This document provides an overview of various contraception methods. It discusses natural family planning methods like the rhythm method, withdrawal, and lactational amenorrhea. It also covers barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms and spermicides. Major hormonal contraceptives like combined oral contraceptives and progestin-only pills are explained in detail, including their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, disadvantages and contraindications. Surgical sterilization methods are also briefly mentioned. The document aims to inform readers on the different temporary and permanent contraception options available.
This document provides an overview of different contraceptive methods classified as natural methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, and sterilization. It describes the ideal properties of a contraceptive and discusses various contraceptive options in detail, including their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, advantages, and disadvantages. Hormonal contraceptives discussed include oral contraceptive pills, injections, implants, patches, and vaginal rings. Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs are also covered. The document aims to inform about family planning and contraception.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including hormonal contraception, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, natural family planning, and sterilization. It provides details on the mechanisms of different hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives, progestin-only pills, patches, injections, and vaginal rings. Benefits and risks of long-acting reversible contraceptives like implants and intrauterine devices are also outlined. Emergency contraception and natural family planning methods are briefly described. Contraindications and effectiveness of various contraceptive options are covered.
The document discusses various contraceptive methods including temporary, permanent, and immunological methods. For temporary methods, it describes natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills. It also discusses intrauterine devices (IUDs) like Copper T and Progestasert. For permanent methods, it mentions vasectomy and tubectomy. It concludes by noting newer immunological contraceptive targets like contraceptive vaccines.
Family planning refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy and control the timing and spacing of births. Contraceptive methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, sterilization procedures, and emergency contraception. Effective family planning counseling involves creating a private and respectful environment, engaging in two-way communication, maintaining confidentiality, and showing empathy without judgment. The document outlines various contraceptive methods, their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages to help counsel patients on the options best suited to their needs and circumstances.
This document provides an overview of various contraceptive methods, including their objectives, mechanisms, and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses spacing methods for females like rhythm methods, barriers, chemicals, and IUDs. It also covers terminal methods and vaccines. For males, it summarizes spacing methods like natural/withdrawal, barriers, and chemicals, as well as terminal methods like vasectomy. The conclusion emphasizes the need for more contraceptive options and research on male hormonal control given unplanned pregnancy rates.
The document describes various methods of contraception, including temporary and permanent options. Temporary methods discussed include barrier methods like condoms, vaginal methods like spermicides and diaphragms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills and injectables. Permanent methods discussed are male and female sterilization. The advantages, disadvantages, effectiveness, and other details are provided for many of the discussed contraception methods.
This document provides an overview of various contraception methods. It discusses natural family planning methods like the rhythm method, withdrawal, and lactational amenorrhea. It also covers barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms and spermicides. Major hormonal contraceptives like combined oral contraceptives and progestin-only pills are explained in detail, including their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, disadvantages and contraindications. Surgical sterilization methods are also briefly mentioned. The document aims to inform readers on the different temporary and permanent contraception options available.
This document provides an overview of different contraceptive methods classified as natural methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, and sterilization. It describes the ideal properties of a contraceptive and discusses various contraceptive options in detail, including their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, advantages, and disadvantages. Hormonal contraceptives discussed include oral contraceptive pills, injections, implants, patches, and vaginal rings. Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs are also covered. The document aims to inform about family planning and contraception.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including hormonal contraception, intrauterine devices, barrier methods, natural family planning, and sterilization. It provides details on the mechanisms of different hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives, progestin-only pills, patches, injections, and vaginal rings. Benefits and risks of long-acting reversible contraceptives like implants and intrauterine devices are also outlined. Emergency contraception and natural family planning methods are briefly described. Contraindications and effectiveness of various contraceptive options are covered.
The document discusses various contraceptive methods including temporary, permanent, and immunological methods. For temporary methods, it describes natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills. It also discusses intrauterine devices (IUDs) like Copper T and Progestasert. For permanent methods, it mentions vasectomy and tubectomy. It concludes by noting newer immunological contraceptive targets like contraceptive vaccines.
Family planning refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy and control the timing and spacing of births. Contraceptive methods include barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, sterilization procedures, and emergency contraception. Effective family planning counseling involves creating a private and respectful environment, engaging in two-way communication, maintaining confidentiality, and showing empathy without judgment. The document outlines various contraceptive methods, their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages to help counsel patients on the options best suited to their needs and circumstances.
