The purpose of the present study is to develop and validate a Scale to measures student E-Learning Resources Access. The author undertook the following steps to build the scale: Developing a preliminary draft, Tryout, reliability and validity, Item analysis and Final draft of the scale. The Scale was administered to 110 Arts and Science College students enrolled in Under Graduate courses from Thiruvallur and Vellore Districts of Tamilnadu. The results of the study revealed that the E-Learning Resources Access Scale (ELRAS) has high level of reliability and validity.
Keywords: E-learning resources access Scale, Under Graduate students, Arts and Science students, Item analysis, reliability, validity
Knowledge representation and Predicate logicAmey Kerkar
This presentation is specifically designed for the in depth coverage of predicate logic and the inference mechanism :resolution algorithm.
feel free to write to me at : amecop47@gmail.com
Unit4 Proof of Correctness, Statistical Tools, Clean Room Process and Quality...Reetesh Gupta
Program Testing
Seeks to show that particular input values produce acceptable output values.
Testing can prove the presence of errors but never their absence
It is a major part of software development (some tools could help, e.g.. Junit in Eclipse, a java IDE)
Knowledge representation and Predicate logicAmey Kerkar
This presentation is specifically designed for the in depth coverage of predicate logic and the inference mechanism :resolution algorithm.
feel free to write to me at : amecop47@gmail.com
Unit4 Proof of Correctness, Statistical Tools, Clean Room Process and Quality...Reetesh Gupta
Program Testing
Seeks to show that particular input values produce acceptable output values.
Testing can prove the presence of errors but never their absence
It is a major part of software development (some tools could help, e.g.. Junit in Eclipse, a java IDE)
Project Evaluation and Estimation in Software DevelopmentProf Ansari
Cost-benefit analysis
It mainly comprise two steps
Identify and estimating all of the costs and benefits of carrying out the project and operating the delivered application.
Expressing these costs and benefits in common units
We need to evaluate the net benefit, that is, the difference between the total benefit and the total benefit and the total cost of creating and operating the system.
We can categorize cost according to where they originate in the life of the project.
I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D U C A T I O N A L S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A...S. Raj Kumar
Present scenario, E-learning resources gain access to classrooms around the world at an extremely rapid pace. In the wake of this influx, educators face growing challenges as they teach a much “wired” and more and more “wireless” generation of students using technology that is evolving every day. This paper deals with the electronic resources (E-Resources) and their different types. The information seeking behavior of students, researchers and faculty in the electronic milieu are thrashing out in detail, looks at the E- resources created by some organizations are highlighted for access. The main objective of the present Study is to find out the study on E-learning Resources Access and Academic Performance among Under Graduate Students. Normative Survey method was adopted to collect the relevant data for the present study. The tool E-learning Resources Scale (ELRAS) developed and standardized by S. Raja kumar and P. Pachaiyappan, was used to collect data for the present study. The Researcher randomly selected 330 Under Graduate Students studying in Government, Government Aided and Private Colleges in and around Vellore and Thiruvallur District of Tamilnadu. The result existing study was done in order to find the E-Learning Resources Access and Academic Performance of under Graduate Students on the whole it perceived the data explores several factors which are significant in parenteral annual income of E-learning Resources Access and the study Academic performance is significant in Stream and E-device using hours of undergraduate students. Keywords: E-learning, E-resources, E- Access, Academic performance, Under-graduate Students.
A Survey on E-Learning System with Data MiningIIRindia
E-learning process has been widely used in university campus and educational institutions are playing vital role to enhance the skill set of students. Modern E-learning done by many electronic devices, such as smartphones, Tabs, and so on, on existing E-learning tools is insufficient to achieve the purpose of online training of education. This paper presents a survey of online e-Learning authoring tools for creating and integrating reusable e-learning tool for generation and enhancing existing learning resources with them. The work concentrates on evaluation of the existing e-learning tools a, and authoring tools that have shown good performance in the past for online learners. This survey work takes more than 20 online tools that deal with the educational sector mechanism, for the purpose of observations, and the outcome were analyzed. The findings of this paper are the main reason for developing a new tool, and it shows that educators can enhance existing learning resources by adding assessment resources, if suitable authoring tools are provided. Finally, the different factors that assure the reusability of the created new e-learning tool has been analysed in this paper.E-learning environment is a guide for both students and tutorial management system. The useful on the e-learning system for apart from students and distance learning students. The purpose of using e-learning environment for online education system, developed in data mining for more number of clustering servers and resource chain has been good.
