congestion ujjwal matoliya.pptx
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What is congestion? A state occurring in network layer when the message traffic is so heavy that it slows down network response time. Effects of Congestion As delay increases, performance decreases. If delay increases, retransmission occurs, making situation worse.
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Congestion control algorithms.pptx
A state occurring in network layer when the message traffic is so heavy that it slows down network response time.
Effects of Congestion
As delay increases, performance decreases.
If delay increases, retransmission occurs, making situation worse.
Conjestion control
This presentation about Conjestion control will enrich your knowledge about this topic.and use this presentation for your reference this presentation with the Leaky bucket algorithm.
Nigga.pdf
Elementary data link protocols are designed to perform framing, error control, and flow control. Framing divides bitstreams into frames of a few hundred to a few thousand bytes. The unrestricted simplex protocol allows one-way transmission with infinite buffers and no faults or lost frames. Stop-and-wait protocols provide one-way transmission and flow control for error-free channels, acknowledging each frame before sending the next. Noisy channel protocols use techniques like error detection and retransmission to minimize errors over noisy channels.
Congestion control mechanism using network border protocol
Congestion control mechanism using network border protocolInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
This document discusses a proposed congestion control mechanism called Network Border Protocol (NBP) that aims to prevent congestion collapse and unfairness in networks. NBP works by having edge routers monitor and control the ingress rates of individual flows to prevent packets from entering the network faster than they can leave. It uses feedback exchanged between ingress and egress routers to inform them of flow rates. While adding complexity to edge routers, NBP's approach aims to isolate this within the network borders and not require changes to end systems or transport protocols. The key components of NBP include its rate control algorithm, use of leaky bucket algorithms at ingress routers, and feedback control between edge routers.Leaky bucket A
The document discusses the leaky bucket algorithm for traffic shaping. It begins with an introduction to congestion and traffic shaping. It then provides an overview of the leaky bucket algorithm, describing it as a method that converts bursty traffic into fixed-rate traffic by allowing packets to accumulate in a virtual "leaky bucket" at a set rate before entering the network. The document includes an example demonstrating how the algorithm works with different sized packets in a queue. It discusses parameters like burst rate and average rate and describes uses of the algorithm in networks including shaping bursty traffic to a sustained cell flow rate.
ENHANCEMENT OF TCP FAIRNESS IN IEEE 802.11 NETWORKS
The usage of fixed buffers in 802.11 networks has a number of disadvantages associated with
it. This includes high delay, reduced throughput and inefficient channel utilisation. To
overcome this, a dynamic buffer sizing algorithm, the A* algorithm has been implemented at
the access point. In this algorithm buffer size is dynamically adjusted depending upon the
current channel conditions and hence delay is reduced and the throughput is maintained. But
in 802.11 networks with DCF collision avoidance mechanism, it creates significant amount of
unfairness between the upstream and downstream TCP flows, with clusters of upstream ACKs
blocking downstream data at the access point. Thus a variation of the Explicit Window
Adaptation (EWA) scheme has been used to regulate the queuing time of the upload clients by
calculating the feedback value at the access point. This creates fairness and increases the number of transmission opportunities for the downstream traffic
Iaetsd an effective approach to eliminate tcp incast
This document proposes an Incast Congestion Control for TCP (ICTCP) scheme to eliminate TCP incast collapse in datacenter environments. TCP incast collapse occurs when multiple synchronized servers send data to the same receiver in parallel, overwhelming the switch buffer and causing packet loss. ICTCP is a receiver-side approach that proactively adjusts the TCP receive window size of connections to control their aggregate burstiness and prevent switch buffer overflow before packet loss occurs. It estimates available bandwidth and uses this as a quota to coordinate receive window increases. For each connection, the receive window is adjusted based on the ratio of the difference between measured and expected throughput. This allows adaptive tuning of receive windows to meet sender throughput needs while avoiding congest
Congestion control
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document outlines two categories of congestion control: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective action using feedback from the network. Specific open-loop techniques discussed include admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
Recommended
Congestion control algorithms.pptx
A state occurring in network layer when the message traffic is so heavy that it slows down network response time.
Effects of Congestion
As delay increases, performance decreases.
If delay increases, retransmission occurs, making situation worse.
Conjestion control
This presentation about Conjestion control will enrich your knowledge about this topic.and use this presentation for your reference this presentation with the Leaky bucket algorithm.
Nigga.pdf
Elementary data link protocols are designed to perform framing, error control, and flow control. Framing divides bitstreams into frames of a few hundred to a few thousand bytes. The unrestricted simplex protocol allows one-way transmission with infinite buffers and no faults or lost frames. Stop-and-wait protocols provide one-way transmission and flow control for error-free channels, acknowledging each frame before sending the next. Noisy channel protocols use techniques like error detection and retransmission to minimize errors over noisy channels.