This document provides an overview of various contraceptive methods, including their objectives, mechanisms, and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses spacing methods for females like rhythm methods, barriers, chemicals, and IUDs. It also covers terminal methods and vaccines. For males, it summarizes spacing methods like natural/withdrawal, barriers, and chemicals, as well as terminal methods like vasectomy. The conclusion emphasizes the need for more contraceptive options and research on male hormonal control given unplanned pregnancy rates.
The document describes various methods of contraception, including temporary and permanent options. Temporary methods discussed include barrier methods like condoms, vaginal methods like spermicides and diaphragms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills and injectables. Permanent methods discussed are male and female sterilization. The advantages, disadvantages, effectiveness, and other details are provided for many of the discussed contraception methods.
This document discusses contraception and various contraceptive methods. It defines contraception as any method used to prevent pregnancy and notes its importance in allowing people to choose whether and when to have children. The document then covers female contraception methods including hormonal methods like combined oral contraception (COC), progestogen-only methods, emergency contraception, and natural family planning methods. It discusses the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses various methods of contraception. It begins by explaining that contraception is important for effective pre-pregnancy care, especially for high-risk women. It then provides details on many contraceptive methods, including natural/fertility awareness methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, and long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods like IUDs, implants, and injections. For each method, it discusses effectiveness rates, mechanisms of action, administration instructions, benefits, risks, and other relevant details. The document emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate contraceptive method based on each individual woman's needs and circumstances.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including natural, mechanical, chemical, hormonal, and surgical methods. It provides detailed information on several specific contraceptive options:
1. It describes intrauterine devices (IUDs) including types (copper, hormone-releasing), indications, methods of application, complications, contraindications, and investigations for missed IUDs.
2. It discusses barrier methods such as male and female condoms, diaphragms, caps, and sponges, noting effectiveness rates and disadvantages for each.
3. It explains hormonal contraception including combined and progestin-only oral contraceptive pills, injectables, implants, rings, and
This document discusses contraception methods, including temporary and permanent options. It provides an overview of hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives and progestin-only pills, long-acting reversible contraceptives like implants and IUDs, barrier methods, fertility awareness-based methods, and permanent surgical methods. The document outlines the effectiveness, advantages, disadvantages, and contraindications of different contraception options. It also discusses emergency contraception and contraception options for lactating women. The intended learning objectives are to demonstrate knowledge of family planning and contraception, identify different contraceptive methods, and counsel patients on appropriate options.
The document discusses various methods of contraception, their effectiveness, side effects, and appropriate usage. It covers hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives (pills), patches, rings, and progestogen-only pills, implants, and injections. It also discusses intrauterine devices (IUDs), barrier methods, natural family planning, and sterilization. Effectiveness depends on how the method works and how easy it is to use correctly. Side effects vary by method but can include changes to bleeding patterns, mood changes, weight gain, and risk of ectopic pregnancy if failure occurs. Appropriate medical factors are also outlined for selecting the best contraceptive option.
This document discusses induction of labor, including common indications and contraindications, available methods, and risks. Some key points:
- Induction of labor is indicated when benefits of delivery outweigh continuing pregnancy, for maternal or fetal reasons like post-term pregnancy or fetal anomaly.
- Methods include mechanical (balloon catheters), chemical (prostaglandins like misoprostol, dinoprostone), and oxytocin. Choice depends on cervical status using the Bishop score.
- Risks include failed induction requiring C-section, uterine hyperstimulation, fetal distress. Careful patient selection and monitoring during induction are important.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes temporary contraceptive methods like barrier methods (condoms), hormonal methods (oral contraceptive pill, injectables, implants), intrauterine devices, and emergency contraception. It also discusses permanent sterilization methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation. The ideal contraceptive is described as widely acceptable, inexpensive, simple to use, safe, highly effective, and requiring minimal effort. Failure rates for different contraceptive methods during the first year of use are also provided for comparison.
- Family planning, also known as contraception, involves limiting family size and preventing unwanted pregnancy. There are about 1.2 billion women of reproductive age worldwide.
- In Nigeria, the total fertility rate is high at 5.7, leading to high population growth and a doubling of the population every 22 years if trends continue. However, contraceptive use is low, with only 14.6% using any method and 9.7% using modern methods.