Affective e-learning approaches, technology and implementation model: a syste...IJECEIAES
A systematic literature study including articles from 2016 to 2022 was done to evaluate the various approaches, technologies, and implementation models involved in measuring student engagement during learning. The review’s objective was to compile and analyze all studies that investigated how instructors can gauge students’ mental states while teaching and assess the most effective teaching methods. Additionally, it aims to extract and assess expanded methodologies from chosen research publications to offer suggestions and answers to researchers and practitioners. Planning, carrying out the analysis, and publishing the results have all received significant attention in the research approach. The study’s findings indicate that more needs to be done to evaluate student participation objectively and follow their development for improved academic performance. Physiological approaches should be given more support among the alternatives. While deep learning implementation models and contactless technology should interest more researchers. And, the recommender system should be integrated into e-learning system. Other approaches, technologies, and methodology articles, on the other hand, lacked authenticity in conveying student feeling.
Project Evaluation and Estimation in Software DevelopmentProf Ansari
Cost-benefit analysis
It mainly comprise two steps
Identify and estimating all of the costs and benefits of carrying out the project and operating the delivered application.
Expressing these costs and benefits in common units
We need to evaluate the net benefit, that is, the difference between the total benefit and the total benefit and the total cost of creating and operating the system.
We can categorize cost according to where they originate in the life of the project.
I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D U C A T I O N A L S C I E N T I F I C R E S E A...S. Raj Kumar
Present scenario, E-learning resources gain access to classrooms around the world at an extremely rapid pace. In the wake of this influx, educators face growing challenges as they teach a much “wired” and more and more “wireless” generation of students using technology that is evolving every day. This paper deals with the electronic resources (E-Resources) and their different types. The information seeking behavior of students, researchers and faculty in the electronic milieu are thrashing out in detail, looks at the E- resources created by some organizations are highlighted for access. The main objective of the present Study is to find out the study on E-learning Resources Access and Academic Performance among Under Graduate Students. Normative Survey method was adopted to collect the relevant data for the present study. The tool E-learning Resources Scale (ELRAS) developed and standardized by S. Raja kumar and P. Pachaiyappan, was used to collect data for the present study. The Researcher randomly selected 330 Under Graduate Students studying in Government, Government Aided and Private Colleges in and around Vellore and Thiruvallur District of Tamilnadu. The result existing study was done in order to find the E-Learning Resources Access and Academic Performance of under Graduate Students on the whole it perceived the data explores several factors which are significant in parenteral annual income of E-learning Resources Access and the study Academic performance is significant in Stream and E-device using hours of undergraduate students. Keywords: E-learning, E-resources, E- Access, Academic performance, Under-graduate Students.
A Survey on E-Learning System with Data MiningIIRindia
E-learning process has been widely used in university campus and educational institutions are playing vital role to enhance the skill set of students. Modern E-learning done by many electronic devices, such as smartphones, Tabs, and so on, on existing E-learning tools is insufficient to achieve the purpose of online training of education. This paper presents a survey of online e-Learning authoring tools for creating and integrating reusable e-learning tool for generation and enhancing existing learning resources with them. The work concentrates on evaluation of the existing e-learning tools a, and authoring tools that have shown good performance in the past for online learners. This survey work takes more than 20 online tools that deal with the educational sector mechanism, for the purpose of observations, and the outcome were analyzed. The findings of this paper are the main reason for developing a new tool, and it shows that educators can enhance existing learning resources by adding assessment resources, if suitable authoring tools are provided. Finally, the different factors that assure the reusability of the created new e-learning tool has been analysed in this paper.E-learning environment is a guide for both students and tutorial management system. The useful on the e-learning system for apart from students and distance learning students. The purpose of using e-learning environment for online education system, developed in data mining for more number of clustering servers and resource chain has been good.
Affective e-learning approaches, technology and implementation model: a syste...IJECEIAES
A systematic literature study including articles from 2016 to 2022 was done to evaluate the various approaches, technologies, and implementation models involved in measuring student engagement during learning. The review’s objective was to compile and analyze all studies that investigated how instructors can gauge students’ mental states while teaching and assess the most effective teaching methods. Additionally, it aims to extract and assess expanded methodologies from chosen research publications to offer suggestions and answers to researchers and practitioners. Planning, carrying out the analysis, and publishing the results have all received significant attention in the research approach. The study’s findings indicate that more needs to be done to evaluate student participation objectively and follow their development for improved academic performance. Physiological approaches should be given more support among the alternatives. While deep learning implementation models and contactless technology should interest more researchers. And, the recommender system should be integrated into e-learning system. Other approaches, technologies, and methodology articles, on the other hand, lacked authenticity in conveying student feeling.
