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BMCT Module 1 Mumbai University ppt.pptx
- 1. CO1: To develop andimplement the conceptual knowledge of building materials in the construction industry. MODULE 1:- INTRODUCTION
- 2. Important Questions (5to 10 marks) 1. State and explain classification of building materials in brief 2. Explain in brief properties of building materials 3. What are the merits (advantages) and demerits (disadvantages) of concrete.
- 3. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS CivilEngg. Materials Electrical Engg. Materials Mechanical Engg. Materials Other Discipline Materials Natural Materials Artificial Materials Abrasive Materials Adhesive Materials Binding Materials Covering Materials
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- 6. SPECIAL MATERIALS FINISHINGMATERIALS RECYCLED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ORGANIC MATERIALS
- 7. QUALITIES OF BUILDINGMATERIALS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES MAGNETIC PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OPTICAL PROPERTIES THERMAL PROPERTIES TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
- 8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Evaluate condition of material without any externalforce acting on it. BULK DENSITY & DENSITY CHEMICAL RESISTANCE CO-EFFICIENT OF SOFTENING DENSITY INDEX DURABILITY FIRE RESISTANCE FROST RESISTANCE HYGROSCOPICITY POROSITY
- 9. REFRACTORINESS SPALLING RESISTANCE SPECIFIC HEAT THERMALCAPACITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY WATER ABSORPTION WATER PERMEABILITY WEATHERING RESISTANCE
- 10. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: Characteristics governing behaviour of material when externalforces are applied. ABRASION CREEP ELASTICITY PLASTICITY BRITTLENESS FATIGUE HARDNESS IMPACT STRENGTH STRENGTH WEAR
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- 12. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES: Ability to resist flowof electric current, applicable to different situations RESISTIVITY CONDUCTIVITY DI-ELECTRIC STRENGTH SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
- 13. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES: Materials in which magnetism canbe induced, creating magnetic field in their vicinity. Important when used in generator, transformer Permeability Coercive Force Magnetic hysteresis
- 14. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: Corrosion Resistance Chemical composition Acidityor Alkalinity Valency (Atomic composition)
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- 17. BUILDING MATERIALS &ITS SYMBOLS BRICKS STONE RUBBLE/BOU LDERS ASHLAR EXISTING BRICKS EXISTING STONE MORTAR/PLA STER ROCKS CONCRETE & EXISTING CONCRETE CINDERS SAND GLASS
- 18. UNGLAZED CLAY TILES CERAMICS TILES PLYWOOD ROUGH WOOD WOODACROSS THE GRAINS WOOD ALONG THE GRAINS GROUND LEVEL SHEET METAL STEEL & CAST IRON ALUMINIUM OIL WATER PETROL STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS FIBRE BOARD & INSULATING BOARD
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- 22. 2 A form ofconcrete dating to 6500 B.C. was discovered by archaeologists in Syria. The Image is " One of the dead towns in northern Syria” Concrete – Historical timeline 6500 BC 2 2
- 23. 3 Concrete – Historicaltimeline 6500 B.C. 3000 B.C. The earliest concrete yet discovered in Europe was developed along the Danube River in Yugoslavia. Stone age hunters /fishermen mixed red lime, sand, gravel and water to construct floors for their huts. 2 3
- 24. Chinese used cementitiousmaterials to hold bamboo together in their boats and in the Great Wall. The Chinese used concrete in Gansu Province in northwest china. "It was greenish-black in color, it was used for floors and contained a cement mixed with sand, broken pottery, bones & water” Concrete – Historical timeline 3000 BC 2 4
- 25. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 2500 BC Egyptians used mud mixed with straw to bind dried bricks. Also furthered the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for building the Pyramids. 2 5
- 26. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 800 B.C. + In 800 B.C. The Babylonians and Assyrians used a bitumen to bind stone and bricks. This allowed them to combine both large and small stone objects together. 2 6
- 27. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 600 B.C. + In 600 B.C., "The Greeks discovered a natural material on Santorini Island that developed hydraulic properties when mixed with lime. This made it possible to produce concrete that would harden under water, as well as in the air." 2 7
- 28. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 400 B.C. Petra (Greek, "city of rock"), ancient city of Arabia, southwestern Jordan. 2 8
- 29. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 300 B.C. + Romans used slaked lime a volcanic ash called pozzuolana, found near Pozzouli by the bay of Naples. + They used lime as a cementitious material. + Pliny reported a mortar mixture of 1 part lime to 4 parts sand. + Vitruvius reported a 2 parts pozzuolana to 1 part lime. Animal fat, milk, and blood were used as admixtures. 2 9
- 30. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 193 B.C. Porticus Aemelia is made of bound stones to form concrete. 3 0
- 31. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 75 B.C. Romans use a pozzolanic, hydraulic cement to build the theater at Pompeii and the Roman baths. The cement was a ground mix of lime and a volcanic ash containing silica and alumina. This volcanic material was discovered near Pozzouli, Italy, hence the name pozzolanic cement 11 3 1
