Conservation agriculture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistabn

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Mr.Allah Dad Khan


 Conservation agriculture (CA) defined as minimal
soil disturbance (no-till, NT) and permanent soil
cover (mulch) combined with rotations, is a recent
agricultural management system that is gaining
popularity in many parts of the world. Cultivation is
defined by the Oxford English dictionary as ‘the
tilling of land’, ‘the raising of a crop by tillage’ or ‘to
loosen or break up soil’. Other terms used in this
dictionary include ‘improvement or increase in (soil)
fertility’. All these definitions indicate that
cultivation is synonymous with tillage or ploughing.
Conservation Agriculture


 The history of tillage dates back many millennia when humans
changed from hunting and gathering to more sedentary and
settled agriculture mostly in the Tigris, Euphrates, Nile,
Yangste and Indus river valleys (Hillel 1991). Reference to
ploughing or tillage is found from 3000 BC in Mesopotamia
(Hillel 1998). Lal (2001) explained the historical development of
agriculture with tillage being a major component of
management practices. With the advent of the industrial
revolution in the nineteenth century, mechanical power and
tractors became available to undertake tillage operations; today,
an array of equipment is available for tillage and agricultural
production. The following summarizes the reasons for using
tillage
Cultivation techniques or tillage


 Tillage was used to soften the soil and prepare a
seedbed that allowed seed to be placed easily at a
suitable depth into moist soil using seed drills or
manual equipment. This results in good uniform seed
germination
Cultivation techniques or tillage


 Wherever crops grow, weeds also grow and compete
for light, water and nutrients. Every gram of resource
used by the weed is one less gram for the crop. By
tilling their fields, farmers were able to shift the
advantage from the weed to the crop and allow the
crop to grow without competition early in its growth
cycle with resulting higher yield.
Cultivation techniques or tillage


 Tillage helped release soil nutrients needed for crop
growth through mineralization and oxidation after
exposure of soil organic matter to air.
Cultivation techniques or tillage


 Previous crop residues were incorporated along with
any soil amendments (fertilizers, organic or
inorganic) into the soil. Crop residues, especially
loose residues, create problems for seeding
equipment by raking and clogging
Cultivation techniques or tillage


 Many soil amendments and their nutrients are more
available to roots if they are incorporated into the
soil; some nitrogenous fertilizers are also lost to the
atmosphere if not incorporated.
Cultivation techniques or tillage


 Tillage gave temporary relief from compaction using
implements that could shatter below-ground
compaction layers formed in the soil.
Cultivation techniques or tillage


 Tillage was determined to be a critical management
practice for controlling soil-borne diseases and some
insects.
Cultivation techniques or tillage

This document discusses conservation agriculture and cultivation techniques. It defines conservation agriculture as a system using minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. The history of tillage dates back thousands of years as humans transitioned to agriculture along river valleys. Tillage was used to prepare seedbeds, control weeds in the early growth cycle of crops, release nutrients by exposing soil organic matter to air, incorporate crop residues and soil amendments, temporarily relieve compaction, and control some soil-borne diseases and insects.

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Importancia del Suelo - FAO

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These materials were developed by the Lesotho Conservation Agriculture National Task Force and endorsed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The materials can be freely reproduced for non-commercial purposes with attribution to the Task Force and FAO. The document outlines the three principles of conservation agriculture: minimum tillage and soil disturbance, permanent soil cover with crop residues and live mulches, and crop rotation and intercropping. It provides brief explanations of the benefits of each principle, such as protecting the soil from erosion, improving soil fertility and water retention, and reducing pests and diseases.

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Modern agriculture practices can negatively impact the environment through soil erosion, deforestation, and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. Sustainable agriculture aims to reduce these impacts through practices like crop rotation, reducing soil erosion, and integrated pest management. These practices help maintain soil fertility and minimize environmental damage while allowing agriculture to continue long-term.

Human Activities that Affect the Quality and Quantity of the Soil

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The document discusses three main human activities that can affect soil quality and quantity: farming, construction of structures, and waste disposal. Farming can have both positive and negative effects on soil through practices like tillage, use of pesticides and veterinary medicines, application of fertilizers and manures, and crop irrigation. Construction activities can degrade soil quality through erosion and sedimentation. Waste disposal contaminates soil with hazardous chemicals that can harm plants and humans. The document also provides examples of conservation practices like no-till farming, use of buffer strips, and maintaining soil pH.

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Crop rotation plays a vital role in managing soil fertility and health in several ways. It improves soil physical properties like water infiltration and aeration by stimulating microbial communities and soil aggregation. Different crops have varying nutrient needs, so a crop rotation approach incorporating legumes, cover crops, and amendments can effectively meet crop nutrient demands while adding organic matter and cycling nutrients. Proper planning and maintenance of crop rotations can control erosion, compaction, crusting, nutrient imbalance, pesticide carryover, and improve soil biological activity.