Adoption of technology on E-learning effectivenessjournalBEEI
The incorporation of E-learning in both private and public tertiary education can help expedite the learning process. The utilization of fast-paced technology with E-learning also allows for a more flexible and convenient learning process. E-learning platforms can be accessed anywhere as long as there is an internet connection, including at home, the workplace, restaurants or while travelling. This allows for the benefit of distance learning. As such, the current study aims to examine the factor effectiveness of E-learning based on three variables, namely technology, instructors’ characteristics and students’ characteristics and their impact on distance learning. The education system has greatly evolved from the use of apparatus such as chalk and blackboards to the modern use of projectors to conduct lessons. In the current age, E-learning will have an effect on both instructors and teaching technology, aside from the students themselves. As an example, students are expected to know how to utilize these systems in their lessons, instructors must receive training in E-learning systems management and in terms of technology, the E-learning systems must be updated and operated using the most recent upgrades. E-learning is also cost-efficient, less time consuming and reduces the burden on both students and educators.
The notion of digital literacy has become the trend in any field, including this research. This research aimed to find the level of digital literacy and adequate and inadequate domains in each pre-service teachers of English education digital literacy group. Quantitative research with digital competence framework or DCF then adjusted and validated through the expert judgment by Aiken V as the main questionnaire occurred to measure the level of digital literacy. Indonesia and Thailand pre-service teacher in various universities participated in this research. The research found that: i) The most level of digital literacy whether in Indonesia and Thailand, the pre-service teacher has an intermediate level followed by basic and advanced and ii) The researcher claims ‘information’ as an inadequate domain and ‘implement tech to learning’ as the adequate domain in each level of digital literacy. Further research is needed to examine effectiveness of project-based learning, problem-based learning, and case study in enhancing digital literacy through qualitative and quantitative research.
Extent of Utilization of E-Learning Resources for Instructional Delivery by O...Premier Publishers
The need to equip prospective office technology managers with competencies for sustained relevance in the era of office automation necessitated the study to determine the extent e-learning resources are utilized for instructional delivery by Office Technology and Management lecturers in polytechnics in South-East Nigeria. One research question guided the study and two null hypotheses were tested. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population of 80 lecturers in all the public polytechnics in the area was studied without sampling because the size was small. A 5-point rating scale questionnaire containing 23 items, and validated by experts was used for data collection. Pilot test was used to establish the reliability of the instrument with Cronbach Alpha and a reliability coefficient value of 0.79 was obtained. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research question and determine the homogeneity of the respondents’ views while the hypotheses were tested with t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that the lecturers rarely utilize e-learning resources for instructional delivery. Based on the findings, it was concluded that inadequate utilization of e-learning resources in the programme is a major contributory factor to the ineffective duty performance of the products in offices of the current era. Consequently, it was recommended that management of the polytechnics should sponsor their lecturers to short time courses and conferences to equip them with competencies for e-learning utilization in order to improve the quality of their products.
WHY DO LEARNERS CHOOSE ONLINE LEARNING THE LEARNERS’ VOI.docxmansonagnus
WHY DO LEARNERS CHOOSE ONLINE LEARNING:
THE LEARNERS’ VOICES
Hale Ilgaz and Yasemin Gulbahar
Ankara University, Distance Education Center, 06830 Golbasi, Ankara, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Offering many advantages to adult learners, e-Learning is now being recognized - and preferred - by more and more
people, resulting in an increased number of distance learners in recent years. Numerous research studies focus on learner
preferences for online learning, with most converging around the individual characteristics and differences, if not the
features of the technology and pedagogy used. For Turkey, the situation is also similar, with the number of adult learners
who prefer online learning increasing each year due to several reasons. The result of this is an increase in the number of
online programs offered by many universities. Hence, this research study has been conducted to reveal the prevailing
factors causing learners to choose online learning. Through this qualitative research regarding online learners in a state
university, it is found that having a full time job, accessibility and flexibility, individual responsibility, effective time
management, physical distance, institutional prestige, disability are the common factors for under graduate and graduate
learners in their preference for online learning. Awareness of these factors can support the stakeholders while designing
e-Learning from both technological and pedagogical points of view.
KEYWORDS
Online learning, preferences, expectations
1. INTRODUCTION
Offering many advantages to adult learners, e-Learning is now being recognized - and preferred - by more
and more people, resulting in an increased number of distance learners in recent years. Emphasizing that
distance education has a bright and promising future, Zawacki-Richter and Naidu (2016) stress that, “In fact,
there has never been a better time to be in the field of open, flexible, distance and online education than
now!” (p. 20).
The commonly discussed factors that make online learning attractive for adults are: independence from
time and place; accessibility, and; economic reasons. With the MOOC movement, extremely high quality
online courses are now being delivered to learners by many well-known universities. Moreover, many
universities are either providing online programs or courses as a support to traditional instruction, in the form
of blended learning, flipped classes, etc. Indeed, there are almost no universities left who don’t benefit from
these advantages of technology usage and its support in teaching-learning processes.
