This experiment investigates how the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) affects the conductivity when zinc is added. Five trials were conducted with varying molar concentrations of HCl (4M, 2M, 1M, 0.5M, and 0.25M) and the conductivity was measured over time. The results show that conductivity decreases more slowly at lower HCl concentrations. Specifically, the conductivity rate decreases from 2.532 μS/cm/s for 4M HCl to 3.425 μS/cm/s for 0.25M HCl. Thus, lower HCl concentrations lead to smaller decreases in conductivity over time when zinc is added.
The Principles required to understand Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, Flashing, Gas Treating, Scrubbing and more!
Introduction:
This course covers all the theory required to understand the basic principles behind Unit Operations that are based on Mass Transfer. Most of these Unit Operations (Equipments) are used in Process Separation Technologies in the Industry.Common examples are Distillation, Absorption and Scrubbing.
This course is required for the following:
Flash Distillation
Gas Absorption & Stripping
Simple Distillation
Batch Distillation
Binary Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers
Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers
Tray Towers
We will cover:
Mass Transfer Basics
Diffusion, Convection
Flux & Fick's Law
The Concept of Equilibrium & Phases
Gibbs Phase Rule
Vapor Pressure
Equilibrium Vapor-Liquid Diagrams (T-xy, P-xy, XY)
Equilibrium Curves
Dew Point, Bubble Point
Volatility (Absolute & Relative)
K-Values
Ideal Cases vs. Real Cases
Henry's Law
Raoult's Law
Deviations of Ideal Cases (Positive and Negative)
Azeotropes
Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Interphase Mass Transfer and its Theories
Two Film Theory
Mass Transfer Coefficients (Overall vs Local)
Getting Vapor-Liquid and Solubility Data
Solved-Problem Approach:
All theory is backed with:
Exercises
Solved problems
Proposed problems
Homework
Case Studies
Individual Study
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer concepts behind various Unit Operations involving Vapor - Liquid Interaction.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations related to Mass Transfer Vapor - Liquid, which is one of the most common interactions found in the industry.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating. There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
Mixing of Solid-Liquid Systems
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
5 AGITATED VESSELS
5.1 Suspension of Heavier-than-Liquid Solids
5.1.1 Dispersion
5.1.2 Agitator Speed Correlation
5.2 Floating Solids
5.3 Mass Transfer
6 JET MIXING FOR SOLID LIQUID AGITATION
6.1 Flat Bottomed Vessel
6.2 Changes in the Shape of the Vessel Base
7 NOMENCLATURE
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A WORKED EXAMPLE
TABLES
1 VALUES OF Po AND ZWIETERING CONSTANT "S"
FOR USE IN EQUATION 1
FIGURES
1 RECOMMENDED CONFIGURATION
2 RECOMMENDED CONFIGURATION FOR DRAW-DOWN OF FLOATING SOLIDS IN AGITATED VESSEL
3 ALTERNATIVE RECOMMENDED CONFIGURATION
FOR DRAW-DOWN OF FLOATING SOLIDS IN FOR
AGITATED VESSEL
4 JET MIXING FOR SOLIDS SUSPENSION
5 ESTIMATION OF S FROM KNOWN DATA
The Principles required to understand Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, Flashing, Gas Treating, Scrubbing and more!
Introduction:
This course covers all the theory required to understand the basic principles behind Unit Operations that are based on Mass Transfer. Most of these Unit Operations (Equipments) are used in Process Separation Technologies in the Industry.Common examples are Distillation, Absorption and Scrubbing.
