Ebola virus is a growing threat that causes viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Africa. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River and belongs to the filovirus family. There are 5 species of Ebola virus. The virus enters through mucosal surfaces or breaks in the skin and spreads through contact with infected patients or cadavers. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and hemorrhaging, and the virus targets immune cells. There is no approved vaccine, so prevention relies on isolation, protective equipment for healthcare workers, and avoiding contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
Leptospirosis is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease.If it causes lots of bleeding into the lungs then it is known as severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome.
Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents.[7] It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world.Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacterium or finding its DNA in the blood
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
Comics in mental health training by Anthony Farthing and Ernesto PriegoAnthony Farthing
This presentation will examine the interface between potentially useful instances of mental health comics ('Graphic Medicine') and academic audiences, with a focus on higher education in the domains of psychotherapy and social care.
Original data regarding comics and their academic use was gathered from the Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, a specialist mental-health training and treatment centre in North London, United Kingdom.
Leptospirosis is an infection caused by corkscrew-shaped bacteria called Leptospira. Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. If the infection causes the person to turn yellow, have kidney failure and bleeding, it is then known as Weil's disease.If it causes lots of bleeding into the lungs then it is known as severe pulmonary hemorrhage syndrome.
Up to 13 different genetic types of Leptospira may cause disease in humans. It is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals. The most common animals that spread the disease are rodents.[7] It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. In the developing world the disease most commonly occurs in farmers and poor people who live in cities. In the developed world it most commonly occurs in those involved in outdoor activities in warm and wet areas of the world.Diagnosis is typically by looking for antibodies against the bacterium or finding its DNA in the blood
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
Comics in mental health training by Anthony Farthing and Ernesto PriegoAnthony Farthing
This presentation will examine the interface between potentially useful instances of mental health comics ('Graphic Medicine') and academic audiences, with a focus on higher education in the domains of psychotherapy and social care.
Original data regarding comics and their academic use was gathered from the Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, a specialist mental-health training and treatment centre in North London, United Kingdom.
Designing with style: Using style tiles in responsive designJason Dorn
This talk is to serve as an introduction/overview into the world of Style Guides for web projects, instead of relying on pages & pages of static design mockups. We’re going learn why static mockups don’t always work, why they don’t scale, and why it’s better to develop reusable components in defining your responsive visual design language.
– Why are style tiles/guides needed? What problems do they solve?
– What are the core components of a style tile?
– How do they fit into a design process?
– How do they benefit project stakeholders such as clients, developers, project managers?
Description about recent outbreak of Ebola virus in West African countries with history, pathogenesis, clinical signs and prevention measures of Filoviruses are presented in comprehensive manner.
A brief description of very common infection caused by the virus: Cytomegalovirus. Typically affects infants, and pregnant ladies. Features in HIV patients. Transmitted by saliva, fomites and at the time of delivery. Helpful for medical students, doctors, pediatricians, gynecologists, dermatologists. Useful for exams USMLE, FCPS, MCPS and MRCP, MD students.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Ebola – A growing threat
• First identified in 1976.
• Ebola river valley ; where the first
reported outbreak occurred.
• Currently , this is the 7th
outbreak
since 1976.
• Cultural practices in Africa : Diet
to Death rites.
• Associated with CFR ~ 30-90%,
depending on various virus
species.
9. Route of infection
• Ebola virus seems to enter the host through
mucosal surfaces, breaks, and abrasions in the
skin, or by parenteral introduction.
• Most human infections in outbreaks seem to
occur by direct contact with infected patients or
cadavers.
10. • Infectious virus particles or viral RNA have been
detected in semen, genital secretions,and in skin of
infected patients;they have also been isolated from
skin, body fluids, and nasal secretions of
experimentally infected non-human primates.
11. • Reuse of contaminated needles played an important
part in the 1976 outbreaks of Ebola virus in Sudan and
Zaire.
• Butchering of a chimpanzee for food was linked to
outbreaks of Zaire Ebola virus in Gabon,and contact
exposure was the probable route of transmission.
• Handling and consumption of freshly killed bats was
associated with an outbreak of Zaire Ebola virus in DRC.