A variety of reasons might account for these learning preferences. Çağlar and Turgut (2014) attempted to
identify the effective factors for the e-learning preferences of university students; they concluded that,
“Efficient usage of time and reduced educational expenses were found to be on top of the list as the most
valued advantages of e-learning” (p. 46). ...
Review of monitoring tools for e learning platformsijcsit
The advancement of e-learning technologies has made it viable for developments in education and
technology to be combined in order to fulfil educational needs worldwide. E-learning consists of informal
learning approaches and emerging technologies to support the delivery of learning skills, materials,
collaboration and knowledge sharing. E-learning is a holistic approach that covers a wide range of
courses, technologies and infrastructures to provide an effective learning environment. The Learning
Management System (LMS) is the core of the entire e-learning process along with technology, content, and
services. This paper investigates the role of model-driven personalisation support modalities in providing
enhanced levels of learning and trusted assimilation in an e-learning delivery context. We present an
analysis of the impact of an integrated learning path that an e-learning system may employ to track
activities and evaluate the performance of learners.
Implementing e-learning in far western region of Nepal by Gajendra Sharma* and Mahesh Prashad Bhatta in Crimson Publishers: Electronics and Telecommunications
The rapid developments of internet and communication technologies have materially altered many characteristics and concepts of the learning environment. E-learning has started to make way into developing countries and is believed to have huge potential for governments struggling to meet a growing demand for education while facing shortage of expert teachers, shortage of update textbooks and limited teaching materials. The objective of this study is to determine the major challenges of implementing e-learning systems in far western region of Nepal. The results of this study will serve as a basic for improving higher education in developing countries. There are many commercial or free e-learning systems available on the market. Most of these e-learning systems provide lot of functionality and modules. Some courses are completely based on e-learning resources instead of traditional learning model. E-learning system also offers graphs and charts of student’s results. This system is based on linear workflow. That means students can see new learning resources and tests only after previous was done. Students can also create their own learning plan by defining dates. System is able to export this plan into general calendar format or remind students via e-mail.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/cojec/fulltext/COJEC.000514.php
For More open access journals in Crimson Publishers
please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For More Articles on Electronics and Telecommunications
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/cojec
Using a VLE to Enhance Assessment for Learning Mathematics in School ScectorIJMIT JOURNAL
This paper investigates the use of VLE in enhancing or supporting assessment for learning mathematics by the KS4 students with special education needs in the London borough secondary school. The main challenge in teaching and learning of mathematics is to provide the special education needs students with extensive support structure that is associated with their subject area. As part of continuous teaching and learning, many schools in the UK have embraced Assessment for learning as an effective and efficient way of providing students, their teachers and their home schools with feedback and feed forward. A virtual learning environment (VLE), which is an electronic system, provides online interaction of various kinds that can take place between learners and tutors, including online learning and assessment [1]. A VLE as a platform for teaching and learning supports assessment for learning (AfL), encourages personalised and collaborative learning, enabling students to carry out peer and self assessment of mathematics course within a unified supportive environment online. Evidence from literature suggests that VLE supports out of school hours of learning, and that the special education needs learners who do not respond well to the formal structure of learning within the school system take an active part in learning in informal settings. The finding presents key issues related to mathematics teaching and assessment for learning using a VLE, based on the perspectives of the special education needs (SENs) students in the school sector. The students who received in-class feedback and feed-forward during mathematics lesson, and through the VLE (Fronter) platform, moved their learning forward and much quicker when compared with students who only received feedback in class. Correspondingly, the instant feedback provided by a VLE after the Observation stage was greatly valued by the SENs students who used this period to take greater responsibility for personal learning. In general, the finding suggests that a VLE effectively enhances assessment for Learning by offering instant feedback and feed-forward to the SENs students who, now began to take responsibility for their own learning, and have also been motivated to correct their work. Furthermore, evidence of teacher – student interactivity which facilitates greater understanding of mathematical concepts is highlighted by the study.
Educational and Technological Standards of Educational Software Based on Inte...iosrjce
This research aims This research aimed to provide good standards for the design and development of
educational software based on the Internet, which could benefit the organizers of the design and development of
educational software, from the point of view of educational technology lecturers, and educational software
designers at Al-Aqsa University Gaza-Palestine. The researcher used the descriptive analytical method during
the application of research on a sample of specialized lecturers in education technology. The researchers
designed the study tool in the form of a questionnaire. Its validity and reliability has been verified. Researchers
have achieved a list of educational and technological standards of educational software based on internet.
