This document summarizes a presentation on promoting conservation agriculture in West Africa to address challenges of climate change and food insecurity. It outlines major constraints like poverty and declining resources. Conservation agriculture is presented as a climate-smart option that can boost productivity, resilience and mitigate emissions through practices like minimum soil disturbance, cover crops and crop rotations. Case studies from the Sahel show conservation agriculture increasing yields and tree cover at large scale. Further research is needed to understand how to incentivize adoption and scale up conservation agriculture across diverse regions of West Africa.
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
Soil health for sustainable production intensification some perspectivesSri Lmb
Prof Amir Kassam provided insights on soil health and related it to the sustainable production at Regional Review and Planning Workshop 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Development of wasteland under social forestry programmejaimangal tirkey
Development of Wasteland under Social Forestry Programme
The problem of wasteland has become a serious issue and it has increased with the development of technology for increasing the agricultural production (Swaminathan, 1997). The natural disturbances including the man-made problems, i.e. industrialization and urbanization, contribute to increasing trend of wastelands in various ways. The requirement by the increasing human population and cattle population and also the natural disasters cause the loss of natural resources and land degradation (Hegde, 1993).According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1992), the various forms of land degradation such as soil erosion, chemical poisoning, stalinization and loss through building or mining is of 5 to 7 million hectares from good cultivable lands
Wasteland
Wastelands include degraded forests, overgrazed pastures, drought-struck pastures, eroded valleys, hilly slopes, waterlogged marshy lands, barren land etc.
Types of Wastelands:
(a) Cultivable Wastelands
(b) Uncultivable Wastelands
Phillip Is, Pacific Ocean: Drivers of landscape degradation and recovery and ...Richard Thackway
We present an assessment of the modification of the vegetation condition found on Phillip Island relative to a fully natural pre-European (1750) reference state and the current land and sea birds recorded on the Island. The island became denuded between the late 1700s and mid-1850s. Introductions of pigs, goats and rabbits were made to feed to penal colony of the nearby Norfolk Island. Almost complete loss of vegetation types, extent and condition is attributed to a deliberate land management regime: used to feed the pigs and goats. Pigs and goats became extinct with the loss of vegetation on the Island. Rabbits persisted on the Island until 1988, when they were eradicated. Changes in the extent of vegetation cover has been remarkable from a very low level up to 1900-1980 (estimated <1%); it now covers large areas of the island including valleys and gulleys and cliffs (estimated 50%). Our analyses show that the condition of the largely passively recovered vegetation extent is not of a high condition relative to an assumed reference state (1750) for Pine – Hardwood Subtropical Rainforest. A reconstructed pre-European settlement (original) list of sea birds shows that sea birds diversity on the island have changed little in three recent bird surveys (1978-2015). A reconstructed pre-European settlement (original) list of land birds shows that land birds have obviously changed, with many of the current species not represented in the pre-European list. The current list of land birds, which make up most of the current list of species recorded on Phillip Island have invaded from the nearby Norfolk Island. We conclude that current bird species diversity and distribution on the island is a not a function of the condition of the indigenous native vegetation, assessed relative to a pre-European reference state, but rather it appears to be a response to the lack of mammalian grazing mammals and the present of open to dense shrubby vegetation.
Soil health for sustainable production intensification some perspectivesSri Lmb
Prof Amir Kassam provided insights on soil health and related it to the sustainable production at Regional Review and Planning Workshop 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Development of wasteland under social forestry programmejaimangal tirkey
Development of Wasteland under Social Forestry Programme
The problem of wasteland has become a serious issue and it has increased with the development of technology for increasing the agricultural production (Swaminathan, 1997). The natural disturbances including the man-made problems, i.e. industrialization and urbanization, contribute to increasing trend of wastelands in various ways. The requirement by the increasing human population and cattle population and also the natural disasters cause the loss of natural resources and land degradation (Hegde, 1993).According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1992), the various forms of land degradation such as soil erosion, chemical poisoning, stalinization and loss through building or mining is of 5 to 7 million hectares from good cultivable lands
Wasteland
Wastelands include degraded forests, overgrazed pastures, drought-struck pastures, eroded valleys, hilly slopes, waterlogged marshy lands, barren land etc.