Congestion control mechanism using network border protocol
Congestion control mechanism using network border protocolInternational Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
This document discusses a proposed congestion control mechanism called Network Border Protocol (NBP) that aims to prevent congestion collapse and unfairness in networks. NBP works by having edge routers monitor and control the ingress rates of individual flows to prevent packets from entering the network faster than they can leave. It uses feedback exchanged between ingress and egress routers to inform them of flow rates. While adding complexity to edge routers, NBP's approach aims to isolate this within the network borders and not require changes to end systems or transport protocols. The key components of NBP include its rate control algorithm, use of leaky bucket algorithms at ingress routers, and feedback control between edge routers.Leaky bucket A
The document discusses the leaky bucket algorithm for traffic shaping. It begins with an introduction to congestion and traffic shaping. It then provides an overview of the leaky bucket algorithm, describing it as a method that converts bursty traffic into fixed-rate traffic by allowing packets to accumulate in a virtual "leaky bucket" at a set rate before entering the network. The document includes an example demonstrating how the algorithm works with different sized packets in a queue. It discusses parameters like burst rate and average rate and describes uses of the algorithm in networks including shaping bursty traffic to a sustained cell flow rate.
ENHANCEMENT OF TCP FAIRNESS IN IEEE 802.11 NETWORKS
The usage of fixed buffers in 802.11 networks has a number of disadvantages associated with
it. This includes high delay, reduced throughput and inefficient channel utilisation. To
overcome this, a dynamic buffer sizing algorithm, the A* algorithm has been implemented at
the access point. In this algorithm buffer size is dynamically adjusted depending upon the
current channel conditions and hence delay is reduced and the throughput is maintained. But
in 802.11 networks with DCF collision avoidance mechanism, it creates significant amount of
unfairness between the upstream and downstream TCP flows, with clusters of upstream ACKs
blocking downstream data at the access point. Thus a variation of the Explicit Window
Adaptation (EWA) scheme has been used to regulate the queuing time of the upload clients by
calculating the feedback value at the access point. This creates fairness and increases the number of transmission opportunities for the downstream traffic
Iaetsd an effective approach to eliminate tcp incast
This document proposes an Incast Congestion Control for TCP (ICTCP) scheme to eliminate TCP incast collapse in datacenter environments. TCP incast collapse occurs when multiple synchronized servers send data to the same receiver in parallel, overwhelming the switch buffer and causing packet loss. ICTCP is a receiver-side approach that proactively adjusts the TCP receive window size of connections to control their aggregate burstiness and prevent switch buffer overflow before packet loss occurs. It estimates available bandwidth and uses this as a quota to coordinate receive window increases. For each connection, the receive window is adjusted based on the ratio of the difference between measured and expected throughput. This allows adaptive tuning of receive windows to meet sender throughput needs while avoiding congest
Congestion control
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document outlines two categories of congestion control: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective action using feedback from the network. Specific open-loop techniques discussed include admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
Congestion Control
This document discusses computer networks and congestion control techniques. It provides information on routing algorithms, causes of congestion, effects of congestion, and open-loop and closed-loop congestion control methods. Specifically, it describes the leaky bucket algorithm and token bucket algorithm for traffic shaping, and how they regulate data flow rates to prevent network congestion.
Congestion control 1
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document separates congestion control mechanisms into two categories: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective actions through feedback. Specific open-loop techniques discussed are admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
UNIT II tramission control
The document discusses various techniques for congestion control in computer networks, including at both the router and host levels. It defines congestion control as efforts to prevent or respond to overload conditions in the network. At the router level, it describes queue management techniques like FIFO, priority queuing, fair queuing (FQ), and weighted fair queuing (WFQ) which aim to allocate bandwidth fairly between flows. It also discusses congestion notification methods including explicit feedback and implicit feedback via packet drops. At the host level, it mentions TCP congestion control and reservation-based approaches.
Congestion control Assignment Help
We at Global web tutors provide expert help for Congestion control assignment or Congestion control homework. Our Congestion control online tutors are expert in providing homework help to students at all levels. Please post your assignment at support@globalwebtutors.com to get the instant Congestion controlhomework help. Congestion controlonline tutors are available 24/7 to provide assignment help as well as Congestion control homework help.
Bg4101335337
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Efficient and Fair Bandwidth Allocation AQM Scheme for Wireless Networks
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks are considered nowadays as one of the potential areas in research and development. The traffic management’s schemes that have been used at the fusion points between the different wireless networks are classical and conventional. This paper is focused on developing a novel scheme to overcome the problem of traffic congestion in the fusion point router interconnected the heterogeneous wireless networks. The paper proposed an EF-AQM algorithm which provides an efficient and fair allocation of bandwidth among different established flows. Finally, the proposed scheme developed, tested and validated through a set of experiments to demonstrate the relative merits and capabilities of a proposed scheme
Quality of service
Contents:
Data Traffic
Congestion
Congestion Control
Quality of Service
Techniques to improve QOS
How QOS is implemented within the Internet
References..
A Packet Drop Guesser Module for Congestion Control Protocols for High speed ...