12. Clinical manifestations
• Incubation period of 2 – 21 days
• Abrupt onset ; fever , chills , malaise & myalgia
• Multisystem involvement
– Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea
– Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, nasal discharge
– Conjunctival infection, postural hypotension, oedema
– Headache, confusion, coma
– Petechiae, ecchymoses, uncontrolled oozing from
venepuncture sites, mucosal haemorrhages, and post-
mortem evidence of visceral haemorrhagic effusions
13. • A macropapular rash with varying severity of erythema
and desquamate ; Day 5—7 of the illness
• Abdominal pain
– Hyperamylasaemia
– Pancreatitis.
• In later stages
– Shock
– Convulsions
– Severe metabolic disturbances
– Diffuse coagulopathy
14. • Patients with fatal disease develop clinical signs early
during infection and die typically between day 6 and 16
with hypovolaemic shock and multiorgan failure.
• Severe Haemorrhages ; present in fewer than half of
patients.
• In non-fatal cases, patients have fever for several days
and improve typically around day 6—11, about the time
that the humoral antibody response is noted.
15. • Convalescence is extended and often associated with
sequelae such as myelitis, recurrent hepatitis,
psychosis, or uveitis.
• Pregnant women have an increased risk of miscarriage,
and clinical findings suggest a high death rate for
children of infected mothers.
16. Case definition for Ebola Virus Disease
Person Under Investigation (PUI)
A person who has both consistent signs or symptoms and risk factors
as follows:
• Elevated body temperature or subjective fever or symptoms,
including severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, vomiting,
diarrhea, abdominal pain, or unexplained hemorrhage ; AND
• An epidemiological risk factor within the 21 days before the onset
of symptoms.
Confirmed Case
• Laboratory-confirmed diagnostic evidence of Ebola virus
infection.
17. Laboratory findings
• Early leucopenia (as low as 1000 cells/μL)
– Lymphopenia and subsequent neutrophilia
– Left shift with atypical lymphocytes
– Thrombocytopenia (50 000—100 000 cells per μL)
– Increased serum aminotransferase concentrations (AST >
ALT)
– Hyperproteinaemia, and proteinuria.
– PT & PTT are prolonged
– Fibrin split products are detectable
• In a later stage, secondary bacterial infection might lead to
raised counts of white blood cells.
18. Target cells & tissues
• Broad cell tropism.
• Preferential replication sites ; Monocytes, macrophages,
dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts,
hepatocytes, adrenal cortical cells, and several types of
epithelial cells.
• Virus glycoprotein is the primary determinant of
vascular-cell injury
• Ebola virus infection of endothelial cells induces
structural damage
19.
20. Immune system evasion
• Upon viral infection, the IFN
response can be triggered by
sensors such as retinoic acid-
inducible gene I (RIG-I)
protein and the melanoma
differentiation-associated
gene 5 (MDA-5) protein that
recognize dsRNA or
ribonucleoprotein complexes.
• Fatal Ebola infections are
marked by unchecked viral
replication combined with an
inadequate antiviral
response.
21. • VP35 is able to disrupt the pathway by competing with RIG-1
for the binding of dsRNA.
• VP24 suppresses interferon production ; VP24 competes with
STAT1 to bind karyopherin α1, blocking nuclear accumulation
and leading to inhibition of IFN signaling.
• In addition, infected macrophages release increased amounts
of nitric oxide (NO); High concentrations of NO depresses the
mitochondrial membrane potential, causing apoptosis.
• In dendritic cells , VP35 suppresses upregulation of co-
stimulatory molecules & pro-inflammatory cytokines ;
attenuates their ability to activate CD4+ T-cells.
22. • Large numbers of lymphocytes undergo apoptosis ;
progressive lymphopenia and lymphoid depletion at
death.
– TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and
Fas death receptor pathways
– Impairment of dendritic cell function induced by
Ebola virus infection
– Abnormal production of soluble mediators such as
nitric oxide that have proapoptotic properties
– Direct interactions between lymphocytes and Ebola
virus proteins
23. Hemorrhagic manifestations in non human primates
Petechiae on arm & axillary region Haemorrhages in the ileum
Gastroduodenal lesion
24. Connecting the cellular mechanism to hemorrhagic fever
Destabilization of vascular
endothelium
Facilitates entry of viruses
Massive hemorrhage
Hypovolemic shock
Activation of coagulation cascade
Catastrophic thrombosis
25. Ebola haemorrhagic fever presents as a viral
prodrome with a high potential for differential
diagnosis
Malaria
Typhoid fever
Shigellosis
Menigococcal septicaemia
Plague
Leptospirosis
Relapsing fever
Typhus
Chikungunya fever
Fulminant viral hepatitis
26. Laboratory diagnosis
• Laboratory diagnosis of Ebola virus is achieved in two ways:
– Measurement of host-specific immune responses to infection
– Detection of viral particles, or particle components in infected
individuals.