- Family planning methods include natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, patches, rings, and IUDs. Barrier methods and permanent sterilization procedures
The document discusses the history, effects, recommendations, controversies, and verdict regarding antenatal steroids. It notes that antenatal steroids reduce risks of neonatal mortality and morbidity. The recommendations include administering a single course of betamethasone or dexamethasone between 24-34 weeks gestation if preterm birth is likely within 7 days. Several controversies are discussed such as timing, repeat doses, and use in late preterm and elective C-section cases. The verdict summarizes the guidelines for gestational age, late preterm birth, and repeat doses.
The document provides information on various methods of emergency and terminal contraception. It defines emergency contraception as methods that can be used within a few days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. The main methods discussed are emergency contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen, and copper IUDs. It also describes terminal contraceptive methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation that provide permanent sterilization. The presentation aims to educate about the objectives, indications, effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages of different emergency and terminal contraceptive options.
Contraception aims to prevent pregnancy by keeping egg and sperm cells apart, stopping egg production, or stopping fertilization. Adolescent pregnancy is a major health issue worldwide. While contraceptive needs are difficult to measure, education is key to reducing unintended pregnancy and disease among teens. Counseling helps teens understand options and barriers to use. Long-acting reversible contraception like IUDs and implants are very effective options for teens. Emergency contraception can prevent pregnancy if used within 5 days of unprotected sex.
The document discusses various methods of contraception, including hormonal methods like birth control pills, implants, injections, and emergency contraception. Barrier methods such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides are also covered. Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs are described. The document concludes with descriptions of permanent sterilization procedures for both males (vasectomy) and females (tubal ligation).
benefit of contraception
unmeet need
medical eligibility
tiers of contraception
COC
POP
DMPA
Implant, Nexplanon
IUCD, interuterine device
Sterilization, Male and female
Emergency contraception: Youzups, Plan B, IUCD
Calendar methods
Adolescence
Family Planning & Contraception discusses various contraceptive methods including natural/fertility awareness methods like the Standard Days Method and Calendar Rhythm Method, as well as artificial/hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptive pills and progestin-only pills. The document outlines the goals of family planning to enable couples to choose family size and birth timing safely and effectively. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of medical experts to provide harm-free contraception information and options.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including hormonal and barrier methods. It provides details on typical and perfect use failure rates. Combined oral contraceptives are discussed in depth, including examples available in Malaysia, when to start, missed pill rules, and side effects. Progestogen-only pills and injectable methods like Depo Provera are also summarized. Intrauterine devices including copper and hormonal options are covered as well as risks, contraindications and timing of insertion. The importance of counseling and tailoring the contraceptive choice to the individual's health needs is emphasized for effective prepregnancy care and contraceptive success.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on family planning methods. It defines family planning and discusses the benefits, such as preventing unintended pregnancies and empowering women. It then describes several contraceptive methods, including hormonal methods like pills, injections, implants and IUDs; barrier methods like condoms; and surgical sterilization methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy. For each method, it explains how the method works, proper use, effectiveness, benefits and disadvantages. It provides information on who should not use certain methods due to health risks. The goal is to educate about contraception options and their effects.
The document discusses medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) in India according to the MTP Act of 1971 and 1975. It defines MTP and outlines provisions, including that termination can occur up to 20 weeks and requires written consent. For first trimester termination, methods include medical (mifepristone/misoprostol) and surgical (vacuum aspiration). Second trimester termination methods include prostaglandins, dilation and evacuation, or instilling hypertonic solutions. Complications can be immediate like hemorrhage or remote like infertility. Termination aims to be safe and effective while following the law.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their definitions, mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, and other considerations. It describes barrier methods like withdrawal as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it discusses how they work to prevent pregnancy, effectiveness rates, advantages and disadvantages, and medical eligibility criteria. The document provides a comprehensive overview of modern reversible contraceptive options.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
This document discusses contraception and various contraceptive methods. It defines contraception as any method used to prevent pregnancy and notes its importance in allowing people to choose whether and when to have children. The document then covers female contraception methods including hormonal methods like combined oral contraception (COC), progestogen-only methods, emergency contraception, and natural family planning methods. It discusses the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of each method.