Different high speed Transport layer protocols have been designed and proposed in the literature to
improve the performance of standard TCP on high BDP links. They are mainly different in their increase
and decrease formulas of their respective congestion control algorithm. Most of these high speed protocols
consider every packet drop in the network as an indication of congestion and they immediately reduce their
congestion window size. Such an approach will usually result in under utilization of available bandwidth in
case of noisy channel conditions. We take CUBIC as a test case and have compared its performance in
case of normal and noisy channel conditions. The throughput of CUBIC was drastically degraded from
50Mbps to 0.5Mbps when we introduced a random packet drops with 0.001 probability. When the
probability of the packet drops increases then the throughput gets decreases. Indeed, we need to
complement existing congestion control algorithms with some intelligent mechanisms that can differentiate
whether a certain packet drop is because of congestion or channel error thus avoid unnecessary window
reduction. In order to distinguish between packets drops, we have developed a k-NN based module to guess
whether the packet drops are due to the congestion or any other reasons. After integrating this module with
CUBIC algorithm, we have observed significant performance improvement.
A packet drop guesser module for congestion Control protocols for high speed ...
This document summarizes research on congestion control protocols for high-speed networks. It discusses how existing protocols like CUBIC consider every packet drop as congestion and reduce throughput. The document proposes a packet drop guesser module using k-NN to differentiate between packet drops due to congestion versus other factors like noise. It evaluates CUBIC integrated with this module and finds significant performance improvements over CUBIC alone in noisy conditions. Related work on high-speed protocols like BIC, FAST and CUBIC is also summarized.
A survey on congestion control mechanisms
This document summarizes a survey on congestion control mechanisms. It discusses how congestion control plays an important role in computer networks and modern telecommunications to prevent network congestion. It categorizes major congestion control mechanisms and algorithms, including black box approaches like TCP that rely only on binary feedback and grey/green box approaches that use more network information. Common goals for congestion control algorithms are discussed like efficiency, fairness and smooth convergence.
Token Based Packet Loss Control Mechanism for Networks
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new congestion control mechanism using tokens. It begins with background on congestion control and modern IP networks. The proposed approach uses edge and core routers to write quality of service measures in packet headers as tokens. Tokers are interpreted by routers to gauge congestion, especially at edge routers. Based on tokens, edge routers can shape traffic from sources to reduce congestion. The mechanism aims to provide fairness while controlling packet loss. Key aspects discussed include stable token limit congestion control, core routers, edge routers, and how the approach compares to related work like CSFQ.
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL CON...
This document analyzes and experimentally evaluates several TCP congestion control algorithms (variants) - TCP cubic, TCP hybla, TCP scalable, TCP Vegas, and TCP Westwood - in a wireless multihop environment. It aims to understand the throughput performance of each variant as the number of nodes increases. The analysis provides insights into how well different variants can adapt to dynamic multihop wireless networks. It experimentally tests the variants in a simulation using Network Simulator 2 and compares their throughput performance under varying node counts. The goal is to help develop more robust TCP algorithms that can effectively manage congestion in challenging wireless network conditions.
Congetion Control.pptx
This document discusses network congestion and congestion control. It defines congestion as occurring when there are too many packets present in part of a subnet, degrading performance. Factors that can influence congestion include bursty traffic patterns, insufficient router memory or bandwidth, and slow router processing. Congestion control techniques aim to prevent or remove congestion through open-loop methods like traffic scheduling, or closed-loop methods using feedback to adjust system operations. Traffic-aware routing and admission control are also discussed as ways to minimize congestion.
IMPACT OF CONTENTION WINDOW ON CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS ADH...
TCP congestion control mechanism is highly dependent on MAC layer Backoff algorithms that
predict the optimal Contention Window size to increase the TCP performance in wireless adhoc
network. This paper critically examines the impact of Contention Window in TCP congestion
control approaches. The modified TCP congestion control method gives the stability of
congestion window which provides higher throughput and shorter delay than the traditional TCP. Various Backoff algorithms that are used to adjust Contention Window are simulatedusing NS2 along with modified TCP and their performance are analyzed to depict the influence of Contention Window in TCP performance considering the metrics such as throughput, delay, packet loss and end-to-end delay
Tcp Congestion Avoidance
The document discusses several algorithms used for congestion control in TCP/IP networks, including slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, fast recovery, random early discard (RED), and traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Slow start and congestion avoidance control the transmission rate by adjusting the congestion window size. Fast retransmit and fast recovery allow quicker retransmission of lost packets without waiting for timeouts. RED proactively discards packets before buffer overflow. Leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms shape traffic flow through use of buffers and tokens to smooth bursts and control transmission rates.
Arrjay
Traffic management provides optimal utilization of network resources by managing network traffic and providing service guarantees to user connections. It includes functions such as traffic contract management, traffic shaping, traffic policing, priority control, flow control, and congestion control. Connection admission control is used to determine whether new connection requests can be accepted while ensuring sufficient resources and quality of service for existing connections. Traffic shaping techniques such as leaky bucket algorithm alter traffic characteristics to make them more predictable and conforming to network requirements.
Studying_the_TCP_Flow_and_Congestion_Con.pdf
Abstract - The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is
connection oriented, reliable and end-to-end protocol that support
flow and congestion control, with the evolution and rapid growth
of the internet and emergence of internet of things IoT, flow and
congestion have clear impact in the network performance. In this
paper we study congestion control mechanisms Tahoe, Reno,
Newreno, SACK and Vegas, which are introduced to control
network utilization and increase throughput, in the performance
evaluation we evaluate the performance metrics such as
throughput, packets loss, delivery and reveals impact of the cwnd.
