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121217 rainfed farming
This document discusses strategies for improving rainfed agriculture in India. It recommends integrating livestock and trees into farming systems, building soil organic matter through practices like mulching and applying compost, conserving moisture through rainwater harvesting, and choosing locally adapted crop varieties. It emphasizes the importance of soil fertility and moisture for agricultural productivity, and provides information on nutrient needs of plants, factors influencing soil fertility and moisture, and increasing soil organic matter through biomass application and good cropping patterns.
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121217 rainfed farming
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- 2. Rainfed Agriculture needsspecial dispensation • Limitations of rainfed areas – Moisture – Soil fertility – infrastructure – Other income generating options • Lack of public policy support – Technology development – Marketing – subsidies
- 3. What we shouldthink of …. • Integrated farming systems integrating livestock, trees etc • Building soil organic matter • Conserving moisture • Rainwater harvesting • Locally adopted crops and varieties • Contingence planning
- 4. Rainwater management Vermicomposting Combination of Planting on bunds Mixed cropping practices
- 5. Soil productivity Management •Plants as nutrient mining systems • Soil is understood as strata to hold plants • Only available nutrients are measured • External nutrient application-no measure of utilisation • Soil-chemical, biological and physical properties • Biomass application is also seen as external nutrient application…so measures only the content
- 6. C O H N P K Ca Mg S Fe Zn Mn Cl Cu B Mo
- 7. Major and micronutrients Micro Nutrients Source Air Water Soil Soil Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Manganese Oxygen Phosphorus Molybdenum Nitrogen Potash Copper Calcium Boran Magnesium Zinc Sulfur Chlorine Iron
- 8. Essential Nutrients ofPlants Element Chemical symbol Atomic Wt. Ionic forms absorbed by Approximate dry plants concentration Macronutrients Nitrogen N 14.01 NO3-, NH4+ 4.0 % Phosphorus P 30.98 PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4- 0.5 % Potassium K 39.10 K+ 4.0 % Magnesium Mg 24.32 Mg2+ 0.5 % Sulfur S 32.07 SO42- 0.5 % Calcium Ca 40.08 Ca2+ 1.0 % Micronutrients Iron Fe 55.85 Fe2+, Fe3+ 200 ppm Manganese Mn 54.94 Mn2+ 200 ppm Zinc Zn 65.38 Zn2+ 30 ppm Copper Cu 63.54 Cu2+ 10 ppm Boron B 10.82 BO32-, B4O72- 60 ppm Molybdenum Mo 95.95 MoO42- 2 ppm Chlorine Cl 35.46 Cl- 3000 ppm Essential But Not Applied Carbon C 12.01 CO2 40 % Hydrogen H 1.01 H2O 6% Plant tissues also contain other elements16.00 Se, Co, Si, 2Rb,O F, I) which are not % Oxygen O (Na, O , H2 Sr, 40 needed for the normal growth and development
- 9. Liebig principle Plant growth is influenced by a nutrient at lowest concentration as a denominator
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- 12. Good tilth Good nutrient management Improving soil biota Mulching Good cropping patterns
- 13. Plough across theslope
- 14. Application of atleast 10 tonnes of tank silt per acre once in 3 years increases soil productivity considerably In sandy soils add tank silt to increase water holding capacity and fertility
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- 16. Water Management Modern agriculture:irrigation, drip, sprinkler Sustainable Agriculture: focuses more on conserving soil moisture, increasing organic matter, mulching, cover crops, cropping patterns etc…
- 17. Rainwater conservation measures Conservation of the entire rain water in the field itself Components include Trench, Conservation furrows, Farm Pond, compost pit , tank silt application. Rs. 48,000 per acre - MGNREGS •3.19 lakh acres of 1.46 lakh SC/ST farmers 2009- 10 •10 lakh acres in 2010-11
- 18. Glimpses of insituwater harvesting CMSA
- 20. Critical Stages ofcrop growth • Paddy: tillering stage, flowering, milking • Maize/jowar: flowering, panicle initiation, milking • Groundnut: flowering, prop root stage, pod formation • Cotton: flowering, boll formation • Soybean/redgram/greengram/blackgram: flowering, grain formation • Sunflower: bud formation, flowering, grain formation
- 21. Factors influencing soilfertility and moisture Rainwater Organic Matter Living beings Soil Structure Soil depth Minerals Soil depth Water flow Nutrient release Basic minerals Groundwater
- 22. Soil Organic matter The soil organic matter has declined from about 1.43 and 1.21 % in red and black soils in the 1950’s to about 0.80 to 0.86 percent respectively at present. Soil organic matter performs Hydrological, Biological and Nutrient related functions, which are both interrelated and distinct. The OM helps tide over dry spells and in reducing runoff. Soil moisture and organic matter is essential even for improving the efficiency of biofertilisers and chemical nutrients. For better decomposition Maintain C:N ratio in the range of 30-40:1 Application of water regularly to maintain around 60% moisture
- 23. 'Organic Matter isPossible Biomass source Biomass per Year (kgs/ ac) Remarks Gliricidia/ Cassia 3000 to 4000 30kgs/ plant – from 5th year of planting Sunhemp sown on bunds/ 350 @1.3 kgs/ sqm. 50% of borders bund length of 280 m Biomass yielding trees` 450 @150 kgs/ tree, two loppings Weeds 200 - 300 Crop residues 500 - 1000 Legume inter-crop 500 TOTAL 4000 - 5000
- 24. Green manure (legumes) crops when integrated as intercrops, would add about 1.5 to 3 tons/ ha of fresh biomass in situ. Studies have shown that legume intercrops can add 0.30 to 2.4 tons of leaf litter per ha even in a drought year; with 4.1 to 35.6 kg N per ha.