Bridging the gap of the educational system across different countries through...PhD Assistance
The gap in the educational system has been a major drawback globally. The idea and concept of E-Learning have been evolved as a result of many kinds of Research. E-learning has assisted in closing this gap. The main goal of the study is to offer quality education through e-learning by assessing the effectiveness of e-learning mode. The focus has been to assess the e-learning potential to provide a quality education through electronic means and also to evaluate the scope of e-learning. E-learning provides a better standard of living for students across the world. This paper deals with improving the student’s quality of education and their standard of living
Visite : https://www.phdassistance.com/blog/
Contact Us:
UK NO: +44-1143520021
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Email: info@phdassistance.com
A case study is a comprehensive study of a social unit of society,which may be a person,family group, institution, community or event. A case study focuses attention on a single unit thoroughly. The aim is that to find out the influencing factors of a social unit and the relationship between these factors and a social unit.
Interview is an important technique to elicit personal information from the subject in face to face contact. On the basis of interview results most of the selection for different jobs and admission in various courses are made.
An infographics basically an artistic representation of data and information using different elements such as:
Graphs,
Pictures,
Diagrams,
Narrative,
Timelines,
Check lists, etc.
Play allows children to use their creativity while developing their imagination, dexterity, and physical, cognitive, and emotional strength. Play is important to healthy brain development. It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them
Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others.
David Kolb published his learning styles model in 1984.
The model gave rise to related terms such as Kolb's experiential learning theory (ELT), and Kolb's learning styles inventory (LSI).
In his publications - notably his 1984 book 'Experiential Learning: Experience As The Source Of Learning And Development' Kolb acknowledges the early work on experiential learning by others in the 1900's, including Rogers, Jung, and Piaget.
In turn, Kolb's learning styles model and experiential learning theory are today acknowledged by academics, teachers, managers and trainers as truly seminal works; fundamental concepts towards our understanding and explaining human learning behaviour, and towards helping others to learn.
For this, assessment of learning, particularly the formative assessment helps to a great extent.
Formative assessment that is employed during the teaching of every unit in the subject, aims at improving student learning.
Assessment for promoting better learningS. Raj Kumar
Assessment of student learning is not an end in itself. i.e assessment does not stop with evaluating students learning achievement and grading their performance based on the findings of assessment of student-learning.
The teacher is required to provide students appropriate feedback enabling them to know the shortcomings in their learning and the means and methods of removing them Because teacher providing feedback to students is considered as an integral part of the assessment of student learning.
The concept of ‘appraisal for learning’ emphasizes that appraisal is an opportunity for teachers to learn about their effectiveness.
Teaching and learning helps teachers understand their own practice and as a result ,improve the quality of student learning.
All students including those with different kinds of disabilities
Special children should get all the benefits like normal children, involved in academic and non-academic activities.
Examination is the important focal point in education system.
Parents and teachers and educationist expressing their opinion about examination reforms.
Important reasons are following to reform the present system of examination.
Open book exams allow you to take notes. texts or resource materials into an exam hall.
They test the student’s ability to find and apply information and knowledge. so are often used in subjects requiring direct reference to written materials like law students. statistics or acts to govt. rules.
Tools and Techniques for Classroom Assessment - Observation S. Raj Kumar
Keenly watching or viewing the external behaviour of persons in appropriate situation, controlled or uncontrolled.
Young defined, it’s a careful technique and viewing of selected situation and recording then and there, what is perceived.
Assessment plays an important role in the teaching-learning process. Some of the important types of assessment are
Practice-based assessment
Evidence-based assessment
Performance-based assessment
Examination based assessment
Rote learning can be defined as a memorization technique based on repeating the material again and again till you get through with it and begin to memorize.
The idea behind the rote learning is that one will be able to quickly recall the meaning of the material the more one repeats it. Some of the alternatives to rote learning include meaningful learning, associative learning, and active learning.
Rote learning is generally based on only repeating of the topics, and not the clear understanding of the topics. Rote learning methods are generally used when quick memorization is required, such as learning one's lines in a play or memorizing a telephone number, also some students opt for rote learning instead of meaningful learning method with the clear understanding of the subject.
Rote learning is widely used in the mastery of foundational knowledge.
Continuous and Comprehensive EvaluationS. Raj Kumar
Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation(CCE) refers to a system of school-based evaluation of students that covers all aspects of students’ development.
It is a developmental process 0f assessment which emphasizes on two fold objectives.
Active learning is a form of learning in which teaching strives to involve students in the learning process more directly than in other methods
The term active learning "was introduced by the English scholar R W Revans (1907–2003).
Active learning is a process whereby students engage in activities, such as reading, writing, discussion, or problem solving that promote analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of class content.