Types of Wastelands:
(a) Cultivable Wastelands
(b) Uncultivable Wastelands
Phillip Is, Pacific Ocean: Drivers of landscape degradation and recovery and ...Richard Thackway
We present an assessment of the modification of the vegetation condition found on Phillip Island relative to a fully natural pre-European (1750) reference state and the current land and sea birds recorded on the Island. The island became denuded between the late 1700s and mid-1850s. Introductions of pigs, goats and rabbits were made to feed to penal colony of the nearby Norfolk Island. Almost complete loss of vegetation types, extent and condition is attributed to a deliberate land management regime: used to feed the pigs and goats. Pigs and goats became extinct with the loss of vegetation on the Island. Rabbits persisted on the Island until 1988, when they were eradicated. Changes in the extent of vegetation cover has been remarkable from a very low level up to 1900-1980 (estimated <1%); it now covers large areas of the island including valleys and gulleys and cliffs (estimated 50%). Our analyses show that the condition of the largely passively recovered vegetation extent is not of a high condition relative to an assumed reference state (1750) for Pine – Hardwood Subtropical Rainforest. A reconstructed pre-European settlement (original) list of sea birds shows that sea birds diversity on the island have changed little in three recent bird surveys (1978-2015). A reconstructed pre-European settlement (original) list of land birds shows that land birds have obviously changed, with many of the current species not represented in the pre-European list. The current list of land birds, which make up most of the current list of species recorded on Phillip Island have invaded from the nearby Norfolk Island. We conclude that current bird species diversity and distribution on the island is a not a function of the condition of the indigenous native vegetation, assessed relative to a pre-European reference state, but rather it appears to be a response to the lack of mammalian grazing mammals and the present of open to dense shrubby vegetation.
Dr. Ken Sayre: Conservation Agriculture based hub strategy in Mexico sept 2...CIMMYT
Strategies to Develop and Extend Conservation Agriculture-Based Crop Management Practices to Farmers. Sound innovation systems involve multiple agents (especially including farmers), each registering their expectations and contributing their own comparative advantage towards resolving the problems associate with the development of functional CA systems
This presentation was delivered at the Georgia Organics Annual Conference in Atlanta on February 23, 2013. Provides basic information on IPM approaches in sustainable vegetable production systems.
Presentation by Mike McGahuey (Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management Advisor, USAID) and Jerry Glover (Senior Sustainable Agricultural Systems Advisor, USAID) at the May 15, 2013 event "Natural Resource Management and Food Security for a Growing Population". For more information visit: http://www.wri.org/event/2013/05/natural-resource-management-and-food-security-growing-population
Watershed/Landscape Management for Multiple Benefits and Climate Resilience ...CIFOR-ICRAF
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Agriculture has been and continues to be the most important sector in Indian economy. Climate change is one of the most important environmental issues facing the world today. The impact of climate change is a reality and it cuts across all climates sensitive sectors including the Agriculture sector. In this situation this seminar focuses on the climate smart agriculture. CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change. Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change. Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They need training on climate smart agriculture aspects. Based on the above facts this presentation focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges of climate smart agriculture.
Land degradation threatens the livelihoods, food and nutrition security of the poorest, most vulnerable smallholder farmers and pastoralists in Africa.
Watershed management experiences in Amhara Region, EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Fentahun Mengistu at the Stakeholders’ Workshop on Enhancing Communities’ Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change Induced Water Scarcity in Kabe Watershed, South Wollo Zone, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia, 24-25 November 2011.
The webinar explained ongoing and expected impacts of climate change on agriculture and the need to adapt for agriculture to adapt to weather extremes and slow-onset climatic changes. The presenter outlined the concept of climate-smart agriculture and links between adaptation to food security and mitigation using case studies.
Henry Neufeldt (presenter) is Head of the Climate Change Unit at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya. He holds degrees in environmental sciences and soil science from Bayreuth University (Germany) and has worked for many years in natural resource management, soil and water salinization, agricultural development and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Similar to Promoting Conservation Agriculture in the context of the CCAFS Research Program in West Africa (20)
The Accelerating Impact of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA) project works to deliver a climate-smart African future driven by science and innovation in agriculture.