Showing that SACK had done better performance in terms of
numbers of packets sent, throughput and delivery ratio than
Newreno, Vegas shows the best performance of all of them.
9_Network.ppt
The document discusses various congestion control algorithms and quality of service techniques used in computer networks. It describes approaches like traffic-aware routing, admission control, traffic throttling, and load shedding to control congestion. It also explains how quality of service is achieved through integrated services, differentiated services, and techniques like traffic shaping, packet scheduling, buffering, and jitter control.
An ecn approach to congestion control mechanisms in mobile ad hoc networks
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). Science, Technology and Medicine Journals Call for Academic Manuscripts
kisan bill ujjwal matoliya.pptx
The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020 allows the central government to regulate the supply of certain food items only under extraordinary circumstances (such as war and famine). Stock limits may be imposed on agricultural produce only if there is a steep price rise.
The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020 is an act of the Indian Government that creates a national framework for contract farming through an agreement between a farmer and a buyer before the production or rearing of any farm produces.
Data Frames and Scatterplots in R language ujjwal matoliya.pptx
In the section on exploring Q→Q relationships, you loaded a “data frame” called h
A data frame is R’s representation of a table
Columns and rows can have names
Each column can contain data of a different type
E.g. some columns might be numerical data, and some might be categorical
Categorical variables in R are called factors
By contrast, a matrix is a table in which all the data are the same type
Add layers to a ggplot2 plot by adding layers to the plot, using the various geom_xxx functions
To create a scatterplot, use geom_point(): ggplot(h2, aes(x=height, y=weight)) + geom_point()
To color the points, simply use the color parameter: ggplot(h2, aes(x=height, y=weight)) + geom_point(aes(color=gender))
To specify the colors, use scale_color_manual(): ggplot(h2, aes(x=height, y=weight)) + geom_point(aes(color=gender)) + scale_color_manual(values=c("blue","red"))
The ggplot2 package provides functionality for more sophisticated plots
Install the package, if you haven’t already install.packages(“ggplot2”)
Load the library library(“ggplot2”)
Let’s just fix the gender column: h2 <- h h2$gender <- ifelse(h2$gender==1, “Female”, “Male”)
Start a plot with the ggplot(…) function, specifying the data to use and the aesthetics, which can include a mapping to the x-axis and y-axis: ggplot(h2, aes(x=height, y=weight))
This just creates a blank plot
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Congestion Control
This document discusses computer networks and congestion control techniques. It provides information on routing algorithms, causes of congestion, effects of congestion, and open-loop and closed-loop congestion control methods. Specifically, it describes the leaky bucket algorithm and token bucket algorithm for traffic shaping, and how they regulate data flow rates to prevent network congestion.
Congestion control 1
The document discusses congestion control in computer networks. It defines congestion as occurring when the load on a network is greater than the network's capacity. Congestion control aims to control congestion and keep the load below capacity. The document separates congestion control mechanisms into two categories: open-loop control, which aims to prevent congestion; and closed-loop control, which detects congestion and takes corrective actions through feedback. Specific open-loop techniques discussed are admission control, traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms, and traffic scheduling.
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The document discusses various techniques for congestion control in computer networks, including at both the router and host levels. It defines congestion control as efforts to prevent or respond to overload conditions in the network. At the router level, it describes queue management techniques like FIFO, priority queuing, fair queuing (FQ), and weighted fair queuing (WFQ) which aim to allocate bandwidth fairly between flows. It also discusses congestion notification methods including explicit feedback and implicit feedback via packet drops. At the host level, it mentions TCP congestion control and reservation-based approaches.
Congestion control Assignment Help
We at Global web tutors provide expert help for Congestion control assignment or Congestion control homework. Our Congestion control online tutors are expert in providing homework help to students at all levels. Please post your assignment at support@globalwebtutors.com to get the instant Congestion controlhomework help. Congestion controlonline tutors are available 24/7 to provide assignment help as well as Congestion control homework help.
Bg4101335337
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Efficient and Fair Bandwidth Allocation AQM Scheme for Wireless Networks
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks are considered nowadays as one of the potential areas in research and development. The traffic management’s schemes that have been used at the fusion points between the different wireless networks are classical and conventional. This paper is focused on developing a novel scheme to overcome the problem of traffic congestion in the fusion point router interconnected the heterogeneous wireless networks. The paper proposed an EF-AQM algorithm which provides an efficient and fair allocation of bandwidth among different established flows. Finally, the proposed scheme developed, tested and validated through a set of experiments to demonstrate the relative merits and capabilities of a proposed scheme
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Contents:
Data Traffic
Congestion
Congestion Control
Quality of Service
Techniques to improve QOS
How QOS is implemented within the Internet
References..
A Packet Drop Guesser Module for Congestion Control Protocols for High speed ...