Principles related to selection of methods for assessment 2S. Raj Kumar
Assessment is directed toward the development and selection of assessment methods
and their use in the classroom by teachers. Based on the conceptual framework provided in the
Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students (1990), it is
organized around five interrelated themes:
I. Developing and Choosing Methods for Assessment
II. Collecting Assessment Information
III. Judging and Scoring Student Performance
IV. Summarizing and Interpreting Results
V. Reporting Assessment Findings
The Joint Advisory Committee acknowledges that not all of the guidelines are equally
applicable in all circumstances. However, consideration of the full set of principles and
guidelines within Assessment should help to achieve fairness and equity for the students to be
assessed
Principles related to selection of methods for assessmentS. Raj Kumar
Assessment is directed toward the development and selection of assessment methods
and their use in the classroom by teachers. Based on the conceptual framework provided in the
Standards for Teacher Competence in Educational Assessment of Students (1990), it is
organized around five interrelated themes:
I. Developing and Choosing Methods for Assessment
II. Collecting Assessment Information
III. Judging and Scoring Student Performance
IV. Summarizing and Interpreting Results
V. Reporting Assessment Findings
The Joint Advisory Committee acknowledges that not all of the guidelines are equally
applicable in all circumstances. However, consideration of the full set of principles and
guidelines within Assessment should help to achieve fairness and equity for the students to be
assessed
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Construction and validation of e-learning resources access scale (ELRAS)
1. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education and Research
71
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education and Research
ISSN: 2455-4588; Impact Factor: RJIF 5.12
www.educationjournal.in
Volume 2; Issue 2; March 2016; Page No. 71-73
Construction and validation of e-learning resources access scale (ELRAS)
S Raja kumar, P Pachaiyappan
Assistant Professor, GRT College of Education, Tiruttani, Thiruvallur District, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to develop and validate a Scale to measures student E-Learning Resources Access. The author
undertook the following steps to build the scale: Developing a preliminary draft, Tryout, reliability and validity, Item analysis and
Final draft of the scale. The Scale was administered to 110 Arts and Science College students enrolled in Under Graduate courses
from Thiruvallur and Vellore Districts of Tamilnadu. The results of the study revealed that the E-Learning Resources Access Scale
(ELRAS) has high level of reliability and validity.
Keywords: E-learning resources access Scale, Under Graduate students, Arts and Science students, Item analysis, reliability, validity.
Introduction
As the utilize of e-learning is becoming more and more
widespread in higher education it has become increasingly
important to examine the impact that this learning style has on
student’s performance. An e-resource is any information supply
that the access to in an electronic arrangement. Many of the
peoples subscribe to countless electronic information resources
in classify to make available with access to at no cost or charge.
E-resources include lots of things: full-text journals,
newspapers, company information, dictionaries, e-books, trade
and industry data, encyclopedias, industry profiles, digital
images, career information, market research, etc.
Advances in technology are becoming most significant part of
the learning and teaching all over the universal. It is across the
world thought that new technologies can make a big difference
in education. In particular, students can interact with new media,
and improve their skills, knowledge, and perception of the
world, under their teachers’ monitoring, of course. E-learning
for the instance, is the computer and network-enabled transfer of
skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes
include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual
education opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is
delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape,
satellite TV, Android / ios mobile phone, tablet, and CD-ROM.
It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the
form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio.
Many supporters of e-learning believe that everyone must be
equipped with basic knowledge in technology, as well as use it
as a medium to reach a particular goal (Jayant Deshpande, 2015)
[6]
.
In the context of the wider education community, the use of the
term e-learning has historically had wider connotations that
embrace a diverse range of practices, technologies, and
theoretical positions. It is not only focused on online contexts
and includes the full range of computer – based learning plot
forms and delivery methods, games, formats, and media such as
multimedia, educational programming, simulations, games and
the use of new media on fixed and mobile plat forms across all
discipline areas. It is often characterized by active learner-
centered pedagogies (Hard, 1991; McDougall & Betts, 1997).
Review of Related Literature
Anisur Rahman (2011) studied Challenges for International
Students in Using Electronic Resources in the Learning Centre
it is found that students from countries closely culturally related
to Norway are more familiar or apt with library environment and
teaching style than students from countries culturally distant
from Norway. It is significant that library anxiety or barriers
with staff, judging from the results of the interviews, were
absent. The students overwhelmingly confirmed that they were
happy with the assistance of library staff and that they were
comfortable with using the 24/7 computer availability, printing
and drop box facilities for return the borrowed items.
Nu’man M. Al-Musawi (2014) [9]
Developed and Validated of a
Scale to Measure Student Attitudes Towards E-learning The
Scale was administered to 200 students enrolled in e-learning
courses at the Universities of Bahrain and Kuwait. The results
of the study demonstrated high levels of validity and reliability
of the developed measure.
Signe Schack Noesgaard and Rikke Orngreen (2015) studied the
Effectiveness of E-Learning: An Explorative and Integrative
Review of the Definitions, Methodologies and Factors that
Promote e-Learning Effectiveness. E-Learning and traditional
face-to face learning should be measured according to the same
definitions of and approaches to effectiveness, ending with a call
for learning designers and researchers to target their
measurement efforts to counting what counts for them and their
stakeholders.
