission of data through illumination, sending data through a LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than human eye can follow.
*It is the fast and wireless communication system which is optical version of the Wi-Fi.
*Many developing countries confront widespread theft of electricity from government owned power utilities.
*In India electricity theft leads to annual losses estimated at USA $4.5 billion, about 1.5 percent of GDP.
*Honest consumers, poor people and those without connections bear system inefficiencies and inadequate and unreliable power supply are the losers due to power theft
Automatic meter reading is a technology used in utility meter for collecting the datas need for billing purposes.it works by translating the movement of the mechanical dials on a meter into a digital signals,does not require physical access or visual inspection.The data can be transmitted from the meter to the utility company by telephone,power line,satellite,cable or radio frequency
*Fastest growing machining process
*One of the most versatile machining processes
*Compliments other technologies such as milling, laser, EDM, plasma and routers
*True cold cutting process – no HAZ, mechanical stresses or operator and environmental hazards
*Not limited to machining – food industry applications
In general a wireless power system consists of a "transmitter" connected to a source of power such as a mains power line, which converts the power to a time-varying electromagnetic field, and one or more "receiver" devices which receive the power and convert it back to DC or AC electric current which is used by an electrical load.
*ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER TRANSMISSION.
*PRESENT ONE-WAY ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
*A WAY TO DO MORE WITH LESS .
*MODERN UPDATED AND SMART TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.
An EEM produces the same shaft output power, but uses less input power than a standard efficiency motor.A standard motor is a compromise between efficiency, endurance, starting torque, and initial cost. Standard motor generally competes on price, not efficiency. On the contrary, EEM competes on efficiency, not price.
What is Micro grid?
It is a small-scale power supply network that is designed to provide power for a small community.
It enables local power generation for local loads.
It comprises of various small power generating sources that makes it highly flexible and efficient.
Blu-ray, also referred to as Blu-ray Disc (BD), is the name associated with a next generation optical disc format
The format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation.
OCT’s defined as sensors that directly or indirectly use optical sensing methods to measure electric currents .
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Abstract:
A hybrid converter topologies which can supply
simultaneously AC as well as DC from a single DC source.
The new Hybrid Converter is derived from the single switch
controlled Boost converter by replacing the controlled switch
with voltage source inverter (VSI). This new hybrid converter
has the advantages like reduced number of switches as
compared with conventional design having separate
converter for supplying AC and DC loads, provide DC and
AC outputs with an increased reliability, resulting from the
inherent shoot through protection in the inverter stage. For
controlling switches PWM control, based upon unipolar
Sine-PWM is described.
3.
4. INTRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY USED
ARCHITECTECTURES SUPPLYING DC AND AC LOAD
COMPONENT REQUIRED IN BDHC
DESCRIPTION OF COMPENETS USED
DERIVATION OF BDHC TOPOLOGY
WORKING PRINCIPLE
CIRCUIT OPERATION OF BDHC
HARD WARE CIRCUIT OF BDHC
ADVANTAGE
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
5. INTRODUCTION
Nanogrid architectures are greatly incorporated in the modern
power system. In this system there is DC as well as AC loads
supplied by different kinds of energy sources using efficient power
electronic converters [2]. Fig.1 shows the schematic of the system
in which single DC source supplies both AC and DC loads. Fig.
1(a) shows the conventional architecture in which DC and AC load
supplied by separate DC-DC converter and DC-AC converter from
a single DC source respectively Whereas in Fig. 1(b) referred as
hybrid converter in which a single converter stage perform both
operations. Such multi-output converters is very well suitable for
systems with better power processing density and improved
reliability for supplying simultaneous ac as well as dc outputs.
6. This hybrid converter has the property of higher power
processing capability and improved reliability resulting
from the inherent shoot through protection. This paper
investigates the use of single boost stage architecture to
supply hybrid loads. The conventional VSI in Hybrid
converter would through. Also misgating turn-on of switches
may take place due to spurious noise resulting in damage of
switches. For a compact system, spurious signal generation
takes place commonly. So VSI in such application needs to
be highly reliable with appropriate measures against shoot-
through and EMI induced misgating.