Different high speed Transport layer protocols have been designed and proposed in the literature to
improve the performance of standard TCP on high BDP links. They are mainly different in their increase
and decrease formulas of their respective congestion control algorithm. Most of these high speed protocols
consider every packet drop in the network as an indication of congestion and they immediately reduce their
congestion window size. Such an approach will usually result in under utilization of available bandwidth in
case of noisy channel conditions. We take CUBIC as a test case and have compared its performance in
case of normal and noisy channel conditions. The throughput of CUBIC was drastically degraded from
50Mbps to 0.5Mbps when we introduced a random packet drops with 0.001 probability. When the
probability of the packet drops increases then the throughput gets decreases. Indeed, we need to
complement existing congestion control algorithms with some intelligent mechanisms that can differentiate
whether a certain packet drop is because of congestion or channel error thus avoid unnecessary window
reduction. In order to distinguish between packets drops, we have developed a k-NN based module to guess
whether the packet drops are due to the congestion or any other reasons. After integrating this module with
CUBIC algorithm, we have observed significant performance improvement.
A packet drop guesser module for congestion Control protocols for high speed ...
This document summarizes research on congestion control protocols for high-speed networks. It discusses how existing protocols like CUBIC consider every packet drop as congestion and reduce throughput. The document proposes a packet drop guesser module using k-NN to differentiate between packet drops due to congestion versus other factors like noise. It evaluates CUBIC integrated with this module and finds significant performance improvements over CUBIC alone in noisy conditions. Related work on high-speed protocols like BIC, FAST and CUBIC is also summarized.
A survey on congestion control mechanisms
This document summarizes a survey on congestion control mechanisms. It discusses how congestion control plays an important role in computer networks and modern telecommunications to prevent network congestion. It categorizes major congestion control mechanisms and algorithms, including black box approaches like TCP that rely only on binary feedback and grey/green box approaches that use more network information. Common goals for congestion control algorithms are discussed like efficiency, fairness and smooth convergence.
Token Based Packet Loss Control Mechanism for Networks
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new congestion control mechanism using tokens. It begins with background on congestion control and modern IP networks. The proposed approach uses edge and core routers to write quality of service measures in packet headers as tokens. Tokers are interpreted by routers to gauge congestion, especially at edge routers. Based on tokens, edge routers can shape traffic from sources to reduce congestion. The mechanism aims to provide fairness while controlling packet loss. Key aspects discussed include stable token limit congestion control, core routers, edge routers, and how the approach compares to related work like CSFQ.
ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL CON...
This document analyzes and experimentally evaluates several TCP congestion control algorithms (variants) - TCP cubic, TCP hybla, TCP scalable, TCP Vegas, and TCP Westwood - in a wireless multihop environment. It aims to understand the throughput performance of each variant as the number of nodes increases. The analysis provides insights into how well different variants can adapt to dynamic multihop wireless networks. It experimentally tests the variants in a simulation using Network Simulator 2 and compares their throughput performance under varying node counts. The goal is to help develop more robust TCP algorithms that can effectively manage congestion in challenging wireless network conditions.
Congetion Control.pptx
This document discusses network congestion and congestion control. It defines congestion as occurring when there are too many packets present in part of a subnet, degrading performance. Factors that can influence congestion include bursty traffic patterns, insufficient router memory or bandwidth, and slow router processing. Congestion control techniques aim to prevent or remove congestion through open-loop methods like traffic scheduling, or closed-loop methods using feedback to adjust system operations. Traffic-aware routing and admission control are also discussed as ways to minimize congestion.
IMPACT OF CONTENTION WINDOW ON CONGESTION CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS ADH...
TCP congestion control mechanism is highly dependent on MAC layer Backoff algorithms that
predict the optimal Contention Window size to increase the TCP performance in wireless adhoc
network. This paper critically examines the impact of Contention Window in TCP congestion
control approaches. The modified TCP congestion control method gives the stability of
congestion window which provides higher throughput and shorter delay than the traditional TCP. Various Backoff algorithms that are used to adjust Contention Window are simulatedusing NS2 along with modified TCP and their performance are analyzed to depict the influence of Contention Window in TCP performance considering the metrics such as throughput, delay, packet loss and end-to-end delay
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The document discusses several algorithms used for congestion control in TCP/IP networks, including slow start, congestion avoidance, fast retransmit, fast recovery, random early discard (RED), and traffic shaping using leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Slow start and congestion avoidance control the transmission rate by adjusting the congestion window size. Fast retransmit and fast recovery allow quicker retransmission of lost packets without waiting for timeouts. RED proactively discards packets before buffer overflow. Leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms shape traffic flow through use of buffers and tokens to smooth bursts and control transmission rates.
Arrjay
Traffic management provides optimal utilization of network resources by managing network traffic and providing service guarantees to user connections. It includes functions such as traffic contract management, traffic shaping, traffic policing, priority control, flow control, and congestion control. Connection admission control is used to determine whether new connection requests can be accepted while ensuring sufficient resources and quality of service for existing connections. Traffic shaping techniques such as leaky bucket algorithm alter traffic characteristics to make them more predictable and conforming to network requirements.