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- 28. Aakulu tokke panduga– KK Tanda
- 29. Aakulu tokke panduga– KK Tanda
- 30. Micro organisms Decomposition bymicroorganisms releases Nutrients Protect plants from diseases Improves soil structure Macro organisms •Incorporate organic matter in soil •Makes capillary pores in the soil to increase water infiltration and air circualtion
- 31. Nitrates to plants In roots In factory
- 32. ‘P’ for Plants •Applied water soluble ‘P’ is, on an average, used @ 12-9-6-3% from year of application • Considerable (70%) part of applied ‘P’ is locked in the soil first as tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and finally as apatite • in paddies, under heavy soils, considerable part of applied ‘P’ gets converted into apatite • P in TCP is unavailable but can be used by plants in association with Mycorrhizae and to some extent by Phosphobacteria
- 33. Factors limiting Pavailability and uptake • Amongst the nutrients, nitrogen is universally limiting and in most trials this aspect is given due attention. • But more often, the widespread Zinc deficiency is ignored and it could as well be a limiting factor in showing response to applied P • At lower levels or production, the native phosphorus itself may be adequate and thus no response to applied P • Some elements may become toxic (e.g. Boron). Subsoil salinity could be another factor • With temporary or transient water logging or wet regime, Fe 3+ iron may be reduced to Fe2+ leading to possible precipitation of phosphates • The organic acids released by the legumes (Pscidic acid from pigeonpea roots) would solubilise phosphates or chelate metal irons like Ca 2+, Fe2+ liberating part of the bound phosphorus. The VAM fungi may also accentuate the availability of phosphorus. • VAM and other fungal bodies associated with roots improve the availability of difficulty available phosphates • Method of application is important in enhancing fertiliser P use efficiency. Placement, in association with ammonical nitrogen is very effective.
- 34. Organic matter increasesP availability in four ways. First, organic matter forms complexes with organic phosphate which increases phosphate uptake by plants. Second, organic anions can also displace sorbed phosphate. Third, humus coats aluminum and iron oxides, which reduces P sorption. Finally, organic matter is also a source of phosphorus through mineralization reactions. Flooding the soil reduces P-sorption by increasing the solubility of phosphates that are bound to aluminum and iron oxides and amorphous minerals. Soil critical values for phosphorus for different groups of crops Level of P Crop group Critical level requirement of P (P2 O5) Low Pastures, grasses, 35 small grains, field corn, soybean, etc. Moderate Cotton, sweet corn, 60 tomato etc. High Potato, onion etc. 90
- 36. In natural forests afistful of soil contains 600-800 bacteria 3000 fungi which are miles longer 10000 unicellular organisms 20-30 nematodes Living in soil, making soil fertile and avoiding disease causing organisms
- 37. Soil where chemicalfertilisers are used Organically managed soils
- 39. How to increasesoil organic matter Leaving crop residues in field Composting Using organic manure with and mulching with crop residues Green manure crops and Practicing good tillage Good cropping patterns
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- 41. subabool Cassia Calatropis Glyrecidia seethafal
- 42. Soil organic matter Functionalpool Turnover time Composition (yrs) Decomposable Metabolic litter 0.1-0.5 Cellular contents, cellulose Structural litter 0.3-2.1 Lignin, polyphenol
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- 47. Crop Choices • Marketdemand • Soil and growing conditions
- 48. Crop duration Water requirement crops One season (< 4 Low Greengram, months blackgram, chickpea, kharif groundnut Medium Jowar, maize, rabi groundnut, More than one season More Cotton, chillies (6-8 months) Year or longer Very high Sugarcane, banana
- 49. Based on soildepth • Shallow roots (60 cm): ragi, sama, korra, onion, cauliflower, cabbage, potato • Medium deep roots (90 cm): groundnut, chillies, wheat, tobacco, castor • Deep roots (120 cm): maize, sugarcane, jowar, bajra, safflower, soybean, tomato, carrot, cucumber
- 50. Crop Management inRain-fed areas • Low water consuming crops • Perennials on conservation furrows including green leaf manure plants. • 7 tiered crop canopy ( 36*36 model ) near farm pond.
- 52. Probiotics Panchagavya Cow/Buffalo Jeevamrut Indegenous/improved Amrutjal
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