7. Technology used
DC Nanogrid
Voltage source inverter(VSI)
Boost-Derived Hybrid Converter
shoot-through state
8. Figure 1: Architectures supplying DC and AC load from a single DC
source. (a) Dedicated power converter based architecture and (b) Hybrid
converter based architecture.
9. Component Required
Dc source
Zero source inverter
Unipolar SPWM(sine pulse width modulation)
Inductor
Diode
Mosfet
Capacitor
Ac load
Dc load
10. Description of components
ZERO SOURCE INVERTER
A zero source inverter is a type of power inverter, a that
converts direct current to alternating current. It
functions as a buck-boost inverter without making use
of DC-DC converter bridge due to its unique circuit
topology.
11. Disadvantages
Typical inverters (VSI and CSI) have few disadvantages. They are listed as,
•Behave in a boost or buck operation only. Thus the obtainable output voltage
range is limited, either smaller or greater than the input voltage.
•Vulnerable to EMI noise and the devices gets damaged in either open or short
circuit conditions.
•The combined system of DC-DC boost converter and the inverter has lower
reliability.
•The main switching device of VSI and CSI are not interchangeable.
Advantages of ZSI
The advantages of Z-source inverter are listed as follows,
•The source can be either a voltage source or a current source. The DC source of a
ZSI can either be a battery, a diode rectifier or a thyristor converter, a fuel cell stack
or a combination of these.
•The main circuit of a ZSI can either be the traditional VSI or the traditional CSI.
•Works as a buck-boost inverter.
•The load of a ZSC can either be inductive or capacitive or another Z-Source
network.
12. Unipolar spwm
Pulse-width modulation uses a rectangular pulse wave
whose pulse width is modulated resulting in the
variation of the average value of the waveform. If we
consider a pulse waveform f ( t ) {display style f(t)} ,
with period T { T} , low value y min {display style
y_{text{min}}} , a high value y max {display style
y_{text{max}}} and a duty cycle D
13. Voltage regulation
Main article: Switched-mode power supply
•PWM is also used in efficient voltage regulators. By switching voltage to the
load with the appropriate duty cycle, the output will approximate a voltage at
the desired level. The switching noise is usually filtered with an inductor and
a capacitor.
One method measures the output voltage. When it is lower than the desired
voltage, it turns on the switch. When the output voltage is above the desired
voltage, it turns off the switch.
• SPWM (Sine–triangle pulse width modulation) signals are used in micro-
inverter design (used in solar and wind power applications). These switching
signals are fed to the FETS that are used in the device. The device's efficiency
depends on the harmonic content of the PWM signal. There is much
research on eliminating unwanted harmonics and improving the
fundamental strength, some of which involves using a modified carrier signal
instead of a classic saw tooth signal in order to decrease power losses and
improve efficiency. Another common application is in robotics where PWM
signals are used to control the speed of the robot by controlling the motors.
14. MOSFET as a Switch
We saw previously, that the N-channel, Enhancement-mode
MOSFET (e-MOSFET) operates using a positive input voltage and
has an extremely high input resistance (almost infinite) making it
possible to interface with nearly any logic gate or driver capable
of producing a positive output.
15. Figure 2: (a) Conventional boost converter, (b)Proposed Boost-Derived Hybrid converter obtained
by replacing with a single phase bridge network.
16. II. BOOST-DERIVED HYBRID
CONVERTER
A. PROPOSED CIRCUIT MODIFICATION
Conventional boost circuit is having two switches, one is a
controllable switch (controls the duty cycle) and other can be
implemented using a diode. Hybrid converter can be realized
by replacing controllable switch in the boost circuit with a
voltage source inverter, either single phase or three phase VSI.
The resulting converter called as Boost Derived Hybrid
converter (BDHC) [1].