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Conservation agriculture is an approach to managing agro-ecosystems that focuses on improved productivity, profits, food security, and preservation of resources and the environment. It has three key principles: continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop rotation. Direct seeding or planting with minimum soil disturbance is used to maintain soil cover, as are herbicides for weed control. Permanent soil cover protects the soil and benefits organisms and moisture levels. Crop rotation recycles nutrients and increases biodiversity below ground. Adopting conservation agriculture provides economic benefits through reduced costs and labor needs as well as improved soil structure and moisture over time, leading to agronomic and environmental benefits.

Zero tillage is an agricultural technique that avoids disturbing the soil through tillage. It increases water infiltration and organic matter retention in soil while reducing erosion. Some key benefits are improved soil structure and biological fertility, increased crop yields, reduced costs, and carbon sequestration. Zero tillage involves direct drilling of seeds with minimal soil disturbance and retaining crop residues on the soil surface for protection. Proper management techniques like cover cropping, crop rotation, and integrated pest management are needed to successfully implement zero tillage.

Method of non conventional farming systems

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This document discusses several non-conventional farming systems: Organic farming uses techniques like crop rotation and compost to cultivate land without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Hydroponics grows plants without soil by suspending roots in nutrient solutions. A grow box is an enclosed container that creates ideal indoor conditions for growing plants using hydroponics or soil. Trough culture grows crops in containers or structures and allows plants to be grown in places unsuitable for traditional farming. Urban and peri-urban farming cultivates crops and raises animals in and around cities to provide fresh food and income opportunities for urban communities.

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SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot. The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).

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Modern agriculture relies heavily on pesticides and fertilizers to increase crop yields, but the large quantities used have adverse environmental and health effects. Over 1 billion tons of pesticides and 54.9 million tons of fertilizers are used annually in the US, contaminating drinking water and accumulating in the food chain. Runoff carries these toxic chemicals into waterways, where they kill aquatic life and cause algal blooms. Exposure to pesticides is linked to health issues like cancer, birth defects, and neurological problems in both humans and wildlife. Efforts are being made through watershed groups and improved farming practices to reduce pollution and remediate contaminated areas.

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This document provides information about extensive farming. It defines extensive farming as an agricultural system that uses small amounts of inputs like labor, fertilizers, and capital relative to the land area. It notes extensive farming commonly refers to sheep and cattle farming on less productive land but also large-scale grain crops. Advantages include lower labor needs, ability to mechanized over large flat areas, and lower input costs. Disadvantages include typically lower yields than intensive farming and large land requirements limiting wildlife.

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Sustainable Soil Management

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This document provides an overview of sustainable soil management. Part I discusses the characteristics of living soil, including the importance of soil texture, structure, organisms, and organic matter. Soil is a living ecosystem containing billions of organisms per acre that cycle nutrients. Practices like no-till and cover crops help build soil quality by supporting earthworms and other beneficial soil life. Part II will cover specific management steps to improve soil, and Part III profiles farmers successfully building soil.

Effects of modern agriculture

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Human activities like forest removal, construction, farming, and mining have significantly changed soil structures and increased soil loss. Forest removal and construction remove protective plant cover, allowing soil to wash or blow away. Farming methods over the past 10,000 years have improved but can still lead to soil loss. Mining exposes sulfide minerals which produce acid drainage that pollutes surrounding soil. However, various conservation methods like crop rotation, conservation tillage, terraces, and contour plowing can help protect soil and maintain its fertility.

Crop prodiction Ch-1

MohitChandel22

India's major crops include cotton, rice, wheat, sugarcane, tea and coffee. Livestock like cattle, buffalo and goats are also important. Crop production involves preparing the soil, sowing seeds, fertilizing, irrigating, controlling weeds, harvesting and storing. Kharif crops like rice and maize are grown in the monsoon season while Rabi crops like wheat and gram are grown in winter. Traditional farming methods are being replaced by modern machinery and tools to increase efficiency and yields. Proper care and feeding of livestock is also important through animal husbandry.

Chandrika 8 Science ch 1 ppt.pdf

DrGUPOPE9504

India's major crops include cotton, rice, wheat, sugarcane, tea and coffee. Livestock such as cattle, buffalo and goats are also important. Crop production involves preparing the soil, sowing seeds, fertilizing, irrigating, controlling weeds, harvesting and storing crops. Kharif crops like rice and maize are grown during the monsoon season while Rabi crops like wheat and gram are grown in winter. Traditional farming methods involve tools like wooden ploughs and seed drills while modern techniques use machinery, irrigation systems, weedicides and harvesters. Animal husbandry involves caring for livestock on farms or homes on a large scale.

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