This document discusses various methods of contraception. It begins by explaining that contraception is important for effective pre-pregnancy care, especially for high-risk women. It then provides details on many contraceptive methods, including natural/fertility awareness methods, barrier methods, hormonal methods, and long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods like IUDs, implants, and injections. For each method, it discusses effectiveness rates, mechanisms of action, administration instructions, benefits, risks, and other relevant details. The document emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate contraceptive method based on each individual woman's needs and circumstances.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including natural, mechanical, chemical, hormonal, and surgical methods. It provides detailed information on several specific contraceptive options:
1. It describes intrauterine devices (IUDs) including types (copper, hormone-releasing), indications, methods of application, complications, contraindications, and investigations for missed IUDs.
2. It discusses barrier methods such as male and female condoms, diaphragms, caps, and sponges, noting effectiveness rates and disadvantages for each.
3. It explains hormonal contraception including combined and progestin-only oral contraceptive pills, injectables, implants, rings, and
This document discusses contraception methods, including temporary and permanent options. It provides an overview of hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives and progestin-only pills, long-acting reversible contraceptives like implants and IUDs, barrier methods, fertility awareness-based methods, and permanent surgical methods. The document outlines the effectiveness, advantages, disadvantages, and contraindications of different contraception options. It also discusses emergency contraception and contraception options for lactating women. The intended learning objectives are to demonstrate knowledge of family planning and contraception, identify different contraceptive methods, and counsel patients on appropriate options.
The document discusses various methods of contraception, their effectiveness, side effects, and appropriate usage. It covers hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives (pills), patches, rings, and progestogen-only pills, implants, and injections. It also discusses intrauterine devices (IUDs), barrier methods, natural family planning, and sterilization. Effectiveness depends on how the method works and how easy it is to use correctly. Side effects vary by method but can include changes to bleeding patterns, mood changes, weight gain, and risk of ectopic pregnancy if failure occurs. Appropriate medical factors are also outlined for selecting the best contraceptive option.
This document discusses induction of labor, including common indications and contraindications, available methods, and risks. Some key points:
- Induction of labor is indicated when benefits of delivery outweigh continuing pregnancy, for maternal or fetal reasons like post-term pregnancy or fetal anomaly.
- Methods include mechanical (balloon catheters), chemical (prostaglandins like misoprostol, dinoprostone), and oxytocin. Choice depends on cervical status using the Bishop score.
- Risks include failed induction requiring C-section, uterine hyperstimulation, fetal distress. Careful patient selection and monitoring during induction are important.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their mechanisms of action, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes temporary contraceptive methods like barrier methods (condoms), hormonal methods (oral contraceptive pill, injectables, implants), intrauterine devices, and emergency contraception. It also discusses permanent sterilization methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation. The ideal contraceptive is described as widely acceptable, inexpensive, simple to use, safe, highly effective, and requiring minimal effort. Failure rates for different contraceptive methods during the first year of use are also provided for comparison.
- Family planning, also known as contraception, involves limiting family size and preventing unwanted pregnancy. There are about 1.2 billion women of reproductive age worldwide.
- In Nigeria, the total fertility rate is high at 5.7, leading to high population growth and a doubling of the population every 22 years if trends continue. However, contraceptive use is low, with only 14.6% using any method and 9.7% using modern methods.
- Family planning methods include natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, patches, rings, and IUDs. Barrier methods and permanent sterilization procedures
The document discusses the history, effects, recommendations, controversies, and verdict regarding antenatal steroids. It notes that antenatal steroids reduce risks of neonatal mortality and morbidity. The recommendations include administering a single course of betamethasone or dexamethasone between 24-34 weeks gestation if preterm birth is likely within 7 days. Several controversies are discussed such as timing, repeat doses, and use in late preterm and elective C-section cases. The verdict summarizes the guidelines for gestational age, late preterm birth, and repeat doses.
The document provides information on various methods of emergency and terminal contraception. It defines emergency contraception as methods that can be used within a few days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. The main methods discussed are emergency contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or the Yuzpe regimen, and copper IUDs. It also describes terminal contraceptive methods like vasectomy and tubal ligation that provide permanent sterilization. The presentation aims to educate about the objectives, indications, effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages of different emergency and terminal contraceptive options.
Contraception aims to prevent pregnancy by keeping egg and sperm cells apart, stopping egg production, or stopping fertilization. Adolescent pregnancy is a major health issue worldwide. While contraceptive needs are difficult to measure, education is key to reducing unintended pregnancy and disease among teens. Counseling helps teens understand options and barriers to use. Long-acting reversible contraception like IUDs and implants are very effective options for teens. Emergency contraception can prevent pregnancy if used within 5 days of unprotected sex.
