This ppt is about to know the basic info how the construction took place different regions,areas and in different centuries..
This ppt may be useful for all.
This seminar was presented by me on 2008, Although the rating point changes on the past years, still the body contains many rich information and case studies related to green buildings and sustainable design.
Approval of building plans remains integral part of building design/ operation/ maintenance. It also forms integral part of architectural practice/construction industry. However the process remain both complex / cumbersome
.Process has both positivity/negativities. Process over a period of time has emerged as a distinct profession
- Involving large number of personnel’s / parastatal agencies. Generally Involves largely-- lower order technical manpower- with limited knowledge/understanding
- Involves lot of time – time intensive
Invariably delays project – delays start/completion– time over-run
Involves lot of cost- cost intensive- cost over-run
Involves practices- both ethical/unethical
-Generator of large resources for parastatal agencies. Building plan approval delay is caused by/Outcome of-- complexity of building rules/building bye-laws
Involves /outcome of-- Mis-interpretation of legal framework. Practice needs serious intervention-- to make process-transparent, objective, effective, time/cost-efficient, productive and focused.
It is all about sustainable buildings or green buildings and a brief study of some sustainable building materials we can use for making a building sustainable and green.
What is an Arch?
An arch is a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight above it.
Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.
What are the Types of Arches?
Arches have many forms, but all fall into three basic categories: Circular, pointed, and parabolic.
Arches with a circular form, also referred to as rounded arch, were commonly employed by the builders of ancient history, heavy masonry arches.
Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch to span large, open areas.
Several rounded arches placed in-line, end-to-end, form an arcade, such as the Roman aqueduct.
Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture.
The advantage to using a pointed arch, rather than a circular arch, is that the arch action in a pointed arch produces less thrust at the base.
This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, typical of Gothic architecture
Vaults are essentially "adjacent arches [that] are assembled side by side."
If vaults intersect, complex forms are produced with the intersections.
The forms, along with the "strongly expressed ribs at the vault intersections, were dominant architectural features of Gothic cathedrals."
The parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied to an arch, the internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic profile.
Of any arch type, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base, but can span the largest areas.
It is commonly used in bridge design, where long spans are needed.
General wall definition + Ancient Roman Walls materials and construction.
Note : The Presentation includes sketches done by our team in addition to the geological map .
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is equivalent to 100 mm.
Contracts and Tenders
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to each other to create same obligation between them there is said to be an agreement. An agreement which is enforceable by law is a Contract.
A Tenders is called upon for executing certain specified work, or supplying specified materials; subjected to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc. It is an offer in written form: Legally speaking, it is an offer to receive an offer for the work, within the specified financial limits.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
This seminar was presented by me on 2008, Although the rating point changes on the past years, still the body contains many rich information and case studies related to green buildings and sustainable design.
Approval of building plans remains integral part of building design/ operation/ maintenance. It also forms integral part of architectural practice/construction industry. However the process remain both complex / cumbersome
.Process has both positivity/negativities. Process over a period of time has emerged as a distinct profession
- Involving large number of personnel’s / parastatal agencies. Generally Involves largely-- lower order technical manpower- with limited knowledge/understanding
- Involves lot of time – time intensive
Invariably delays project – delays start/completion– time over-run
Involves lot of cost- cost intensive- cost over-run
Involves practices- both ethical/unethical
-Generator of large resources for parastatal agencies. Building plan approval delay is caused by/Outcome of-- complexity of building rules/building bye-laws
Involves /outcome of-- Mis-interpretation of legal framework. Practice needs serious intervention-- to make process-transparent, objective, effective, time/cost-efficient, productive and focused.
It is all about sustainable buildings or green buildings and a brief study of some sustainable building materials we can use for making a building sustainable and green.
What is an Arch?
An arch is a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight above it.
Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.
What are the Types of Arches?
Arches have many forms, but all fall into three basic categories: Circular, pointed, and parabolic.
Arches with a circular form, also referred to as rounded arch, were commonly employed by the builders of ancient history, heavy masonry arches.
Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch to span large, open areas.
Several rounded arches placed in-line, end-to-end, form an arcade, such as the Roman aqueduct.
Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture.
The advantage to using a pointed arch, rather than a circular arch, is that the arch action in a pointed arch produces less thrust at the base.
This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, typical of Gothic architecture
Vaults are essentially "adjacent arches [that] are assembled side by side."
If vaults intersect, complex forms are produced with the intersections.
The forms, along with the "strongly expressed ribs at the vault intersections, were dominant architectural features of Gothic cathedrals."
The parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied to an arch, the internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic profile.
Of any arch type, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base, but can span the largest areas.
It is commonly used in bridge design, where long spans are needed.
General wall definition + Ancient Roman Walls materials and construction.
Note : The Presentation includes sketches done by our team in addition to the geological map .