17. B.DERIVATION OF BDHC TOPOLOGY
Control-switch of a boost converter (shown in Fig. 2(a)) is
replaced with a single phase bridge network switches (S1-
𝑆4) to obtain Boost Derived Hybrid Converter (shown in
Fig. 2(b)).AC and DC outputs are controlled using same set
of switches (S1-𝑆4). So challenges involved in the
operation of BDHC are, (a) defining duty cycle (Dst ) for
boost operation modulation index (Ma ) for inverter operation
(b) control and channelization of input DC power to DC as
well as AC loads (c) Determination of voltage and current
stresses various switches.
18. WORKING PRINCIPLE
In the operation of hybrid converter is concerned this is
equivalent to switching on controllable switch of the
conventional boost converter. The ac output is controlled
using a modified version of the unipolar sine width
modulation. The BDHC during inverter operation has the
same circuit states as the conventional VSI. The switching
scheme should ensure that the power transfer with
source occurs only during is positive.
The BDHC has three distinct switching states as described
below:
19. A. INTERVAL 1: SHOOT-THROUGH INTERVAL
Fig. 3(a) shows the equivalent circuit during shoot- through
interval. In this interval we adjust the duty cycle for the boost
operation by turning on both switches of any particular leg at the
same time. Diode D is reverse biased during this interval.
Inverter current circulates within the bridge switches.
B. INTERVAL 2: POWER INTERVAL
Fig. 3(b) shows the equivalent circuit during power interval.
Here inverter current enters or leaves through switch node
terminal S. Switches S1-S2 or S3-S4 turned. Diode is forward
biased. Power is delivered to both ac and dc loads.
20. C. INTERVAL 3: ZERO INTERVAL
Fig. 3(c) showing the equivalent circuit during zero interval.
Here diode is in forward biased condition and the power is
delivered to dc load. Inverter current circulates within the bridge
switches.
25. DC and AC Output Power Expressions:
the expressions for output dc (Pdc) as well as ac power (Pac) can be derived as
follows:
Pdc= v2
dcin (Rdc∗(1− Dst)
2
0.5 ∗Vdcin
2
∗Ma
2
)
(Rac∗(1− Dst)2
)Pac= V2
ac in
26. IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. EXTENDED BOOST Z-SOURCE INVERTER
F. L. Luo et al proposes the extended boost Z-source inverters
in which, the original Z-source inverter the boosting capability is
very less so that it is not suitable for applications which requires
very high boost demand. Thus an extended boost Z-source
inverter is proposed to overcome the limitations of classical Z-
source inverter. The new topologies developed in this paper are
same as that of the methods used in classical Z-source inverter.
The basic topology of extended boost ZSI is obtained when the
dc source and the inverter sharing same ground point produces
discontinuous current. To extend the boosting capability four new
converter topologies are proposed namely diode assisted boost
and capacitor assisted boost topology [4].
27. .
A diode assisted topology requires one inductor, one capacitor
and two diodes in addition to the existing topology where
capacitor assisted boost topology require one inductor, two
capacitors and one diode. A hybrid system is also developed by
combining capacitor assisted boost topology and diode assisted
topology. Here the number of stages is very larger than the other
boost topologies and there occurs high current stress on the
switches. So a suitable modulation method is selected by
distributing the shoot- through current to the inverter bridge to
reduce the current stress but switching losses still exists.
28. C. DERIVATION ANDCHARACTERIZATION
OF SWITCHED-BOOST INVERTER
S.Upadhyay et al proposes an alternative implementation of Z-
source inverter [5]. The Z-source inverter uses a LC impedance
network which is connected between the dc source and the voltage
source inverter. The size of the converter increases due to the use of
impedance which consists of two inductors and two capacitors.
When the impedance network is perfectly symmetrical, then the
stable operation is achieved. The passive components used is less
compared to ZSI while active components are present in a large
amount for the proposed switched boost inverter (SBI) as shown in
fig. 4. This topology cannot be used to supply ac and dc loads
simultaneously because the two capacitors it possesses will not have
equal loads across them. Unmatched loads results in unstable
operation. The SBI can also generate an ac output voltage that is
either the greater or less than the input dc voltage.