The document discusses various methods of contraception, including hormonal methods like birth control pills, implants, injections, and emergency contraception. Barrier methods such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and spermicides are also covered. Long-acting reversible contraceptives like IUDs are described. The document concludes with descriptions of permanent sterilization procedures for both males (vasectomy) and females (tubal ligation).
benefit of contraception
unmeet need
medical eligibility
tiers of contraception
COC
POP
DMPA
Implant, Nexplanon
IUCD, interuterine device
Sterilization, Male and female
Emergency contraception: Youzups, Plan B, IUCD
Calendar methods
Adolescence
Family Planning & Contraception discusses various contraceptive methods including natural/fertility awareness methods like the Standard Days Method and Calendar Rhythm Method, as well as artificial/hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptive pills and progestin-only pills. The document outlines the goals of family planning to enable couples to choose family size and birth timing safely and effectively. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of medical experts to provide harm-free contraception information and options.
This document discusses various contraceptive methods including hormonal and barrier methods. It provides details on typical and perfect use failure rates. Combined oral contraceptives are discussed in depth, including examples available in Malaysia, when to start, missed pill rules, and side effects. Progestogen-only pills and injectable methods like Depo Provera are also summarized. Intrauterine devices including copper and hormonal options are covered as well as risks, contraindications and timing of insertion. The importance of counseling and tailoring the contraceptive choice to the individual's health needs is emphasized for effective prepregnancy care and contraceptive success.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on family planning methods. It defines family planning and discusses the benefits, such as preventing unintended pregnancies and empowering women. It then describes several contraceptive methods, including hormonal methods like pills, injections, implants and IUDs; barrier methods like condoms; and surgical sterilization methods like tubal ligation and vasectomy. For each method, it explains how the method works, proper use, effectiveness, benefits and disadvantages. It provides information on who should not use certain methods due to health risks. The goal is to educate about contraception options and their effects.
The document discusses medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) in India according to the MTP Act of 1971 and 1975. It defines MTP and outlines provisions, including that termination can occur up to 20 weeks and requires written consent. For first trimester termination, methods include medical (mifepristone/misoprostol) and surgical (vacuum aspiration). Second trimester termination methods include prostaglandins, dilation and evacuation, or instilling hypertonic solutions. Complications can be immediate like hemorrhage or remote like infertility. Termination aims to be safe and effective while following the law.
This document discusses various methods of contraception, including their definitions, mechanisms of action, effectiveness, side effects, and other considerations. It describes barrier methods like withdrawal as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, and intrauterine devices. For each method, it discusses how they work to prevent pregnancy, effectiveness rates, advantages and disadvantages, and medical eligibility criteria. The document provides a comprehensive overview of modern reversible contraceptive options.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
2. OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF CONTRACEPTION
• HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION
• NON-HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION
• WHO MEDICAL ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR
CONTRACEPTION
• HOW AND WHEN TO TAKE CONTRACEPTION
• MISSED PILL
• PREGNANT WITH IUD
• EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION 2
3. INTRODUCTION
• Contraception: Practice of using artificial methods to avoid
becoming pregnant when having sex.
• Birth Control: The practice of controlling the number of
children a person has, using various methods of
contraception.
• Purpose: To help prevent Unintended Pregnancy.
• Unintended pregnancy
• Either unwanted- pregnancy occurred when no children or no
more children were desired.
• Or mistimed- pregnancy occurred earlier than desired.
3
6. COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS
• Available Formulary:
• Marvelon- Ethinyl Estradiol(EE) 30µg + Desogestrel
150µg
• Mercilon- EE 20µg + Desogestrel 150µg
• Yasmin- EE 30µg + Drospirenone 3mg
• Yaz- EE 20µg + Drospirenone 3mg
• Loette- EE 20µg + Levonorgestrel 100µg
• Microgynon/Nordette- EE 30µg + Levonorgestrel
150µg
• Regulon- EE 30µg + Desogestrel 150µg
• Rigevidon- EE 30µg + Levonorgestrel 150µg
• Loette- EE 20µg + Levonorgesrel 100µg
• Diane 35- EE 35µg + Cyproterone acetate 2mg
• Gynera- EE 30µg + Gestodene 75µg
6
7. COMBINED TRANSDERMAL PATCH
• Applied to skin- upper shoulder, buttock, abdomen, or upper arm.
