The document discusses network congestion, which occurs when heavy traffic slows down response times, and explores traffic shaping as a management technique to optimize bandwidth for critical applications. It outlines two congestion control algorithms: the leaky bucket algorithm, which maintains a steady output rate regardless of input bursts, and the token bucket algorithm, which allows for flexible output based on token generation. Additionally, it describes choke packets used for informing nodes to reduce their transmission rates in response to congestion.

1. Session 2020-21
Choke Packet
Submitted By
Ujjwal matoliya
B.Sc 3rd sem

2. Content
What is congestion?
Traffic Shaping
Congestion control algorithms
Choke Packet

3. What is congestion?
A state occurring in network layer when the
message traffic is so heavy that it slows down
network response time.
Effects of Congestion
As delay increases, performance decreases.
If delay increases, retransmission occurs, making
situation worse.

4. Traffic Shaping
A network traffic management technique.
Traffic shaping is used to control bandwidth of
the network to ensure quality of service to
business-critical applications
This technique uses parameters to shape the flow of network traffic :
I. Average bandwidth
II. Peak bandwidth

5. Average Bandwidth :
It is configured to set permitted bits per second across a port group
level or a virtual/distributed virtual switch, over time. The rate of data
transfer is permitted over time.
Peak bandwidth :
It decides maximum number of bits per second permitted across a
port group level or a virtual/distributed virtual switch without
discarding or queuing the frames.

6. Time
Data
rate
Average Bandwidth
Peak bandwidth

7. Congestion control algorithms
1.Leaky Bucket Algorithm
2.Token bucket Algorithm

8. Imagine a bucket with a small hole in the bottom.No matter at
what rate water enters the bucket, the outflow is at constant
rate.When the bucket is full with water additional water entering
spills over the sides and is lost.
Leaky Bucket Algorithm

9. The leaky bucket algorithm enforces output pattern at the average
rate, no matter how bursty the traffic is. So in order to deal with the
bursty traffic we need a flexible algorithm so that the data is not lost.
One such algorithm is token bucket algorithm.
Token bucket Algorithm

10. 0 2
10
mbps
0 1
5
mbps

12. Formula:
M * s = C + ρ * s
where S – is time taken
M – Maximum output rate
ρ – Token arrival rate
C – Capacity of the token bucket in
byte

13. Choke Packet
A choke packet is used in network maintenance and quality
management to inform a specific node or transmitter that its
transmitted traffic is creating congestion over the network.
This forces the node or transmitter to reduce its output rate.
Choke packets are used for congestion and flow control over a
network. The source node is addressed directly by the router,
forcing it to decrease its sending rate .The source node
acknowledges this by reducing the sending rate by some
percentage.