- 32. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 44 B.C. The Palatine Hill is one of the most ancient parts of the city of Rome Italy It is some 70 meters high – 12 3 2
- 33. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 25 B.C. An ancient harbor at Caesarea, Israel was commissioned and built by Herod the Great. Built using hydraulic concrete to construct breakwaters. Caesarea is located half way between Tel Aviv and Haifa along the Medeterrain Sea. 13 3 3
- 34. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 79 AD. Pompeii is a ruined Roman city near modern Naples in the Italian region of Campania, in the territory of the commune of Pompeii. It was destroyed and completely buried during a catastrophic eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius on 24 Aug 79 AD 3 4
- 35. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 82 AD. The Colosseum is completed using large amounts of Roman concrete. 3 5
- 36. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 80 AD. Roman Army engineers built Aqueducts to serve many of the major cities of the empire. Shown here is a part of the original 56 mile aqueduct between Eiffel and Cologne built by the Romans in 80 AD. The inside measurements of this section are 44 inches high and 30 inches wide, with approximately 15-inch walls 16 3 6
- 37. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 700 Saxons built concrete mixers in the form of shallow bowls cast into bedrock. A beam fixed with paddles rotated about a central post hole that was human or animal powered. 3 7
- 38. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 128 AD. The Pantheon is completed. This 142 ft. diameter un- reinforced concrete dome remained the largest spanning dome until it was surpassed in 1913. It is made of aggregates that vary in density from basalt in the foundations, through brick and volcanic tuff in the upper walls, to the lightest of pumice at the top. 3 8
- 39. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Pisa Tower - Italy 1173 The height of the tower 56.70 m (186.02 ft) on the high side. The width of the walls the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) the top 2.48 m (8.14 ft). – Concrete Historical 3 9
- 40. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1824 Joseph Aspdin of England is credited with the invention of modern portland cement. He named his cement portland, after a rock quary that produced very strong stone. Portland Cement Invented 4 0
- 41. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1836 4 1 The first test of tensile and compressive strength took place in Germany Cement strength testing
- 42. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1854 William B. Wilkinson, an English plasterer, erected a small reinforced concrete two-story servant's cottage. He reinforced the concrete floor and roof with iron bars and wire rope. This is credited as the first reinforced concrete building. First reinforced concrete 4 2
- 43. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1850 1850 - The first concrete roads appeared in Austria. 1865 in England concrete road 1891 in Bellefontaine, Ohio 4 3
- 44. Concrete – Historicaltimeline vertical kilns produce Portland cement 1871 David O. Saylor established the first portland-cement plant in the United States in Pennsylvania 24 4 4
- 45. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1889 The first concrete reinforced bridge was built in San Francisco. Alvord Lake Bridge still exists today, over two hundred years Alvord Lake Bridge after it was built! 25 4 5
- 46. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1901 Arthur Henry Symons designed a column clamp to be used with job- built concrete forms Column clamp - Concrete form 26 4 6
- 47. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1902 Thomas Edison was a pioneer in the further development of Rotary Kiln the rotary kiln, which is need for continuous production of cement 27 4 7
- 48. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1904 Making first concrete block 4 8
- 49. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1904 The Ingalls building Cincinnati , Ohio Floor : 16 High: 64m 4 9
- 50. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1905 As the concrete industry begins its boom a group at the concrete convention in Indianapolis sees a need for a group to oversee the industry. The National Association of Cement Users is formed, which will later be renamed the American Concrete Institute. The groups’ objective is to promote knowledge of the art of cement, while promoting efficiency through teaching and research. 5 0
- 51. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Concrete Homes 1908 Thomas Edison designed and built the first concrete homes in Union, New Jersey 5 1
- 52. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Ready mix concrete & concrete pump 1913 The first load of ready mix was delivered in Baltimore, Maryland. The first patent for a concrete pump was filed. This made concrete transportation easy and allowed on site mixing – 32 5 2
- 53. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 3 pairs of concrete locks with floors as thick as 6.1m (20 feet) and walls as thick as 18.3 m (60 feet) at the bottom Panama Canal 1914 33 5 3
- 54. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1915 In Italy, Matte Trucco built the Fiat automobile factory Lingotti, Turin five-story reinforced concrete used. Especially , Fiat ‘s roof track 34 5 4
- 55. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1915 Colored concrete Lynn Mason Scofield the first company to produce color for concrete. 5 5