AICCRA does this by enhancing access to climate information services and climate-smart agricultural technology to millions of smallholder farmers in Africa.
With better access to climate technology and advisory services—linked to information about effective response measures—farmers can better anticipate climate-related events and take preventative action that help communities better safeguard their livelihoods and the environment.
AICCRA is supported by a grant from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank, which is used to enhance research and capacity-building activities by the CGIAR centers and initiatives as well as their partners in Africa.
About IDA: IDA helps the world’s poorest countries by providing grants and low to zero-interest loans for projects and programmes that boost economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve poor people’s lives.
IDA is one of the largest sources of assistance for the world’s 76 poorest countries, 39 of which are in Africa.
Annual IDA commitments have averaged about $21 billion over circa 2017-2020, with approximately 61 percent going to Africa.
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Mengpin Ge, Global Climate Program Associate at WRI, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Sabrina Rose, Policy Consultant at CCAFS, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Krystal Crumpler, Climate Change and Agricultural Specialist at FAO, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was meant to be included in the 2021 CLIFF-GRADS Welcome Webinar and presented by Ciniro Costa Jr. (CCAFS).
The webinar recording can be found here: https://youtu.be/UoX6aoC4fhQ
The multilevel CSA monitoring set of standard core uptake and outcome indicators + expanded indicators linked to a rapid and reliable ICT based data collection instrument to systematically
assess and monitor:
- CSA Adoption/ Access to CIS
- CSA effects on food security and livelihoods household level)
- CSA effects on farm performance
Presented by Harsh Rajpal, Code Partners Pte. Ltd., on 30 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presented by Ciniro Costa Jr., CCAFS, on 28 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
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Presented by Lini Wollenberg, CCAFS, on 28 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presentation by Han Soethoudt, Jan Broeze, and Heike Axmann of Wageningen University & Resaearch (WUR).
WUR and Olam Rice Nigeria conducted a controlled experiment in Nigeria in which mechanized rice harvesting and threshing were introduced on smallholder farms. The result of the study shows that mechanization considerably reduces losses, has a positive impact on farmers’ income, and the climate.
Learn more: https://www.wur.nl/en/news-wur/show-day/Mechanization-helps-Nigerian-farms-reduce-food-loss-and-increase-income.htm
Presentation on the rapid evidence review findings and key take away messages.
Current evidence for biodiversity and agriculture to achieve and bridging gaps in research and investment to reach multiple global goals.
This presentation was given at an internal workshop in April 2020 and was presented by Le Hoang Anh, Hoang Thi Thien Huong, Le Thi Thanh Huyen, and Nguyen Thi Lien Huong.
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
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ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdf
Promoting Conservation Agriculture in the context of the CCAFS Research Program in West Africa
1. Development of Conservation Agriculture based cropping systems for sustainable soil management in West Africa, 05 Feb 2014, Ouagadougou
Promoting Conservation Agriculture in
the context of the CCAFS Research
Program in West Africa
Dr Robert Zougmoré
CCAFS Regional Program Leader West Africa
2. Outline
1. Major constraints in West Africa
2. Key challenges
3. CA: a proven climate-smart
agriculture option
4. Way forwards
2
4. WEST AFRICA REGION
70% rural populations
– natural resources
Poverty
Desertification
Rain-fed
agriculture
Chronic Food
High climate
variability
(droughts,
flooding)
4
5. Population and income
1. A significant increase in the population of all countries except
Cape Verde – pessimistic: population of all countries will more
than double except Cape Verde
2. Income per capita in the optimistic scenario could range from
US$ 1,594 for Liberia to US$ 6,265 for Cote d’Ivoire.
3. Income per capita does not improve significantly in the
pessimistic scenario.
6. Rainfall
Despite variations among models, there is a clear indication of:
1.changes in precipitation with either a reduction in the heavy-rainfall
areas, particularly along the coast,
2.or an increase in areas of the Sahel hitherto devoid of much rain.