30. Fang Zheng Peng et al proposes different boost control
methods. The maximum boost voltage can be achieved using
maximum boost control method [7]. Reducing the voltage
stress is the most important in the control of Z-source
inverter under a desired voltage gain. The voltage stress is
minimized by minimizing the boost factor B and by
maximizing the modulation index M. The maximum boost
voltage control methods maintains the six active states
unchanged as the traditional carrier based PWM and all the
zero states to shoot- through zero states, thus maximum
output voltage gain can be obtained by the same modulation
index. For increasing the modulation index, third harmonic
injection method is used. The shoot-through duty cycle
repeats for every but it does without affecting the active
states.
33. SYNCHRONOUS-REFERENCE-FRAME-BASED
CONTROL OF SWITCHED BOOST INVERTER FOR
STANDALONE DC NANOGRID APPLICATIONS
Ravindranath Add a et al propose a switched boost inverter
suitable for standalone dc nanogrid applications as shown in
fig. 7. Switched boost inverter is a single stage power converter
which can supply simultaneous ac and dc loads from a single
dc input. This topology also possesses robust electromagnetic
interference noise immunity, which is achieved by allowing
shoot through of the inverter leg switches..
34. A power electronic interface called a switched boost inverter is
used for dc nanogrid applications and also a dq synchronous-
reference-frame-based controller for SBI is used to control both
dc and ac bus voltages of the nanogrid to their respective
reference values under steady state as well as under dynamic
load variation [9]. Thus SBI has several advantages comparing
to traditional two stage DC to AC conversion system.
Figure 7: Structure of the proposed SBI-based dc nanogrid.
35. I. HIGH EFFICIENCY DC-DC
CONVERTER WITH HIGH VOLTAGE
GAIN REDUCED SWITCH STRESS
Rong-Jong Wai proposes a high efficiency dc-dc converter with
high voltage gain and reduced switch stress [3]. The conventional
boost converter does not provide a high voltage gain because of the
losses associated with the inductor, filter capacitor, switch and
output diode. So, a coupled inductor is used for improving the
voltage ratio. But it requires high voltage rated devices because of
the switch surge voltage caused by the leakage inductor. Even
under extreme duty cycle, it causes serious reverse recovery
problems and increases the rating of output diode. Under this
situation, electromagnetic interference problem is severe and
efficiency is decreased
36. In order to protect the switch devices, either a high voltage rated
device with higher resistance or a snubber circuit is usually adopted
to deplete the leakage energy. In the proposed topology, a high
efficiency dc-dc converter with high voltage gain and reduced switch
stress to provide a constant dc voltage. A three winding coupled
inductor is used to increase the voltage gain and to enhance the
utility rate of magnetic core. The problem of leakage inductor and
reverse recovery is solved by maintaining the delay time formed with
the cross of primary and secondary currents of coupled inductor. The
output diode is replaced with schottky diode for reduced switching
losses. Thus converter topology is highly efficient and a
closed-loop control methodology is used to overcome the voltage
drift problem of the power source under the variation of loads.
37. Advantage
Smaller in size
Less cost
At simultaneous period both ac and dc can be get
High efficiency
Reliability in nature
Switching loss is less
39. A power electronic interface called a switched boost inverter is
used for dc nanogrid applications and also a dq synchronous-
reference-frame-based controller for SBI is used to control both dc
and ac bus voltages of the nanogrid to their respective reference
values under steady state as well as under dynamic load variation
[9]. Thus SBI has several advantages comparing to traditional two
stage DC to AC conversion system.
Figure 7: Structure of the proposed SBI-based dc nanogrid.
40. CONCLUSION
This paper proposes new Hybrid converter topologies which can
supply simultaneously both DC and AC loads from a single DC
supply. The hybrid converter topology discussed in this paper is
Boost Derived Hybrid Converter (BDHC) .The proposed hybrid
converter has the following advantages, shoot-through condition
does not cause any problem on working of the circuit hence
improves the reliability of the system, Implementation of dead
time circuitry is not needed, Independent control over AC and DC
output and the converter can also be adapted to generate AC
outputs at frequencies other than line frequencies by a suitable
choice of the reference carrier waveform. Limitations on voltage
gain can be achieved by BDHC topology.