D. H. Kisanga and G. Ireson (2016) [7]
develop and validated the
study Test of e-Learning Related Attitudes (TeLRA) scale:
Development, reliability and validity study. The results reveals
that the development and validation of a scale of teachers’
attitude to e-learning. Whilst being initially developed to assess
the attitude of teachers in HLIs the authors belief, having piloted
with pre-service trainee teachers in England that the scale
transfers across national boundaries. The final instrument
contains 37 items with a Cronbach alpha score of 0.857.
Although the developed attitude scale was intended for use in
HLIs, it can also be of interest to researchers investigating
attitudes on other sectors.
2. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education and Research
72
Statement of the Problem
A number of e-learning initiatives have been put in place to
assist in the development training and use of electronic
resources. Hence the Present study stated as Construction and
Validation of E-Learning Resources Access Scale (ELRAS).
Need and Significance of the Study
In the 21st
century is regarded as technological century all
information’s are stored in the clouds. So that access an
electronic resource for collecting the information is necessary
for every learner. The students how much they are access the e-
learning resources for their academic purposes and it may be
facilitate to their learning and academic performance.
Technology is a mediator of change and major technological
innovations can result in entire paradigm shifts. The
technological revolution poses terrific challenges to the
educators to change their basic system of belief, to apply
technology in creative way to redesign learning in education.
After affecting extensive changes in the way people
communicate and do business, the Internet is poised to bring
about a paradigm shift in the way people learn. Now-a day’s
anywhere, anytime education is possible. The practice of
providing education with the help of modern technologies is
termed as e-Learning. It is dynamic, operates in real time,
empowering, individual and comprehensive, effective and
quick. E-learning resources is a combination of content and
instructional methods delivered by media elements such as
words and graphics on a computer intended to build job-
transferable knowledge and skills linked to individual learning
goals or organizational performance. The Major benefit of e-
Learning resources is that it is eco-friendly because it takes place
in a virtual environment and thus avoids travelling and reduces
the usage of papers. The learners are well aware of the E-
Learning Resources Access ways then only the learners like
students, teachers and others will be enormously benefited in the
future. Developing the positive attitude E-Learning Resources
Access of students and teachers is the need of the technological
era.
Objective
To construct and to validate a new Scale namely, the E-Learning
Resources Access Scale (ELRAS)
Sample
The data of the sample as many as 110 college students studying
in the Arts and science colleges in Thiruvallur and Vellore
district of Tamilnadu, India. Random sampling technique has
been used in the process of data collection from the sample.
Method of the Study
Normative survey method has been used in the present study.
Tools Description
The pilot study was conducted 110 college students studying in
the Arts and science colleges in Thiruvallur and Vellore district
of Tamilnadu, India. Random sampling technique has been used
in the process of data collection. Before conducting pilot study
the researcher got the permission to the principles of the various
arts and science colleges. This tool available to measure the E-
Learning Resources Access constructed and validated by the
investigators. The tool ELRAS in the construction of the four
point rating scale is the collection of a data from undergraduate
arts and science college students. Initially the scale consists of
41 statements revealing the E-Learning Resources Access. The
research tool was given to the experts in the field of Educational
technology and ICT. According to the expert opinion and pilot
study some of the items were modified and re structured final
draft of the scale.
The next step in the construction and validation of E-Learning
Resources Access Scale after pilot study is to find out Item-Total
Statistics value of each statement which forms the basis for item
selection in order to buildup the final Scale. The pilot study item
analysis, 37 items were selected for the final draft of the scale
and 4 items were subject to rejected.
The Scale scored the response to each statement on a ranging
from “Always” “often” “sometime” “Never”. The different
points on the Scale are allotted subjective weights.
For example
4, 3, 2 and 1 scored as “Always” response to “Never” for the
positive statements respectively.