• Once a week for 3 weeks.
• No patch on 4th week to allow for withdrawal bleed.
• Easy to use, non-invasive but does not protect against STD.
• Typical use failure rate: 7%
7
8. COMBINED VAGINAL RING
• Ring shape, 2 inches in diameter.
• Inserted into vagina, left in place for 21 days.
• 7 ring-free days to allow withdrawal bleed.
• Irritation in the vagina and cervix may occur.
• Does not protect against STD.
• Typical use failure rate: 7%.
8
10. LARC
• Intrauterine Device:
• Non-hormonal: intrauterine device with copper.
• Multiload- cu 250: effective for 3 years.
• Multiload- cu 375: effective for 5 years.
• Nova T: effective for 5 years.
• Copper T 380A: effective for 10 years.
• Typical use failure rate: 0.8%.1
10
1. CDC-Reproductive Health: Contraception.
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
11. LARC
• Intrauterine Device:
• Hormonal: intrauterine system (IUS)- MIRENA.
• 52mg Levonogestrel.
• Released at a rate of 20µg/day.
• Effective for 5 years
• Typical use failure rate: 0.1-0.4%.1
11
1. CDC-Reproductive Health: Contraception.
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
12. LARC
• Subdermal contraceptive implant
• Implanon®/Implanon NXT.
• Biodegradable single rod implant.
• 68mg etonogestrel.
• Initial release 60-70µg/day, reduced to
20-30µg at the end of 3 years.
• Effectiveness comparable or even
better than sterilization. (99.95%
effective)
• Typical use failure rate: 0.01%.1
12
1. CDC-Reproductive Health: Contraception.
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
13. BARRIER METHODS
• Male Condom:
• Latex/rubber sheath that cover penis and
collect semen.
• Prevent sperms from entering vagina.
• Also protects against STD.
• Cheap, easy to use, easily available in
drugstores/convenient stores.
• Typical use failure rates: 13%.1
13
1. MyHealth KKM. Contraception. http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/contraception/
2. CDC-Reproductive Health: Contraception.
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
14. BARRIER METHODS
14
• Female Condom:
• Plastic (polyurethane) sheath with flexible
ring at each end.
• Covers the vaginal canal; ring at closed end
holds the sheath inside, ring at open end
stays outside vaginal opening.
• Prevent sperms from entering vagina and
protects against STD.
• Not easily available and not popular.
• Typical use failure rate: 21%.
1. MyHealth KKM. Contraception. http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/contraception/
2. CDC-Reproductive Health: Contraception.
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
15. BARRIER METHODS
• Spermicidal:
• Tablet, film, jelly or cream.
• Inserted inside vagina within 1hr prior to
SI.
• Leave in place at least 6-8hrs after SI.
• Kill sperm or making sperm unable to
move towards the egg.
• Provide protection against some STDs
but not HIV.
• Typical use failure rate: 21%
• Diaphragm/cervical cap:
• Soft rubber cups placed inside vagina to
cover cervix.
• Block sperms from entering uterus and
tubes.
• Spermicidal usually added to give better
protection.
• Comes in different sizes.
• May protect against some STDs.
• May increase incidence of UTI.
• Typical use failure rate: 17% 15
1. MyHealth KKM. Contraception. http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/contraception/
2. CDC-Reproductive Health: Contraception.
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
16. MALE STERILIZATION
VASECTOMY
• Permanent.
• >99% effectiveness.
• Fever risks than female sterilization.
(especially if female partner carries
significant medical disorder).
• Does not interfere with sexual drive or
performance.
• Confirm occlusion by semen analysis.
• Late failure and chronic pain- rare. 16
17. FEMALE STERILIZATION
BILATERAL TUBAL LIGATION
• Permanent.
• >99% effectiveness.
• Laparotomy or laparoscopy.
• Reversal not always possible.
• Timing:
• 48hrs post term delivery,
• In conjunction with C-Section, or
• Immediately following uncomplicated first
trimester miscarriage. 17
25. WHEN TO START
POP
• Up to Day 5 of menses. If started at other
time additional contraception.
• Postpartum- Day 21.
• Surgical abortion- the same day.
• Medical abortion- second part.
• Following miscarriage- immediately.
POIC
• Postpartum- Day 21.
• Within 5 days of surgical abortion,
second part of medical abortion or
following miscarriage.
• At any other time- additional
contraception for 7 days.