Studying_the_TCP_Flow_and_Congestion_Con.pdf
Abstract - The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is
connection oriented, reliable and end-to-end protocol that support
flow and congestion control, with the evolution and rapid growth
of the internet and emergence of internet of things IoT, flow and
congestion have clear impact in the network performance. In this
paper we study congestion control mechanisms Tahoe, Reno,
Newreno, SACK and Vegas, which are introduced to control
network utilization and increase throughput, in the performance
evaluation we evaluate the performance metrics such as
throughput, packets loss, delivery and reveals impact of the cwnd.
Showing that SACK had done better performance in terms of
numbers of packets sent, throughput and delivery ratio than
Newreno, Vegas shows the best performance of all of them.
9_Network.ppt
The document discusses various congestion control algorithms and quality of service techniques used in computer networks. It describes approaches like traffic-aware routing, admission control, traffic throttling, and load shedding to control congestion. It also explains how quality of service is achieved through integrated services, differentiated services, and techniques like traffic shaping, packet scheduling, buffering, and jitter control.
An ecn approach to congestion control mechanisms in mobile ad hoc networks
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). Science, Technology and Medicine Journals Call for Academic Manuscripts
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By contrast, a matrix is a table in which all the data are the same type
Add layers to a ggplot2 plot by adding layers to the plot, using the various geom_xxx functions
To create a scatterplot, use geom_point(): ggplot(h2, aes(x=height, y=weight)) + geom_point()
To color the points, simply use the color parameter: ggplot(h2, aes(x=height, y=weight)) + geom_point(aes(color=gender))
To specify the colors, use scale_color_manual(): ggplot(h2, aes(x=height, y=weight)) + geom_point(aes(color=gender)) + scale_color_manual(values=c("blue","red"))
The ggplot2 package provides functionality for more sophisticated plots
Install the package, if you haven’t already install.packages(“ggplot2”)
Load the library library(“ggplot2”)
Let’s just fix the gender column: h2 <- h h2$gender <- ifelse(h2$gender==1, “Female”, “Male”)
Start a plot with the ggplot(…) function, specifying the data to use and the aesthetics, which can include a mapping to the x-axis and y-axis: ggplot(h2, aes(x=height, y=weight))
This just creates a blank plot
Floyd’s and Warshal’s Algorithm ujjwal matoliya.pptx
The Floyd Warshall algorithm is for solving the All Pairs Shortest Path problem. The problem is to find shortest distances between every pair of vertices in a given edge weighted directed Graph.
Floyd-Warshall Algorithm is an algorithm for solving All Pairs shortest path problem which gives the shortest path between every pair of vertices of the given graph.
Floyd-Warshall Algorithm is an example of dynamic programming.
The main advantage of Floyd-Warshall Algorithm is that it is extremely simple and easy to implement.
Floyd-Warshall Algorithm is best suited for dense graphs since its complexity depends only on the number of vertices in the graph.
For sparse graphs, Johnson’s Algorithm is more suitable.
Global Attributes Window Event Attributes Form Events Ujjwal matoliya.pptx
HTML global attributes are those attributes which are common for all HTML elements. The global attributes are supported by both standard and non-standard element.
The global attributes can be used with all elements, although it may not have any effect on some elements.
The accesskey attribute specifies a shortcut key to activate/focus an element.
The accesskey attribute value must be a single character (a letter or a digit).
The class attribute specifies one or more class names for an element.
The class attribute is mostly used to point to a class in a style sheet. However, it can also be used by a JavaScript (via the HTML DOM) to make changes to HTML elements with a specified class.
Instruction format UJJWAL MATOLIYA.pptx
3 bit is used for opcode part. Memory reference instruction uses 12 bit for addressing part. 1 bit for addressing mode. For direct address most significant bit is set to zero and for indirect address MSB is set to one
Zero address instructions
One address instructions
Two address instructions
Three address instructions
IT does not use any address field in the computational instruction
ADD and MUL instruction don’t use any address field of the stack (set of memory location); however, address field is necessary for PUSH and POP instruction
THE instruction with one address format use only one address field.
IT use accumulator (AC) register for all types of data manipulation
THE instructions with two address format uses two address fields.
Each address field can specify a register or a memory location.
example are: ADD, MOV , CMP, BIS etc.
The various formats for specifying operand are called addressing modes.
Immediate/Implied addressing mode
Register addressing mode
Register Indirect
Auto Increment / Auto decrement
Direct addressing mode
Indirect addressing mode
Relative addressing mode
Index addressing mode
Immediate/Implied addressing mode
Register addressing mode
Register Indirect
Auto Increment / Auto decrement
Direct addressing mode
Indirect addressing mode
Relative addressing mode
Index addressing mode
Base Register addressing mode
javascript function ujjwal matoliya.pptx
A function is a group of reusable code which can be called anywhere in your program. This eliminates the need of writing the same code again and again. It helps programmers in writing modular codes. Functions allow a programmer to divide a big program into a number of small and manageable functions.
The most common way to define a function in JavaScript is by using the function keyword, followed by a unique function name, a list of parameters (that might be empty), and a statement block surrounded by curly braces.
A JavaScript function can have an optional return statement. This is required if you want to return a value from a function. This statement should be the last statement in a function.