• RT-PCR and antigen detection ELISA are the primary assays to
diagnose an acute infection.
• Viral antigen and nucleic acid can be detected in blood from day
3 up to 7—16 days after onset of symptoms.
• For antibody detection ; Direct IgG and IgM ELISAs and IgM
capture ELISA.
27. • IgM antibodies
– Appear : 2 days post onset of symptoms
– Disappear : 30 and 168 days after infection.
• IgG-specific antibodies develop between day 6 and 18 after
onset and persist for many years.
• A IgM or rising IgG titre constitutes a strong presumptive
diagnosis.
• Decreasing IgM, or increasing IgG titres (four-fold), or both,
in successive paired serum samples are highly suggestive of
a recent infection
28. Management
• Isolation of patients .
• Strict barrier nursing procedures ; Protective clothing and
respirators.
• Cadavers are residual risks and should be handled
accordingly.
• Traditional funeral and caretaking methods contribute to the
spread of the virus and potentiate outbreaks.
• Symptomatic and supportive treatment.
• Strategies should include isolation, malaria treatment, broad
spectrum antibiotics, and antipyretics before diagnosis.
• Fluid substitution, preferentially intravenous administration,
and analgesics
29. • Shock, cerebral oedema, renal failure, coagulation
disorders, and secondary bacterial infection have to be
managed and can be life-saving.
• Organ failure should be addressed appropriately
– Dialysis for kidney failure
– Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for lung
failure.
• At present, no strategy has proved successful in specific
pre-exposure and postexposure treatment of Ebola virus
infections in man
32. Prevention
• There is no FDA-approved
vaccine available for Ebola.
• Healthcare workers who may
be exposed to people with
Ebola should follow these steps:
– Wear appropriate PPE
(Gloves,masks,caps,safety
glasses,medical coats /
surgical gowns,surgical
drapes)
– Practice proper infection
control and sterilization
measures.
33. – Isolate patients with Ebola from other patients.
– Avoid direct contact with the bodies of people who
have died from Ebola.
– Notify health officials in case of direct contact with
the blood or body fluids, feces, saliva, urine, vomit,
and semen of a person who is sick with Ebola.
Shown is an ebolavirus particle and its characteristic filamentous shape. The negative-strand RNA genome is found in the center of particles in an encapsidated form as the nucleocapsid, together with the polymerase complex. Embedded in the virus membrane are trimeric glycoprotein spikes. Beneath the membrane is the matrix protein, which facilitates morphogenesis and budding of virus particles. The image is based on Protein Data Bank identifiers 3CSY and 1ES6 (www.rcsb.org) and Electron Microscopy Data Bank identifier EMD-2043 (www.emdatabank.org). The abbreviation ssRNA denotes single-stranded RNA. ; Ebola virus particles have a uniform diameter of 80 nm but can greatly vary in length, with lengths up to 14 000 nm.1, 3 The genome consists of seven genes in the order 3′ leader, nucleoprotein, virion protein (VP) 35, VP40, glycoprotein, VP30, VP24, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase .
The inner ribonucleoprotein complex of virion particles consists of the RNA genome encapsulated by the nucleoprotein, which associates with VP35, VP30, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to the functional transcriptase—replicase complex.5 The proteins of the ribonucleoprotein complex have additional functions such as the role of VP35, which is an interferon antagonist.6 VP40 serves as the matrix protein and mediates particle formation.7 VP24, another structural protein associated with the membrane, interferes with interferon signalling.8 The glycoprotein is the only transmembrane surface protein of the virus and forms trimeric spikes consisting of glycoprotein 1 and glycoprotein 2—two disulphide-linked furin-cleavage fragments.1 An important distinction of Ebola virus from other Mononegavirales is the production of a soluble glycoprotein, which is the primary product of the GP gene, and gets secreted to large quantities from infected cells.9, 10