25
26. HOW TO TAKE
POP
26
• Daily pill at around the same time.
• No pill-free interval.
COCP
• Daily pill at around the same time.
• 7 days pill free interval.
POIC
• IM injection at upper outer quadrant of
gluteus maximus.
• Alternative site- deltoid.
• Repeat injection every 12 weeks for
DMPA, 8 weeks for NET-EN.
• Up to 2 weeks early or 2 weeks late.
27. WHEN TO START
• IUCD/IUS:
• At any time during menstrual cycle. (for
IUS- if amenorrhoeic or >7days after
menstrual bleeding started, need backup
contraception for 7 days)
• Immediately after 1st or 2nd trimester
abortion or at anytime thereafter.
• From 4 weeks postpartum, irrespective of
mode of delivery.
• Implanon NXT
• At any time during menstrual cycle. (if
amenorrhoeic or >5days menstrual
bleeding started, need backup
contraception for 7 days).
• Inserted subdermally:
• in the groove between biceps and triceps,
• in the non-dominant hand,
• about 8-10cm form medial epicondyle.
27
28. 7 DAYS RULE
• 7 consecutive pills are enough to ‘shut the door’ on the ovaries.
• 7 pills can be omitted without ovulation- Pill Free Period (PFI).
28
30. MISSED PILL COCP
<48Hr
Week 1
Take the missed pill ASAP.
Continue remaning pill at
usual time.
No need backup
contraception/EC.
Week 2 Week 3
30
≥48Hr
Week 1
Take the most
recent missed pill
ASAP.
Continue remaining
pill at usual time.
Back up
contraception for 7
days.
Consider EC
Week 2
Take the most recent
missed pill ASAP.
Continue remaining
pill at usual time.
Backp contraception
for 7 days.
EC not required if
week 1 perfect use.
Week 3
Take the most recent
missed pill ASAP.
Continue remaining
pill at usual time.
Backup contraception
for 7 days.
Skip HFI.
EC not required if
week 1 perfect use.
Faculty od Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, RCOG
31. WHAT IF VOMITING AND DIARRHOEA?
• If vomiting >2 hours- can safely assumed it has been absorbed.
• If vomiting <2 hours- take another pill immediately.
• Diarrhoea 6-8times/day = missing 1 tablet in 24hours.
• Diarrhoea alone is not a problem (? Having S.I.)
31
32. COMBINED TRANSDERMAL PATCH
• Patch Detachment:
32
Week 1
<48Hr
-Reapply new patch.
-Keep same patch
change day.
-No need EC/Backup
contraception for 7days.
≥48Hr
-Reapply new patch.
Keep same patch
change day.
-Backup contraception.
-Consider EC.
Week 2
<48Hr
-Reapply new patch.
-Keep same patch
change day.
-No need Backup
contraception.
-No need EC if week 1
correct use.
≥48Hr
-Reapply new patch.
Keep same patch change
day.
-Backup contraception.
-No need EC of week 1
correct use.
Week 3
<48Hr
-Reapply new patch.
-Keep same patch change
day.
-No need Backup
contraception.
-No need EC if week 1
correct use.
≥48Hr
-Reapply new patch.
Keep same patch change day.
-Backup contraception.
-No need EC of week 1 correct
use.
-Skip HFI.
Faculty od Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, RCOG
33. COMBINED VAGINAL RING
• Unscheduled ring removal:
33
<48Hr
Reinsert ring ASAP.
Keep ring until
scheduled removal
day.
No need backup
contraception.
EC not required.
≥48Hr
Week 1
Reinsert ring ASAP.
Keep ring until scheduled
removal day.
Backup contraception for 7
days.
Consider EC.
Week 2
Reinsert ring ASAP.
Keep ring until scheduled removal
day.
Backup contraception for 7 days.
EC not required if week 1 perfect
use.
Week 3
Reinsert ring ASAP.
Keep ring until scheduled removal day.
Backup contraception for 7 days.
Skip HFI.
EC not required if week 1 perfect use.
37. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
• A method of preventing unintended pregnancy following unprotected sexual intercourse
(UPSI).
• Terms: EC, Post-coital contraception, the morning after pill.
• Unprotected Sexual Intercourse (UPSI):
• Any situation when a woman has not used contraception or has not used a method correctly
or consistently.
37
39. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Levonorgestrel Inhibits ovulation.
Delaying or preventing follicular rupture.
Causing luteal dysfunction.