3.Southern parts of Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria will be dryer
Change in average annual precipitation, 2000–2050,
CSIRO, A1B (mm)
MIROC, A1B (mm)
7. Changes in yields (percent), 2010–2050, from the DSSAT crop
model: CSIRO A1B
MIROC A1B
Maize
Groundnut
Sorghum
10. Length of growing season
is likely to decline..
Length of growing
period (%)
To 2090, taking 18
climate models
Four degree rise
Thornton et al. (2010) Proc. National Academy Science
>20% loss
5-20% loss
No change
5-20% gain
>20% gain
10
13. Agriculture must become
“climate-smart”
• contributes to climate change adaptation by
sustainably increasing productivity & resilience
• mitigates climate change by reducing greenhouse
gases where possible
• and enhances the achievement of national food
security and development goals
17. “Climate-smart villages”
• Approach where CCAFS in partnership with rural
communities and other stakeholders (NARES, NGOs,
local authorities…), tests & validates in an integrated
manner, several agricultural interventions
• Aims to boost farmers’ ability to adapt to climate
change, manage risks and build resilience.
• At the same time, the hope is to improve livelihoods
and incomes and, where possible, reduce greenhouse
gas emissions to ensure solutions are sustainable
19. Conservation agriculture is an
effective Climate-Smart
Agriculturethat contribute to
• CA: farming practices option
the three key principles of: reducing soil
disturbance, maintaining soil cover and
practicing crop rotation
• We adopt a broader view of CA (than its
current definition): concept for natural
resource-saving that strives to achieve
acceptable profits with high and sustained
production levels while concurrently
conserving the environment (FAO, 2009).
• CAWT, where a woody perennial is used as
a technological element within the practice
(Bayala et al., 2013)
Slide from J. Bayala
20. CA potential: Soil C sequestration seen as
#1 priority (IPCC 2007), has vast potential
for climate change mitigation
Mitigation options Mt CO2-eq. yr-1
21. CCAFS CA work
• Measuring C sequestration from CA and
assessing as a low-emissions agriculture option
(Ghana, Burkina, Benin, Senegal, Mali)
• Meta-analysis of crop responses to Conservation
Agriculture (Ghana, West Africa)
• SAMPLES Program for GHG quantification,
• CA for adaptation and risk management in maizelegume systems (SIMLESA)
• Identifying incentives for adoption of CA (IndoGangetic Plains, East Africa)
21
22. Parklands
•
•
•
•
•
•
Parklands of preserved trees from natural
vegetation: F. albida, V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa…;
Some species are regularly pruned for fodder
healthier livestock;
FMNR consists in selecting & thinning stems which
sprout from indigenous tree and shrub stumps;
Adoption rate may be as high as 63% like in Maradi
region where tree density varies from 60 to 374
individuals ha-1 (Adam et al., 2006);
Plantation on communal lands: A. macrostachya, A.
nilotica, B. rufescens, E. camaldulensis, F. albida, L.
leucocephala, M. indica, P. aculeata, P. biglobosa, P.
juliflora, Z. mauritiana;
Plantations on individual lands: A. occidentale, A.
indica, Citrus spp., M. indica, P. guayava, P.
africana, etc.
Slide from J. Bayala
22
23. Coppicing trees
• Trees/shrubs leguminous species planted
at high density as fallows or in
associations with crops for biomass
production to be used for soil fertility
replenishment. Trees are regularly cut to
ground level and allowed to re-grow.
• Woody species: Acacia senegal,
Sclerocarya birrea and Acacia raddiana,
Acacia seyal, A. raddiana, Pterocarpus
erinaceus, Prosopis africana, Parkia
biglobosa, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia
mangium, Albizzia lebbeck, Gliricidia
sepium, Leucaena leucocephala;
• Sometimes associated with annual
legumes: Stylosanthes hamata or Mucuna
spp.
23
Slide from J. Bayala
24. Green manure
• Green manure is the biomass from
herbaceous cover crops grown to be turned
under soil as soil amendment and nutrient
sources for subsequent crops. Usually the
cover crop is established through relay
cropping with the staple food crop
• Some tested species: Stylosanthes hamata,
Mucuna spp, Crotalaria sp., Tephrosia
vogelii, Indigofera astragalima, Tithonia
diversifolia; Mucuna spp., Dolichos lablab,
Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan;
Calopogonium mucunoides, Lablab
purpureus, Macroptilium atropurpureum,
etc.;
• Cover crops are used in rotation or in
association with crops.