Construction of E-Learning Resources Access Scale
Table 1: Item-Total Statistics
Question
Numbers
Mean
if Item
Deleted
Variance
if Item
Deleted
Corrected
Item-Total
Correlation
Cronbach's
Alpha if
Item
Deleted
Remarks
Q1 89.69 379.390 0.597 0.905 Selected
Q2 90.10 377.210 0.642 0.904 Selected
Q3 89.75 375.880 0.671 0.904 Selected
Q4 89.91 374.817 0.635 0.904 Selected
Q5 89.85 378.829 0.599 0.905 Selected
Q6 89.40 378.389 0.548 0.905 Selected
Q7 89.08 388.920 0.252 0.909 Selected
Q8 89.71 376.227 0.556 0.905 Selected
Q9 89.95 380.172 0.515 0.905 Selected
Q10 89.69 384.216 0.380 0.907 Selected
Q11 90.08 382.369 0.426 0.907 Selected
Q12 89.33 388.057 0.275 0.908 Selected
Q13 89.95 379.989 0.537 0.905 Selected
Q14 89.73 383.136 0.417 0.907 Selected
Q15 88.71 406.025 0.153 0.913 Rejected
Q16 89.45 396.305 0.060 0.912 Rejected
Q17 90.15 389.104 0.253 0.909 Selected
Q18 89.72 382.039 0.444 0.906 Selected
Q19 89.60 380.591 0.425 0.907 Selected
Q20 89.96 378.494 0.583 0.905 Selected
Q21 89.79 382.699 0.386 0.907 Selected
Q22 89.72 374.645 0.586 0.904 Selected
Q23 89.82 378.389 0.516 0.905 Selected
Q24 89.91 378.946 0.438 0.906 Selected
Q25 89.76 374.953 0.556 0.905 Selected
Q26 89.62 381.669 0.470 0.906 Selected
Q27 89.72 371.727 0.637 0.904 Selected
Q28 89.60 377.380 0.508 0.905 Selected
Q29 89.66 376.574 0.540 0.905 Selected
Q30 89.40 375.123 0.589 0.904 Selected
Q31 89.49 375.977 0.588 0.904 Selected
Q32 89.54 379.499 0.438 0.906 Selected
Q33 89.76 379.595 0.501 0.906 Selected
Q34 89.68 388.164 0.283 0.908 Selected
Q35 88.82 405.398 0.131 0.914 Rejected
Q36 89.45 380.617 0.443 0.906 Selected
Q37 89.76 385.100 0.316 0.908 Selected
Q38 89.31 379.812 0.469 0.906 Selected
Q39 89.51 378.601 0.483 0.906 Selected
Q40 89.45 382.690 0.424 0.907 Selected
Q41 88.59 406.281 0.170 0.913 Rejected
3. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education and Research
73
By investigating the item-total correlation, the results reveals
that the correlations of items 15, 16, 35 and 41 with the overall
exam are 0.153, 0.060, 0.131 and 0.170, while all other items
correlate at 0.25 or better. By investigating the inter item
correlations, the results exert that again items 15, 16, 35, and 41
are significantly lower than the rest of the items. Finally, by
exploring the alpha if deleted, we can see that the reliability of
the scale (alpha) would increase to 0.909 if any of these four
items were to be deleted. Thus, we would probably delete these
four items from this Scale.
There is a spurious positive contribution to the correlation
between an item and the total Scale score which arises because
the total score contains the particular item score, although there
are usually sufficient items in most tests to make this effect quite
small. The E-Learning Resources Access Scale in the item
analysis give correlation coefficients corrected for this effect.
This is the correlation between scores on each item and the total
scores on the other items.
Interpreting the scores
• above 0.3 is considered ‘good’;
• 0.2 to 0.3 is considered ‘workable’
• below 0.2 is considered unacceptable
Item discrimination of above 0.3 is considered ‘good’. A
discrimination of 0.2 to 0.3 is considered ‘workable’ while a
discrimination of below 0.2 is considered unacceptable. (Falvey
et al, 1994: 126ff) [2]
Falvey P, Holbrook J. & David C. (1994)
[2]
.
Table 2: Reliability and Validity Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha
Based on
Standardized Items
No. of Items
0.909 0.911 41
From the above table 1, In order to establish reliability
Chronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of E-Learning
Resources Access Scale was calculated to be 0.909. The intrinsic
validity coefficient was established by taking the square root of
reliability coefficient which is 0.953. Thus the tool is found to
be highly reliable and valid.
Generally, a questionnaire with a Cronbach's Alpha is 0.8 is
considered reliable (Field, 2009) [4]
. Hence, this questionnaire
certainly is reliable, since the Cronbach's Alpha is 0.909. The
resulted Cronbach's Alpha should yet be interpreted with
caution. Since the amount of items in a questionnaire is taken
into account in the equation, a high amount of variables can
upgrade the Cronbach's Alpha (Cortina, 1993; Field, 2009) [4]
.
Conclusion
The present study was aimed to develop and validate a scale to
measures E-Learning Resources Access of undergraduate
students. It is given that the designed measure has proved to have
good psychometric properties; it can serve as a useful tool to
assess E-learning resources access attitude of college students in
Thiruvallur and Vellore districts. The constructed scale satisfied
with E-Learning Resources Access as an effective alternative to
traditional, teacher-centered classroom learning. As a result, the
construction of this tool to assess the student’s E-learning is
considered an important step in achieving quality assessment
and improving teaching and learning. The study covers various
aspects of E-learning resources available in the web. The final
draft of the scale has high level estimates of reliability and
validity.
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