In the above program, variable x is used to store the function. Here the function is treated as an expression. And the function is called using the variable name.
The function above is called an anonymous function.
string functions in SQL ujjwal matoliya.pptx
SQL string functions are used primarily for string manipulation.
The initcap() function converts the first letter of each word in a string to upper case, and converts any remaining characters in each word to lowercase.
Query: SELECT initcap(ename) FROM employee;
* LCASE () is a synonym for LOWER ().
* Returns the string str with all characters changed to lowercase according to the current character set mapping.
Example1: SELECT lower(ename) from employee ;
Returns the length of the string str measured in bytes. A multi-byte character counts as multiple bytes. This means that for a string containing five two-byte characters,
LENGTH() returns 10, whereas CHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.
Query: SELECT LENGTH('ename') from employee ;
Returns the string str with all remstr prefixes or suffixes removed. If none of the specifiers BOTH, LEADING, or TRAILING is given, BOTH is assumed. remstr is optional and, if not specified, spaces are removed.
Example: SELECT TRIM(‘ reena ') from dual;
jdbc Java Database Connectivity ujjwal matoliya jdbc.pptx
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity. JDBC is a Java API to connect and execute the query with the database. It is a part of JavaSE (Java Standard Edition). JDBC API uses JDBC drivers to connect with the database
Before JDBC, ODBC API was the database API to connect and execute the query with the database. But, ODBC API uses ODBC driver which is written in C language (i.e. platform dependent and unsecured). That is why Java has defined its own API (JDBC API) that uses JDBC drivers (written in Java language).
We can use JDBC API to handle database using Java program and can perform the following activities:
Connect to the database
Execute queries and update statements to the database
Retrieve the result received from the database.
compiler design ujjwal matoliya 2nd sem MCA.pptx
The document discusses syntax directed translation (SDT). It defines SDT as grammar plus semantic rules. It provides examples of using SDT for arithmetic expressions, infix to postfix conversion, and generating intermediate code. It also discusses how to evaluate an SDT using a top-down and bottom-up approach. Finally, it defines the differences between synthesized and inherited attributes, and S-attributed and L-attributed SDT.
3 address code ujjwal matoliya.pptx
Intermediate code can translate the source program into the machine program. Intermediate code is generated because the compiler can’t generate machine code directly in one pass. Therefore, first, it converts the source program into intermediate code, which performs efficient generation of machine code further. The intermediate code can be represented in the form of postfix notation, syntax tree, directed acyclic graph, three address codes, Quadruples, and triples.
Three address code
Three-address code is an intermediate code. It is used by the optimizing compilers.
In three-address code, the given expression is broken down into several separate instructions. These instructions can easily translate into assembly language.
Each Three address code instruction has at most three operands. It is a combination of assignment and a binary operator.
Three address code is used in compiler applications:
Optimization: Three address code is often used as an intermediate representation of code during optimization phases of the compilation process. The three address code allows the compiler to analyze the code and perform optimizations that can improve the performance of the generated code.
Code generation: Three address code can also be used as an intermediate representation of code during the code generation phase of the compilation process. The three address code allows the compiler to generate code that is specific to the target platform, while also ensuring that the generated code is correct and efficient.
Debugging: Three address code can be helpful in debugging the code generated by the compiler. Since three address code is a low-level language, it is often easier to read and understand than the final generated code.
2-3 tree ujjwal matoliya .pptx
It stand for multi-way search tree
Multi-way search trees are a generalized version of binary trees
That allow for efficient data searching and sorting
In contrast to binary search trees, which can only have two children per node
Multi-way search trees can have multiple children per node
2-3 Trees
2-3 trees are the data structure same as trees, but it has some different properties like any node can have either single value or double value. So, there are two types of nodes in 2-3 trees:
Search:
If T is empty, return False (key cannot be found in the tree).
If current node contains data value which is equal to K, return True.
If we reach the leaf-node and it doesn’t contain the required key value K, return False.
Recursive Calls:
If K < currentNode.leftVal, we explore the left subtree of the current node.
Else if currentNode.leftVal < K < currentNode.rightVal, we explore the middle subtree of the current node.
Else if K > currentNode.rightVal, we explore the right subtree of the current node.
Insertion:
There are 3 possible cases in insertion which have been discussed below:
Case 1: Insert in a node with only one data element
Case 2: Insert in a node with two data elements whose parent contains only one data element.
Case 3: Insert in a node with two data elements whose parent also contains two data elements.
Deletion
To delete a value, it is replaced by its in-order successor and then removed.
If a node is left with less than one data value then two nodes must be merged together.
If a node becomes empty after deleting a value, it is then merged with another node.
Graph in Discrete mathemaetics.pptx
A graph G = (V, E) consists of a set of vertices V = { V1, V2, . . . } and set of edges E = { E1, E2, . . . }. The set of unordered pairs of distinct vertices whose elements are called edges of graph G such that each edge is identified with an unordered pair (Vi, Vj) of vertices. The vertices (Vi, Vj) are said to be adjacent if there is an edge Ek which is associated to Vi and Vj. In such a case Vi and Vj are called end points and the edge Ek is said to be connect/joint of Vi and Vj.