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space, in which buildings and components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of a basic unit or module, known as ‘1M’ which is equivalent to 100 mm.
Contracts and Tenders
When two or more persons have common intention communicated to each other to create same obligation between them there is said to be an agreement. An agreement which is enforceable by law is a Contract.
A Tenders is called upon for executing certain specified work, or supplying specified materials; subjected to certain terms and conditions like rates, time limit, etc. It is an offer in written form: Legally speaking, it is an offer to receive an offer for the work, within the specified financial limits.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
Presentation about architectural and civil engineering shapes by Cristina Contreras (Architectural Engineer) and Xosé Manuel Carreira (Civil Engineer). Presentation at UNED (Spanish Open University).
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the .pdfaquastore223
1. How new modern materials prompted changes in architecture in the late nineteenth century in
reference to the construction of the Crystal Palace or Eiffel Tower.
After the Baroque faded slowly away, eighteenth-century architecture consisted primarily of
revivals of previous periods. This time was to be the calm before the storm, for the approaching
Industrial Revolution was to change everything about the world as it was then, including
architecture. Previously, building materials had been restricted to a few manmade materials
along with those available in nature: timber, stone, timber, lime mortar, and concrete. Metals
were not available in sufficient quantity or consistent quality to be used as anything more than
ornamentation. Structure was limited by the capabilities of natural materials. The Industrial
Revolution changed this situation dramatically.
In 1800, the worldwide tonnage of iron produced was 825,000 tons. By 1900, with the Industrial
Revolution in full swing, worldwide production stood at 40 million tons, almost 50 times as
much. Iron was available in three forms. The least processed form, cast iron, was brittle due to a
high percentage of impurities. It still displayed impressive compressive strength, however.
Wrought iron was a more refined form of iron, malleable, though with low tensile strength. Steel
was the strongest, most versatile form of iron. Through a conversion process, all of the impurities
were burned out of the iron ore, then precise amounts of carbon were added for hardness. Steel
had tensile and compressive strength greater than any material previously available, and its
capabilities would revolutionize architecture.
This change did not happen over night. Prior to the introduction of bulk iron, architecture relied
on compressive strength to hold buildings up. Even great structures like the Chartres Cathedral
or the Parthenon were essentially orderly piles of stone. Architects were accustomed to thinking
of certain ways of creating structure, and though they glimpsed some of the possibilities of the
new materials, the first applications were made using the old ideas.
The explosion in the development of iron and steel structures was driven initially by the advance
of the railroads. Bridges were required to span gorges and rivers. In 1779, the first iron bridge
was built across the Severn River in Coalescence, England. It was not an iron bridge as we might
conceive of it today, but rather a traditional arch made of iron instead of stone. The compressive
strength of limestone is 20 tons per square foot. The compressive strength of cast iron is 10 tons
per square inch, 72 times as high, permitting significantly larger spans. Later, the truss, long used
in timber roofs, became the primary element of bridge building. A triangle is the strongest
structural element known, and applied force only makes it more stable. When a diagonal is added
to a square, the form can be viewed as two triangles sharing a side, the fundam.
A brick is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term brick denotes a block composed of dried clay, but is now also used informally to denote other chemically cured construction blocks.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Constructions(ancient present)
1.
2. People have constructed buildings and other structures since prehistory,
including bridges, theatres, dams, roads and canals, etc.
Building materials in past have a long history and some of the structures
built thousands of years ago can still be regarded as remarkable.
The history of construction overlaps that of structural engineering.
To know the buildings age we need to study archaeology.
3.
4. The first buildings were simple huts, tents and shelters meant to suit the
basic needs of protection.
5. The absence of metal tools placed limitations on the materials that could
be worked, but it was still possible to build quite elaborate stone structures
with ingenuity using dry-stone-walling techniques.
The first mud bricks, formed with the hands rather than wooden moulds,
belong to the late Neolithic period and were found in Jericho.
6. One of the largest structures of this period was the Neolithic long house
7.
8.
9. Construction in ancient
MesopotamiaThe earliest large-scale buildings for which
evidence survives have been found in
ancient Mesopotamia.
Major technical achievement is evidenced by
the construction of great cities such
as Uruk and Ur.
The Ziggurat of Ur is an outstanding building of the period, despite major
reconstruction work.
Another fine example is the ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil in modern Iran.
ZIGGURT OF UR
10. The chief building material was the mud brick, formed in wooden moulds.
Bricks varied widely in size and format from small bricks that could be
lifted in one hand to ones as big as large paving slabs.
Drawings survive on clay tablets from later periods showing that buildings
were set out on brick modules.
11. The later Mesopotamian civilizations, particularly Babylon and thence Susa,
developed glazed brickwork to a very high degree.
They used to decorate the interiors and exteriors of their buildings with
glazed bricks.
the archaeological site in 1932, before major reconstruction work undertaken by Sadam Hussein
12.
