The document discusses obstructive bronchitis in children. It defines bronchitis as an inflammation of the bronchial mucosa that can affect the upper respiratory tract. The main causes of obstructive bronchitis in children are viruses, bacteria, hypothermia, poor air quality, and contact with sick children. The symptoms of obstructive bronchitis include a heavy cough, cyanosis, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves reducing bronchial obstruction through pulmonary medications, humidified oxygen, and bronchodilators.
COMPLETE EXAMINATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PEDIATRICS. IT HAS BEEN SUMMARIZED FROM ALL WELL KNOWN 32 BOOKS UNDER GUIDANCE OF ONE OF THE BEST PEDIATRIC DOCTORS AND PROFESSORS .
BY DR. SURAJ R. DHANKIKAR.
• Continuous coughing, without relief, is a common symptom of bronchiolitis.
• Acute bronchiolitis can be the case, when the symptoms show no sign of slowing down.
• A slight fever may also be present with a running nose, indicating a minor symptom as well.
COMPLETE EXAMINATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PEDIATRICS. IT HAS BEEN SUMMARIZED FROM ALL WELL KNOWN 32 BOOKS UNDER GUIDANCE OF ONE OF THE BEST PEDIATRIC DOCTORS AND PROFESSORS .
BY DR. SURAJ R. DHANKIKAR.
• Continuous coughing, without relief, is a common symptom of bronchiolitis.
• Acute bronchiolitis can be the case, when the symptoms show no sign of slowing down.
• A slight fever may also be present with a running nose, indicating a minor symptom as well.
Understanding the bronchiectasis prognosisSugeng Hartono
Understanding the Bronchiectasis Prognosis Now! Here!
The article below will discuss the bronchiectasis prognosis of in a complete and detailed.
Before you find out about the bronchiectasis prognosis, would be better if you also have to know some things about bronchiectasis such as epidemiology, definition, and fatofisiologi Pathogenesis, pathology, etiology and predisposing factors, clinical features, clinical manifestations, physical examination, diagnosis and treatment of bronchiectasis.
The lower respiratory system, or lower respiratory tract, consists of the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the alveoli, which make up the lungs. These structures pull in air from the upper respiratory system, absorb the oxygen, and release carbon dioxide in exchange.
this is detailed study on lower respiratory diseases
please comment
thank you
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Bronchitis
• Bronchitis, this disease in the acute form of
obstructive bronchitis in children is the most
frequent disease of the child in the first years of
life. Respiratory diseases - common and requires
serious treatment of the phenomenon, it is
important to remember the prevention. In adults
these diseases are less common, but children and
infants are very susceptible to various forms of
bronchitis. This is due to the mechanism of
development of the child, so the disease, its
diagnosis and treatment have their own
characteristics of this age group.
3. DEFINITION
• Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial
mucosa, which can hit hull and the bodies of
the upper respiratory tract. Start
inflammatory processes in the nose and
throat after the ingress of the virus, and later
spread to the respiratory tract. Feature of
bronchitis is considered that the disease
develops in the presence of certain factors
and has not spread to other organs of the
respiratory system.
4. CAUSES OF BRONCHITIS
The causes of obstructive bronchitis in children
can be different. Most often it is:
• viruses and bacteria;
• significant hypothermia;
• ecology;
• communication with a sick child.
5. • The first place among the instigators of
bronchitis is a virus which weaken the
immune system and contribute to the
infiltration of harmful microbes into the
respiratory tract. Another factor is the gas
content and dust content of the air that we
breathe a child. As the bronchitis is
transmitted by airborne droplets, the risk of
Contracting them when dealing with a sick
person is also very large.
6. • Most cases of bronchitis recorded in autumn-
winter season when the temperature
decreases, the viruses aktiviziruyutsya, and
the body's immune system weakens. Boys and
girls suffer equally often. Children have their
own features of development, to a certain
extent contribute to the occurrence of
bronchitis.
7. BRONCHITIS IN INFANTS
• Obstructive bronchitis in infants and toddlers
the first 3 years of life due to the anatomical
features of the bronchial tubes and their
components. At this age, the internal organs
of children continue to actively shape that
becomes a favorable factor for their defeat
harmful microorganisms. Bronchial structures
at this age long enough, but the gaps are
small.
8. • The mucociliary apparatus that is responsible
for the production of sputum is not
sufficiently developed and is not in full force.
He is responsible forprotecting the bronchial
tubes from the ingress of viruses and bacteria.
The immaturity of bronchial smooth muscle
contributes to the appearance of spasms even
with a small irritation.
9. CLASSIFICATION OF BRONCHITIS
In the international classification are three
kinds of bronchitis in children:
• acute bronchitis;
• obstructive bronchitis;
• acute bronchiolitis.
10. OBSTRUCTIVE BRONCHITIS IN BABIES
• Bronchitis, the child develops gradually. First,
there are the usual runny nose and dry cough,
which increases in the evening and night
hours. The kid may also complain of chest
pain, weakness, fussy, restless, nervous. Often
the body temperature rises above 38 °C,
having trouble breathing: wheezing in the
lungs, shortness of breath.