Mucuna spp
24
Slide from J. Bayala
25. Mulching
Mulching consists of covering the ground with a layer of plant materials
in order to conserve soil water, to stimulate the activity of soil biota
(e.g. termites) and to reclaim a degraded soil for crop production
Tree/shrub prunings
•
•
•
Crop residues
•
The two most widespread species in farmed
fields are G. senegalensis and P. reticultaum
(Lufafa et al., 2009);
This practice exits alone through biomass
•
transfer (northern Burkina) or associated
with FMNR (Niger, Mali, Burkina);
Tested species: Cassia sieberiana, C.
lecardi, G. senegalensis, P. reticulatum.
Protecting soil surface using
crop residues reduces water
erosion, run off, soil T° and
soil evaporation;
Main constraints are: low
availability of the straws and
their fraudulent collection and
uses for other purposes (feed,
building materials, sales, etc.)
Slide from J. Bayala
25
26. Rotations/Associations
• Legumes (e.g. cowpea, groundnut) are frequently
•
•
•
•
intercropped or rotated with cereals in the
drylands
Most common association is legumes-cereals
(sorghum or millet-cowpea).
Other types of associations are: peanut-cereals,
millet+sorghum+cowpea, Mucuna-cereals,
cereals-pigeon pea;
Rotations vary: cotton-maize-sorghum, peanutcereals and other legumes-cereals
Types of fields (homestead, bush fields) and the
types of soil (sandy, loamy, clay) or
toposequence.
26
Slide from J. Bayala
27. Soil and Water Conservation practices
Traditional practices such as zaï, half-moon,
stone and earth bunds and grass strips.
Increased infiltration, soil moisture retention,
SOM content and improving soil structure
besides reducing soil erosion.
•
•
•
•
•
Technique for recovering encrusted soils that
consists in digging pits of 20 to 40 cm in diameter
and 10 to 15 cm of depth in order to collect surface
waters and to increase infiltration;
Production increase can go up to 428% in some
cases (Reij et al. 2009).
A basin of half-circle shape with the excavated soil laid
out in a semicircular pad;
Dimensions: 2 to 4 m in diameter, 15 to 25 cm depth and
spacing 2 to 4 m;
Increase in yield of 49 to 112% (Belemviré et al., 2008).
Slide from J. Bayala
27
28. Scaling up and out
Climate-smart villages
Climatesmart
technologies
Local
knowledge &
Institutions
Climate
information
services
Local
adaptation
plans
Scaling up
•Policy
•Private sector
•Mainstream
successes via
major initiatives
• Learning sites
• Multiple partners
• Capacity building
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30. WEST AFRICA
SAHEL
Water harvesting boosts
yields in the Sahel
oSahel – Droughts common and
farming difficult with sparse rainfall.
oChanges in land management – stone
bunds and zai pits.
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31. WEST AFRICA SAHEL
Success at scale
oContour bunds established on
200,000 to 300,000 ha.
oYields double those on unimproved
land.
oTree cover and diversity increased.
oGroundwater levels rising.
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32. WEST AFRICA
SAHEL
Benefits for food production,
adaptation and mitigation
oFood production:
predicted that the improved land will
produce enough to feed 500,000 to
750,000 people.
increased diversity of food, health
benefits.
oAdaptation:
contour bunds able to cope with changing
weather.
oMitigation:
land management prevents further
worsening of soil quality.
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33. How do we scale up CA to
Landscapes?
• What works?
• Where does it work?
• When does it work?
• Why does it work?
• Who does it work for?
• How does it work?
