Traffic congestion is a common phenomenon almost in all the cities of India. The situation has become to a very critical stage and has already assumed unbearable proportion in the cities of India. Cities of India cannot afford the economic and environmental loss resulted from this sever traffic Congestion. In this report, SBI to Bus-Station road in Modasa Town has been considered as study area. In the study area motorized and non-motorized vehicle creating congestion which has many negative effects. Traffic volume survey, Travel time delay study and informal occupancy survey has been conducted. A large number of vehicles occupy the road, reducing road capacity and creating congestion. In this study Average travel time delay measured due to Compared Speed-Density relationship with or Without Parking and Pedestrians and quantifies Congestion effect of Parking and Pedestrians.

1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 3, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
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Congestion Effects of Parking and Pedestrians on Urban Road
-A Case Study of Modasa Town (Bus station to SBI Road link)
Mr. Hiren V. Patel1
Prof. V. R. Gor2
Prof. H. K. Dave3
1
M.E. Student 2
Assistant Professor 3
Associated Professor
1, 2, 3
Civil Engineering Department
1, 2, 3
Government Engineering College, Modasa, Gujarat, India
Abstract— Traffic congestion is a common phenomenon
almost in all the cities of India. The situation has become to
a very critical stage and has already assumed unbearable
proportion in the cities of India. Cities of India cannot afford
the economic and environmental loss resulted from this
sever traffic Congestion. In this report, SBI to Bus-Station
road in Modasa Town has been considered as study area. In
the study area motorized and non-motorized vehicle creating
congestion which has many negative effects. Traffic volume
survey, Travel time delay study and informal occupancy
survey has been conducted. A large number of vehicles
occupy the road, reducing road capacity and creating
congestion. In this study Average travel time delay
measured due to Compared Speed-Density relationship with
or Without Parking and Pedestrians and quantifies
Congestion effect of Parking and Pedestrians.
I. INTRODUCTION
Modasa is situated in the northeast portion of the Gujarat
State (INDIA), with latitude of 23.47N and longitude of
73.30E. Population in Modasa city is 94 thousands (2011).
Density of population is 5300 per sq.Km.
Traffic and transportation problems in Modasa City
have not been commensurate with the increasing demands
for its usage. The city expanded dynamically without any
planning and control due to the rapid socioeconomic
changes. Modasa City is the nucleus of the greater Modasa
regions and all of the divisional head office of corporate
offices, the higher educational facilities ( Two Pharmacy
college, Two public engineering college, three private
College, thirty industrial Cources, private hospitals and
clinics, government colleges and schools), so many business
and shopping complexes are located in or around the
Modasa city. Thus, the city plays a big role in controlling
the economic development of not only Modasa region but
also the entire Gujarat.
II. BASIC FORM OF SPEED-FLOW-DENSITY
RELATIONSHIP
Knowledge of relationship between speed, volume and
density is very important in traffic studies. In this Study
speed-density relationship is used to find the congestion
effects of parking and pedestrians.
A. Speed-density relationship:
With increase in density the speed decreases. When there is
no vehicle (density=0), the speed is maximum. This speed is
called “Free speed”. At very high density, the vehicles
approach zero speed. This density is called “Jam density”.
B. Speed-Flow relationship:
At very low speeds the volume would also be low. With
increasing speed, traffic volume also increases up to a
certain limit, as headway initially decreases. But as the
speed further increases the spacing between the vehicles
increases and becomes so large that volume decreases.
There is an optimum speed at which the flow is maximum.
C. Flow-density relationships:
As the density increases from zero, volume increases up to
the point of critical density, the density corresponding to
maximum flow. It is called “Optimum density”. There after
volume decreases as density continues to increases to a
maximum value known as “Jam density” when all vehicles
are stopped. As density increases the speed of vehicle is
reduced, reducing the flow, till it reaches jam density when
there is no movement or flow.
III. TRAFFIC DENSITY
Traffic density or concentration is the number of vehicles
occupying a unit length of road at an instant of time. The
unit length is generally one kilometer. It is generally
expressed in units of vehicles per kilometer. Density is
expressed in relation to the width of the road such as per
lane or per 2 lanes etc. when vehicles are in jam condition,
the density is maximum. It is then termed as the jamming
density.
Traffic density bears a functional relationship to
speed and volume. Direct measurement of density in the
field is difficult, requiring a vantage point from which
significant length of highway can be photographed,
videotaped, or observed. It can be computed, however, from
the average travel speed and rate of flow, which are more
easily measured.
K=Q/V ……….3.1
Where,
Q= Rate of flow,in vph
V= Average travel speed, in kmph
K= density, in vpkm.
IV. METHODOLOGY & DATA COLLECTION
The study has been conducted by the Department of Civil
Engineering, GOVT. Engineering College, Modasa. For
assessing the existing traffic condition in Modasa City.