11. • The acute form of bronchitis lasts no more
than a week to cure it for 5-6 days. If mucus
becomes transparent, it reflects the acute
stage of bronchitis, but the pus is a sign of
chronic form of the disease. If treatment is not
started on time or is incorrect, the bronchitis
threatens severe and serious consequences.
12. • One of them is an ordinary transition of
bronchitis into obstructive form. Obstructive
bronchitis in children is one of the kinds of
destruction of the bronchi caused by
inflammation, which manifests as a violation
of their patency.
13.
14. The causes of the disease are
different:
• congenital disorders of the respiratory system;
• hypoxia;
• chest injuries;
• prematurity.
15. THE SYMPTOMS OBSTRUCTIVE
BRONCHITIS
• The main symptoms of obstructive bronchitis is a
heavy cough, cyanosis of the fingers and the
crumbs of his lips. Vivid manifestations to
establish a form of disease quite easily. It helps to
start proper treatment. Acute obstructive
bronchitis in children is growing rapidly and
affects healthy parts of the respiratory system. In
such cases, the boy's condition is deteriorating
with every second. Tocharacteristic features of
obstructive bronchitis include bouts of coughing
at night, especially if the day the baby was active
and interacted with my peers.
16. • If we are talking about the baby, his behavior will be
restless: toddler causeless crying, can't sleep, tossing in
her sleep. If you listen to the breath, you can hear
wheezing and rattling, whistling in the chest. Another
sure sign of obstructive bronchitis - shortness of
breath, which is accompanied by the participation of
auxiliary muscles in the breathing procedure. You may
notice if you pay attention to the ribs and stomach of
the child: the spaces between the ribs are drawn
inward, stomach tense, and his chest looks
permanently filled with air. One gets the impression
that the baby was exposed to the air, and to exhale it.
17. • Dry cough, which eventually passes into the
wet with sputum is the main symptom of
bronchitis. About it tells the beginning of the
progression of respiratory failure, manifested
by frequent and intermittent breathing, rapid
heartbeat.
18. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• The development of obstructive bronchitis in
young children depends on the provocateur of
the disease and the reactivity of the bronchial
system of the baby. Manifest obstruction of
spasm of bronchial smooth muscle, mucosal
edema and allocation of thick mucus in large
quantities.
19.
20. • Moreover, for each such process affect your
microorganisms. Some viruses affect the
nervous nodes surrounding bronchi, which
leads to the loss of their tone and cause
spasm. Others cause too abundant secretion
of mucus. And the third attack leads to edema
of the mucosa, which narrows its lumen.
Usually there is a combination of these signs,
ie, the body gets several types of bacteria,
which leads to increased obstruction.
21. • Most at risk of the disease obstructive
bronchitis kids with allergies or who have
excess weight. These factors reinforce the
tendency to spasm and reactive edema of the
bronchi, regardless of the action of microbes.
24. HOW TO TREAT OBSTRUCTIVE
BRONCHITIS?
• The healing process in the presence of
obstructive bronchitis is quite heavy and long, it
consists of various procedures. As soon as the
diagnosis or a suspicion of the presence of this
type of bronchitis, it is necessary to take urgent
measures to combat disease, especially if the
baby is a few months old.
• The first thing to do is to reduce manifestations of
bronchial obstruction and restore patency of the
organs.
25. • First, you need to try to calm the baby. Anxiety
intensify breathing problems and worsen the
permeability of the bronchi. For thisused anti-
anxiety medications on a natural basis at the
dosage corresponding to the age of the baby.
• Should be pulmonary with special
preparations, because this is the most
effective and efficient method of relief of
obstruction.
26. • For infants you can use devices such as a
nebulizer or ultrasonic nebulizer. Mixture
designed to conduct inhalation must contain
glucocorticoids and salbutamol. The method
of inhalation is useful in that all drugs by
inhalation are delivered directly to the bronchi
and the result is visible already after a few
minutes the first treatment.
27. • Are required and inhalation of humidified
oxygen, which is carried out in parallel with
other curative measures. If inhalation does
not give the desired effect, is the imposition of
bronchodilator with the help of dropper.
Mandatory this procedure is in case of an
intoxication, accompanied by dehydration.
28. REFERENCE
1. Author's lectures on pediatrics. Respiratory diseases. Volume 5. / ed. V.F.
Demin et al. - M., 2011. - P. 217 - 228.
2. Bronchial obstruction in children / Ed. L.F. Kaznacheyeva. - Novosibirsk,
2013. - P.3-27.
3. Respiratory diseases in children / Ed. B.M. Blokhin. - Moscow: Publishing
House "Medpraktika-M", 2007.- pp 454-476.
4. Combination therapy of bronchial obstruction in children / N.A. Geppe.-
"The attending physician» .- № 6. - 2009.
5. Practical pediatric pulmonology : Handbook. 3rd ed. / Ed. V.K. Tatochenko.
Moscow, 2006.
6. Guidelines for the rational use of drugs (formulary). 2007: manual for the
system of post-diploma prof. Education of Physicians / Ed. A.G. Chuchalina (et
al.). M .: GEOTAR Media, 2007. – 768p.
7. Tsybulkin E.K. Threatening condition in pediatrics. Emergency medical
care. - M .: GEOTAR Media, 2007. - 224p.