13.
14. CONSTRUCTION IN ANCIENT EGYPT
They opposed the cultures of ancient Mesopotamia which built in brick.
Egyptians constructed the huge structures in stone.
15. Adobe (sun-baked mud brick) construction was used for ancillary buildings
and normal houses in ancient times and is still commonly used in rural Egypt.
The hot, dry climate was ideal for mud-brick, which tends to wash away in
the rain.
The Ramesseum in Thebes, Egypt provides one of the finest examples
of mud brick construction.
The grandest buildings were constructed in stone, often from massive
masonry blocks.
16. Although the Egyptians achieved extraordinary feats of engineering, they
appear to have done so with relatively primitive technology.
As far as is known they did not use wheels or pulleys to transport the
huge stones.
They transported massive stones over great distances using rollers,
ropes and sledges hauled by large numbers of slaves.
17. The largest is the Great Pyramid of Giza which remained the tallest structure
in the world for 3800 years
Menkaures Pyramid, Giza
18.
19.
20. The ancient Greeks, like the Egyptians and the Mesopotamians, tended to
build most of their common buildings out of mud brick, leaving no record
behind them.
However very many structures do survive, some of which are in a very good
state of repair, although some have been partly reconstructed or
re-erected in the modern era.
The most dramatic are the Greek Temples.
Greek
temple
21. Building structures used a simple beam and column system without vaults or
arches, which based strict limits on the spans that could achieved.
Greek mathematics was technically advanced and we know for certain that
they employed and understood the principles of pulleys, which would have
enabled them to build cranes to lift heavy stonework to the upper parts of
buildings.
The ancient Greeks never developed the strong mortars which became an
important feature of Roman construction.
22.
23. In striking contrast to previous cultures, an enormous amount is known about
Roman building construction.
The great Roman breakthrough was the development of hydraulic lime mortar.
They used brick or stone to build the outer skins of the wall and then filled
the cavity with massive amounts of concrete.
They not only used it for walls but also to form arches, barrel vaults and domes
The Romans developed systems of hollow pots for making their domes and
sophisticated heating and ventilation systems for their thermal baths.
Glass was commonly used in windows.
27. Houses of the Vedic period were made of wood with bamboo rigging.
Roofs were thatched and walls were made of reed bundles in wooden
framework.
Palace and temple construction brought new challenges for the ancient
Indian builders.
28. An important piece of architecture during the Buddhist kings reigon was the
stupa.
It was moulded as large as 120 feet in diameter with a central chamber
containing relics.
The inner part of the structure made of unbaked bricks while the outer was
made of baked bricks. The outer layer was plaster.
29. Gupta temples were also made of blocks of stone.
No mortar was used in their design; in some places,
iron pegs fixed in sockets in the adjacent faces of stone
blocks held them together.
These structures could reach heights of 200 feet, and often sported a heavy
monolithic sculpture at their peak.
30. The seventeenth century saw the birth of modern science which would have
profound effects on building construction in the centuries to come.
CONSTRUCTION IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
The major breakthroughs were towards the end of the century when architect-
engineers began to use experimental science to inform the form of their
buildings.
31. The major breakthrough in this period was in the
manufacture of glass, with the first cast plate glass
being developed in France.
Most buildings had stone ashlar surfaces covering
rubble cores, held together with lime mortar.
Experiments were made mixing lime with other
materials to provide a hydraulic mortar
32. CONSTRUCTION IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
The eighteenth century saw the development of many the ideas that had
been born in the late seventeenth century.
The architects and engineers became increasingly professionalized.
At the same time the birth of the industrial revolution saw an increase in the
size of cities and increase in the pace and quantity of construction.
33. The major breakthroughs in this period was the use of iron.
In the second half of the eighteenth century the decreasing costs of iron,
production allowed the construction of major pieces of iron engineering.
The Iron Bridge at Coalbrookdale (1779) is a particularly notable example.
Brick production increased during this period. Many buildings throughout
Europe were built of brick.
34.
35. CONSTRUCTION IN NINETEENTH CENTURY
This century is also called as ‘INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AGE’
The industrial revolution was manifested in new kinds of transportation
installations, such as railways, canals and roads.
These required large amounts of investment.
New construction devices included steam engines, machine tools, explosives
and optical surveying.
As steel was mass-produced from the mid-19th
century, it was used, in form of beams and
reinforced concrete.
36.
37.
38. With the Second Industrial Revolution in the early 20th century, elevators and
cranes made high rise buildings and skyscrapers possible, while
Heavy equipments and power tools decreased the workforce needed.
Other new technologies were computer-aided design.
Trade unions were formed to protect construction workers' interests.
Personal protective equipment such as hard hats and earmuffs also came
into use.
In the end of the 20th century, ecology,
energy conservation and sustainable development
have become more important issues of construction.