Ulipristal
Acetate
Inhibition or delay of ovulation.
Delay maturation of endometrium.
Copper IUCD Inhibit fertilisation by toxic effect on sperm and ova; effective
immediately after insertion.
Copper affect motility and viability of sperm & viability and transport of
ova.
If fertilisation occurred, there is anti-implantation effect by local
inflammatory reaction.
But if implantation occurred, does not cause abortion. 39
40. HOW SOON?
40
Levonorgest
rel
Up to 72 hours after UPSI.
Ineffective after 72 hours.
Failure rate: 1-2%.
Ulipristal
Acetate
Up to 120 hours after UPSI.
The only oral EC licensed to be used between 72
and 120 hours.
Failure rate: 1-2%
Copper
IUCD
Up to 120 hours after the first episode of UPSI, or
Within 5 days of the earliest expected date of
ovulation
Failure rate: <1%
Can continue as
regular contraception
41. SIDE EFFECTS
EC SIDE EFFECTS REMARKS
LNG
Headache, nausea, dysmenorrhoea, altered bleeding
pattern.
Does not effect woman’s long term fertility
If pregnancy does occur, no adverse reaction.
If nausea and vomiting within 3
hours of taking, repeat dose
should be given.
Pregnancy test should be
carried out if menses are
delayed by >7days after EC.
UPA
Cu-
IUCD
Pain on insertion. Give analgesics- Non-steroidal
Anti-inflammatory Drugs
(NSAIDs)
41
42. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Levonorgestrel No contraindications including breastfeeding.
Ulipristal
acetate
Hypersensitivity to UPA.
Severe asthma insufficiently controlled by glucocorticoids.
Hepatic dysfunction.
Hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, lactase deficiency and glucose-
galactose malabsorption.
Breastfeeding not recommended for up to 36 hours.
Copper IUCD Sexually transmitted infections.
Pelvic inflammatory disease.
Distorted uterine cavity.
Allergic to copper.
Wilson’s disease.
Age and nulliparity are not contraindications. 42
43. REPEAT EC IN THE SAME CYCLE
• Cu-IUCD: not applicable.
• Levonorgestrel & Ulipristal acetate:
• Can be used more than once in a cycle; even if there is an earlier episode of UPSI outside of
treatment window (>120Hr).
• Woman who has already taken LNG, UPA will be less effective if taken in the following 7 days.
• Woman who has already taken UPA, should not be given LNG in the following 5 days.
43
46. REFERENCE
• Clinical Protocols in Obstetric & Gynaecology for Malaysian Hospitals. Prof Dato’ Dr
Sivalingam Nalliah, Prof Dato’ Dr Sachchithanantham.
• Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Royal College of Obstetric and
Gynaecology.
• WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 2015.
• US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 2016.
• MyHealth Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia Portal.
http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/contraception/
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm
• MIMS Obstetric and Gynaecology.
46
Editor's Notes
Failure rate 7% with typical use
Oestrogen and Progestogen content of OCP suppress GnRH leading to decrease FSH and LH Inhibition of follicular development and absence of LH surge
Progestogen content decrease water content and increase viscosity of the cervical mucus
Slowing tubal motility and ova transport
thinning and atrophy of endometrial lining
Traditional progestogen-only pills work by altering cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration and for some women ovulation is also inhibited.
Desogestrel-only pill- primary mode of action is inhibition of ovulation.
POIC: inhibition of ovulation
IUCD:
Preventing fertilization by direct toxicity.
Inhibiting implantation by inflammatory reaction within endometrium.
Copper in cervical mucus inhibits sperm penetration.
IUS:
Preventing implantation by its effect on endometrium.
Changes in cervical mucus prevent ascent of spermatozoa.
Implanon:
Inhibit ovulation by preventing LH surge.
During regular POP use cervical mucus changes prevent sperm penetration into the upper genital tract and sperm in the lower genital tract do not survive for more than a few hours. Therefore sex that occurs before a missed pill does not present a risk of pregnancy and emergency contraception (EC) would not be required.
Ulipristal- selective progesterone receptor modulator
YUZPE (EE 100MCG + LNG 500mcg) method no longer use, studies demonstrate less effective compared to LNG.
LNG-IUS: lack of evidence of effectiveness.
Rare in healthy women. Around 10%
UPA has anti-glucocorticoid effect.
progestogens reduces ability of UPA to delay ovulation