- 56. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Pre-stressed concrete 1928 Năm 1921, Eugène Freyssinet, French civil engineer built two air hangars with barabolic curved shape at Orly Airport - Paris 1928 - Eugene Freyssinet successfully develops pre-stressed concrete. 5 6
- 57. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 1936 The Hoover Dam was built along the Colorado River, bordering Arizona and Nevada. It was the largest scale concrete project ever completed. Hoover Dam 38 5 7
- 58. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Decorative Concrete Developed 1950’s Brad Bowman developed the Bomanite process, the original cast-in-place, colored, textured and imprinted architectural concrete paving, in the middle 1950's in Monterey, California. 5 8
- 59. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Concrete Sports Dome 1967 The first concrete domed sports arena, known as the Assembly Hall, was built at the University of Illinois. 5 9
- 60. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Sydney Opera House 1967 Stage I (1959–1963) consisted of building the upper podium. Stage II (1963–1967) saw the construction of the outer shells. Stage III (1967–1973) consisted of the interior design and construction. 6 0
- 61. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Fiber Reinforcement 1970’s Fiber reinforcement was introduced as a way to strengthen concrete 6 1
- 62. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Concrete countertop 1980’s Buddy Rhodes, the father of the concrete countertop, cast his first countertop in the mid '80s. Around the same time, Fu-Tung Cheng also cast his first concrete countertop 6 2
- 63. Concrete – Historicaltimeline The mid 1980’s - Japan: the development of self-compacting 1993 – Sweden : Research into self-compacting concrete, vibrating-free concrete, Europe’s first bridge built of self-com-pacting concrete was Swedish. Self-compacting concrete 1980’s 6 3
- 64. Concrete – Historicaltimeline 311 South Wacker Drive - Chicago, High: 293 m Floors: 65 1990 6 4
- 65. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lampur, Malasia High: 452 m Floors: 88 1996 6 5
- 66. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Portland Cement Association said at least 104 million tons of concrete was recycled in 1997 in the United States. Late twentieth century sees the development of mobile concrete recycling Recycled concrete 1997 machines. 6 6
- 67. Concrete – Historicaltimeline As part of the seismic retrofit design of the Richmond - San Rafael Bridge, Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. developed a concept of using precast concrete jackets to strengthen the existing concrete piers. Unlike steel jackets, concrete jackets can be designed to resist corrosion in the aggressive tidal-splash zone for the remaining 100-year life expectancy of the bridge. 1998 6 7
- 68. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Sunniberg Bridge, Switzerland An extradosed bridge employs a structure that is frequently described as a cross between a girder bridge and a cable stayed bridge 1998 6 8
- 69. Concrete – Historicaltimeline HTC, originally a Swedish company, introduced concrete polishing to the United States. The first installation in the US was a 40,000-square-foot warehouse floor for the Bellagio in Las Vegas. The popularity of polished concrete has soared in just the few short years it has been Polished concrete 1999 around, it is now being used in even residential homes 6 9
- 70. Concrete – Historicaltimeline BIG DIG - Boston 10-lane asymmetrical bridge that spans the Boston skyline. At 185 feet it is the largest cable-stayed bridge and the first of its kind in the US. It also has a pre-cast tunnel system that will serve as 2000 Boston's artery connecting to Heathrow airport 7 0
- 71. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Jubilee Church, Rome, Italy 2003 7 1
- 72. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge, Boston. 2003 7 2
- 73. 54 Concrete – Concrete –Historical timeline Auditorium De Tenerife, Santiago Calatrava, Canary Islands, Spain 2003 Historical 7 3
- 74. Concrete – 55 Concrete– Historical timeline Milau Viaduct. 2005 Tallest concrete bridge piers in the world at 200m. Historical 7 4
- 75. Concrete – Historicaltimeline China's Three Gorges Dam High: 185 m Long: 1983 m Reservoir : 660 km 2009 7 5
- 76. Concrete – Historicaltimeline Burj Khalifa - Dubai High: 828 m Floors: 162 2010 7 6
- 77. LIMITATIONS TO CONCRETE Concreteis Quasi-brittle Material Low Tensile Strength Due to low tensile strength, concrete is required to be reinforced to avoid cracks. Concrete has Low Toughness Concrete has Low specific strength Formwork is Required Long curing time Demands Strict Quality Control In long structures expansion joints are required to be provided if there is large temperature variance in the area. Construction joints are provided to avoid cracks due to drying shrinkage and moisture- expansion.
- 78. NEED FOR CONCRETE EnvironmentalImportance of Concrete Versatility Durability Strength
- 79. MERITS OF CONCRETE Availabilityof concrete ingredients easily. Easy handling and moulding of concrete into any shape. Easy transportation from the place of mixing to place of casting before initial set takes place. Ability to pump/spray to fill into cracks and lining of tunnels. When reinforced, all types of the structures are made possible from an ordinary lintel to massive fly overs Monolithic character gives better appearance and much rigidity to the structure. The property of concrete to possess high compressive strength, makes a concrete structure more economical than that of steel structure.