34. The broad framework:
Determinants of adoption of CA: Adoption (A) is conditioned by its technical
performance (P), subject to the opportunities and tradeoffs (T) that operate at farm
and village scales and constrained by different aspects of the context (C) in which
the farming system operates including market, socio-economic, institutional and
policy conditions
35. CSA research & development
in West Africa: way forwards
Low adoption rate of CA in West Africa
•Cost-effectiveness of CA options
•Enabling environment of existing technologies
•Participatory testing of CA options
•Tools for defining the potential of CA options in various
regions
•Incentives needed to promote CA and bring it at scale
(institutional arrangements and policy measures)
•Bring policy and science together to support
farmer-led innovations and options in order to achieve
outcomes and impacts at national level
35
Why focus on Food security
Climate change has to be set in the context of growing populations and changing diets
60-70% more food will be needed by 2050 because of population growth and changing diets – and this is in a context where climate change will make agriculture more difficult.
The second challenge for agriculture relates to climate change adaptation. And if there is a single graph to show this challenge then it is this one for SSA.
Thornton from ILRI uses a four degree temperature rise scenario, which based on current commitments to reduce GHGs is a distinct possibility.
By 2090 vast areas of Africa will have experienced >20% reduction in growing season length. And huge areas 5-20% reduction. Almost no areas have rises in growing season. This illustrates the magnitude of potential impacts on agriculture from climate change.
The third challenge for agriculture relates to its environmental footprint. Recent compilations suggest that food systems contribute 19-29% of global greenhouse gasses, including those through land cover change.
Excuse the complicated title.
In a few words I have tried to capture how we approach research.
We vision with our partners where we want to go; we then work backwards as to what we must do, with whom, when and how.
And we work from farmers fields at the one extreme up to the global negotiations on climate at the other extreme.
I will explain further. It is a new era for research.
I am xxxxxxxxxx, from the CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
Excuse the complicated title.
In a few words I have tried to capture how we approach research.
We vision with our partners where we want to go; we then work backwards as to what we must do, with whom, when and how.
And we work from farmers fields at the one extreme up to the global negotiations on climate at the other extreme.
I will explain further. It is a new era for research.
I am xxxxxxxxxx, from the CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
CCAFS is focusing on climate change adaptation and mitigation, and its role in food security – and especially the synergies and trade-offs amongst these.
Not just agricultural practices, but interested in the whole food system – from production to consumption
In terms of adaptation, interested in the challenges poses by variability/extremes and longer term progressive changes.
Interested in not only incremental changes (e.g. changing practices) but also transformational options (e.g. switching farming systems)
Excuse the complicated title.
In a few words I have tried to capture how we approach research.
We vision with our partners where we want to go; we then work backwards as to what we must do, with whom, when and how.
And we work from farmers fields at the one extreme up to the global negotiations on climate at the other extreme.
I will explain further. It is a new era for research.
I am xxxxxxxxxx, from the CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)
For example, there is great potential for conservation agriculture as a strategy for long-term adaptation, short term risk management, and also to reducing GHG emissions from agriculture
The column on the right is biophysical potential
Soil carbon sequestration contributes 89% of the technical mitigation potential from agriculture
(Smith P, Martino D, Cai Z, Gwary D, Janzen H, Kumar P, et al. Agriculture. In: Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA (eds). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.)
The question is: how realistic is this, and can we do it in Africa?
CCAFS is addressing some of these issues through its research
Most of CCAFS Theme 3 work on conservation agriculture is the work that is supported through the CGIAR centers and regional program leaders, (CIMMYT, ICRISAT, CIAT, ICRAF, Robert)
SIMLESA is an example of this- will be presented later
SAMPLES is testing some of this
ML Jat and Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio from CIMMYT are participating
We (CCAFS overall) is a program that has opportunity to look at broader issues with conservation agriculture- gender, social impacts, etc.- lots of potential
The concept of climate-smart village is used to capture the desire to take integrated approaches to climate adaptation – but not doing everything – doing what is needed in a specific context to enhance adaptation.
This shows some of the activities that may be conducted in a community.
CSVs are learning sites, where multiple partners come together to innovate with communities, to build capacity to innovate
Our eyes must be constantly on scaling up – feeding lessons into policy processes, working with the private sector so they can stimulate uptake, or mainstreaming successes into the work of major initiatives or agencies.
Stone bunds = effective way of reducing runoff. Capturing topsoil and allowing rainfall more time to soak into the soil.
Zai pits = shallow bowls filled with compost or manure in which crops are planted.