2. Congestion Effects of Parking and Pedestrians on Urban Road - A Case Study of Modasa Town (Bus station to SBI Road link)
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 3/2013/0063)
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651
Fig. 1. Stages of the Study work
A. Road Geometry Data
Road
Name
Numbe
r of
Lane/
Directi
on
Carriage Way
width(m)/Direct
ion
Average
volume
PCU/hr
surfac
e type
Data
collecti
on
Techniq
ue
SBI to
BUS
Station
connect
ing
road
2 7.00 1875
Bitum
en
Videog
raphy
Table.1: Present situation of the Road and Data Collection
Technique
B. Traffic Volume Survey
The most important data are generated through the modern
survey techniques like traffic volume count at Malpur Cross
Road to Bus-Station Link road. The extent of variation of
traffic flow was ascertained by carrying out twelve hour
(7:30 to 19:30) weekday counts on Study road. By analyzing
the twelve-hour traffic volumes, the period of peak flows are
assessed. The traffic volume is expressed as passenger car
unit per hour (PCU/h).
V. ANALYSIS OF COLLECTING DATA
Data collecting from volume count survey are Analysis and
measure Space mean speed on selected 27 m Long Street
through 2 min Flow count in Peak hour and Density is
measured through the equation 3.1. After completed
Analysis quantify Congestion effects of Parking and
pedestrians on Study Streets.
Density
PCU/Km
Speed
without
Parking and
encroachme
nt
Speed
under
parking and
encroachme
nt
Differenc
e in
speed
Percentag
e
increase
in speed
0 43.28 30.41 12.87 29.74
10 41.26 29.11 12.15 29.45
20 39.24 27.81 11.43 29.13
30 37.22 26.51 10.71 28.77
40 35.2 25.21 9.99 28.38
50 33.18 23.91 9.27 27.94
60 31.16 22.61 8.55 27.44
70 29.14 21.31 7.83 26.87
80 27.12 20.01 7.11 26.22
90 25.1 18.71 6.39 25.46
100 23.08 17.41 5.67 24.57
110 21.06 16.11 4.95 23.50
120 19.04 14.81 4.23 22.22
130 17.02 13.51 3.51 20.62
140 15 12.21 2.79 18.60
150 12.98 10.91 2.07 15.95
Table. 2: Different between Speed with and without parking
and encroachment (SBI to Bus-station link Road)
Fig. 2: Comparison of Speed-Density Relationship for SBI
to Bus-station Link Road
Density (PCU/Km)
Travel time
(sec) without
Parking and
encroachment
Travel time
(Sec) under
parking and
Encroachment
Excess in
travel time
due to
parking and
encroachment
0 50 71 21
10 52 74 22
20 55 78 23
30 58 81 23
40 61 86 24
50 65 90 25
60 69 96 26
70 74 101 27
80 80 108 28
90 86 115 29
100 94 124 30
110 103 134 32
120 113 146 32
130 127 160 33
140 144 177 33
150 166 198 32
Table. 3: Excess Travel time due to Parking and
encroachment (SBI to Bus-station link Road)
y = -0.2021x + 43.285
R² = 0.7014
y = -0.1301x + 30.418
R² = 0.7219
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
0 50 100 150
Speed(Km/hr)
Density (PCU/Km)
Speed-Density without Parking and Encroachment
Speed-density with Parking and Encroachment
Linear (Speed-density with Parking and Encroachment)

3. Congestion Effects of Parking and Pedestrians on Urban Road - A Case Study of Modasa Town (Bus station to SBI Road link)
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 3/2013/0063)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com
652
Fig.3Comparison Speed-Density Relationship for Bus-
station to SBI Link Road
Density
(PCU/Km)
Speed
without
Parking and
encroachme
nt
speed under
parking and
encroachme
nt
Differen
t in
speed
Percentag
e increase
in speed
0 46.15 28.3 17.85 38.68
10 43.74 27.06 16.68 38.13
20 41.33 25.82 15.51 37.53
30 38.92 24.58 14.34 36.84
40 36.51 23.34 13.17 36.07
50 34.1 22.1 12 35.19
60 31.69 20.86 10.83 34.17
70 29.28 19.62 9.66 32.99
80 26.87 18.38 8.49 31.60
90 24.46 17.14 7.32 29.93
100 22.05 15.9 6.15 27.89
110 19.64 14.66 4.98 25.36
120 17.23 13.42 3.81 22.11
130 14.82 12.18 2.64 17.81
140 12.41 10.94 1.47 11.85
150 10 9.7 0.3 3.00
Table. 4: Different between Speed with and without parking
and encroachment (Bus-station to SBI link Road)
Density
(PCU/Km)
Travel time(sec)
without Parking
and
encroachment
Travel time(sec)
under parking
and
Encroachment
Excess in travel
time due to
parking and
encroachment
0 47 76 30
10 49 80 30
20 52 84 31
30 55 88 32
40 59 93 33
50 63 98 34
60 68 104 35
70 74 110 36
80 80 118 37
90 88 126 38
100 98 136 38
110 110 147 37
120 125 161 36
130 146 177 32
140 174 197 23
150 216 223 7
Table. 5: Excess Travel time due to Parking and
encroachment (Bus-station to SBI link Road)
CONCLUSION
1) Speed-density relations for with encroachment and
without encroachments were developed, which clearly
shows the influence of Parking & Encroachment on
travel speed.
2) Effects of Parking and pedestrians on Traffic Flow were
studied which indicated reduction in average speed of
vehicle from 0.3 to 17.85 kmph for Bus-station to SBI
link road and 2.07 to 12.87 Kmph for SBI to Bus-
station link Road.
3) Average travel time on Study Street indicated an
increment of 32 sec for Bus-station to SBI link Road
and 28 sec for SBI to Bus-station link Road due to road
side encroachment.
4) L.O.S of D to E was observed under prevailing
condition, which could be improved to B by designing
proper Parking facility and taking regulatory
enforcement measures.
REFRENCES
[1]. Kadiyali, L.R. (2000), “Traffic Engineering and
Transport Planning”, Khanna publishers.
[2]. Saxena, S.C. (1989). Traffic Planning and Design.
Dhanpat Rai Publications, New Delhi.
[3]. Bijit Kumar Bank, “Study Of Traffic Congestion In
Sylhet City”
[4]. IRC (Indian Road Congress) and HCM (Highway
Capacity Manual) manuals relate to Traffic
Engineering.
y = -0.2419x + 46.151
R² = 0.8521
y = -0.1245x + 28.302
R² = 0.7256
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
0 50 100 150 200
Speed(Km/hr)
Density (PCU/Km)
speed-Density without
Parking and Encroachment
Speed-Density with Parking
and Encroachment