Quick Sort in data structure.pptx
Quick Sort is one of the different Sorting Technique which is based on the concept of Divide and Conquer, just like merge sort. But in quick sort all the heavy lifting(major work) is done while dividing the array into sub arrays , while in case of merge sort, all the real work happens during merging the sub arrays . In case of quick sort, the combine step does absolutely nothing.
Hadoop With R language.pptx
Hadoop is an open-source framework which was founded by the ASF - Apache Software Foundation. It is used to store process and analyze data that are huge in volume. Hadoop is written in Java, and it is not OLAP (Online Analytical Processing). It is used for batch/offline processing. It is being used by Facebook, Google, Twitter, Yahoo, LinkedIn, and many more. Moreover, it can be scaled up just by adding nodes in the cluster.R is an open-source programming language. It is best suited for statistical and graphical analysis. Also, if we need strong data analytics and visualization features, we have to combine R with Hadoop.
The purpose behind R and Hadoop integration:
To use Hadoop to execute R code.
To use R to access the data stored in Hadoop.
Hadoop Streaming is a utility that allows users to create and run jobs with any executable as the mapper and/or the reducer. Using the streaming system, we can develop working Hadoop jobs with just enough knowledge of Java to write two shell scripts which work in tandem.
LOGIC FAMILY.pptx
Digital logic family is a group of logic gates constructed using passive devices like a resistor, transistor, diodes, etc. Such devices have compatible logic levels and supply voltage with certain characteristics.According to the components used, there are different types of logic families. Some of the logic families include Resistor-Transistor logic(RTL), Diode-Transistor logic(DTL), Transistor-transistor logic(TTL), Emitter coupled logic(ECL), PMOS, NMOS, and CMOS circuits.
Transaction.pptx
The concurrency control is the process to maintain the data where there are multiple resources or users are accessing the data element and performing the database operations. There are several enterprise systems such as banking, ticket booking, and traffic light systems that use a shared database as part of the data store associated with concurrent transactions.
cyclomatic complecity.pptx
Cyclomatic complexity of a code section is the quantitative measure of the number of linearly independent paths in it. It is a software metric used to indicate the complexity of a program. It is computed using the Control Flow Graph of the program. The nodes in the graph indicate the smallest group of commands of a program, and a directed edge in it connects the two nodes i.e. if second command might immediately follow the first command.
computer graphic.pptx
This document summarizes different 2D transformations including translation, rotation, reflection, and shearing. It defines each transformation type and provides examples of applying them to geometric objects like lines, polygons, and circles. Rotation is described as changing an object's angle and can be clockwise or counterclockwise. Reflection produces a mirror image across an axis like the x-axis or y-axis. Shearing distorts an object's shape by sliding its layers in one or both axes. Examples are given of applying each transformation to triangles and calculating the new coordinates.
Game playing With AI.pptx
Game Playing is an important domain of artificial intelligence. Games don’t require much knowledge; the only knowledge we need to provide is the rules, legal moves and the conditions of winning or losing the game.
Both players try to win the game.
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congestion ujjwal matoliya.pptx
- 1. Session 2020-21 Choke Packet Submitted By Ujjwal matoliya B.Sc 3rd sem
- 2. Content What is congestion? Traffic Shaping Congestion control algorithms Choke Packet
- 3. What is congestion? A state occurring in network layer when the message traffic is so heavy that it slows down network response time. Effects of Congestion As delay increases, performance decreases. If delay increases, retransmission occurs, making situation worse.
- 4. Traffic Shaping A network traffic management technique. Traffic shaping is used to control bandwidth of the network to ensure quality of service to business-critical applications This technique uses parameters to shape the flow of network traffic : I. Average bandwidth II. Peak bandwidth
- 5. Average Bandwidth : It is configured to set permitted bits per second across a port group level or a virtual/distributed virtual switch, over time. The rate of data transfer is permitted over time. Peak bandwidth : It decides maximum number of bits per second permitted across a port group level or a virtual/distributed virtual switch without discarding or queuing the frames.
- 7. Congestion control algorithms 1.Leaky Bucket Algorithm 2.Token bucket Algorithm
- 8. Imagine a bucket with a small hole in the bottom.No matter at what rate water enters the bucket, the outflow is at constant rate.When the bucket is full with water additional water entering spills over the sides and is lost. Leaky Bucket Algorithm
- 9. The leaky bucket algorithm enforces output pattern at the average rate, no matter how bursty the traffic is. So in order to deal with the bursty traffic we need a flexible algorithm so that the data is not lost. One such algorithm is token bucket algorithm. Token bucket Algorithm
- 12. Formula: M * s = C + ρ * s where S – is time taken M – Maximum output rate ρ – Token arrival rate C – Capacity of the token bucket in byte
- 13. Choke Packet A choke packet is used in network maintenance and quality management to inform a specific node or transmitter that its transmitted traffic is creating congestion over the network. This forces the node or transmitter to reduce its output rate. Choke packets are used for congestion and flow control over a network. The source node is addressed directly by the router, forcing it to decrease its sending rate .The source node acknowledges this by reducing the sending rate by some percentage.