This course is required for the following:
Flash Distillation
Gas Absorption & Stripping
Simple Distillation
Batch Distillation
Binary Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers
Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers
Tray Towers
We will cover:
Mass Transfer Basics
Diffusion, Convection
Flux & Fick's Law
The Concept of Equilibrium & Phases
Gibbs Phase Rule
Vapor Pressure
Equilibrium Vapor-Liquid Diagrams (T-xy, P-xy, XY)
Equilibrium Curves
Dew Point, Bubble Point
Volatility (Absolute & Relative)
K-Values
Ideal Cases vs. Real Cases
Henry's Law
Raoult's Law
Deviations of Ideal Cases (Positive and Negative)
Azeotropes
Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Interphase Mass Transfer and its Theories
Two Film Theory
Mass Transfer Coefficients (Overall vs Local)
Getting Vapor-Liquid and Solubility Data
Solved-Problem Approach:
All theory is backed with:
Exercises
Solved problems
Proposed problems
Homework
Case Studies
Individual Study
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer concepts behind various Unit Operations involving Vapor - Liquid Interaction.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations related to Mass Transfer Vapor - Liquid, which is one of the most common interactions found in the industry.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating. There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
Mixing of Solid-Liquid Systems
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
5 AGITATED VESSELS
5.1 Suspension of Heavier-than-Liquid Solids
5.1.1 Dispersion
5.1.2 Agitator Speed Correlation
5.2 Floating Solids
5.3 Mass Transfer
6 JET MIXING FOR SOLID LIQUID AGITATION
6.1 Flat Bottomed Vessel
6.2 Changes in the Shape of the Vessel Base
7 NOMENCLATURE
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A WORKED EXAMPLE
TABLES
1 VALUES OF Po AND ZWIETERING CONSTANT "S"
FOR USE IN EQUATION 1
FIGURES
1 RECOMMENDED CONFIGURATION
2 RECOMMENDED CONFIGURATION FOR DRAW-DOWN OF FLOATING SOLIDS IN AGITATED VESSEL
3 ALTERNATIVE RECOMMENDED CONFIGURATION
FOR DRAW-DOWN OF FLOATING SOLIDS IN FOR
AGITATED VESSEL
4 JET MIXING FOR SOLIDS SUSPENSION
5 ESTIMATION OF S FROM KNOWN DATA
Different settling methods in mechanical operations Jaydrath Sindhav
Its part of sedimentation which is covered under the Mechanical operations. It contains the gravity sedimentation, clarifier and classifiers, sink and float method, gravity and sorting classifiers, differential settling methods etc....
Its just gives basic concept of sedimentation.
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
The Principles required to understand Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, Flashing, Gas Treating, Scrubbing and more!
Introduction:
This course covers all the theory required to understand the basic principles behind Unit Operations that are based on Mass Transfer. Most of these Unit Operations (Equipments) are used in Process Separation Technologies in the Industry.Common examples are Distillation, Absorption and Scrubbing.
This course is required for the following:
Flash Distillation
Gas Absorption & Stripping
Simple Distillation
Batch Distillation
Binary Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers
Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers
Tray Towers
We will cover:
Mass Transfer Basics
Diffusion, Convection
Flux & Fick's Law
The Concept of Equilibrium & Phases
Gibbs Phase Rule
Vapor Pressure
Equilibrium Vapor-Liquid Diagrams (T-xy, P-xy, XY)
Equilibrium Curves
Dew Point, Bubble Point
Volatility (Absolute & Relative)
K-Values
Ideal Cases vs. Real Cases
Henry's Law
Raoult's Law
Deviations of Ideal Cases (Positive and Negative)
Azeotropes
Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Interphase Mass Transfer and its Theories
Two Film Theory
Mass Transfer Coefficients (Overall vs Local)
Getting Vapor-Liquid and Solubility Data
Solved-Problem Approach:
All theory is backed with:
Exercises
Solved problems
Proposed problems
Homework
Case Studies
Individual Study
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer concepts behind various Unit Operations involving Vapor - Liquid Interaction.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations related to Mass Transfer Vapor - Liquid, which is one of the most common interactions found in the industry.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating. There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
Processing of Lignin and the Removal of Detrimentals with Deep Eutectic SolventsEuropeanPaper
By Laura Kollau, Dannie van Osch & Panos Kourios, PhD Students from TU Eindhoven. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
Determine the velocity constant of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acetate by co...PRAVIN SINGARE
This experiment is based on the experimental demonstration of Determine the velocity constant of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acetate by conductometric method. The presentation is made for the chemistry undergraduate students of Mumbai University.
Different settling methods in mechanical operations Jaydrath Sindhav
Its part of sedimentation which is covered under the Mechanical operations. It contains the gravity sedimentation, clarifier and classifiers, sink and float method, gravity and sorting classifiers, differential settling methods etc....
Its just gives basic concept of sedimentation.
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered.
The Principles required to understand Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, Flashing, Gas Treating, Scrubbing and more!
Introduction:
This course covers all the theory required to understand the basic principles behind Unit Operations that are based on Mass Transfer. Most of these Unit Operations (Equipments) are used in Process Separation Technologies in the Industry.Common examples are Distillation, Absorption and Scrubbing.
This course is required for the following:
Flash Distillation
Gas Absorption & Stripping
Simple Distillation
Batch Distillation
Binary Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers
Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers
Tray Towers
We will cover:
Mass Transfer Basics
Diffusion, Convection
Flux & Fick's Law
The Concept of Equilibrium & Phases
Gibbs Phase Rule
Vapor Pressure
Equilibrium Vapor-Liquid Diagrams (T-xy, P-xy, XY)
Equilibrium Curves
Dew Point, Bubble Point
Volatility (Absolute & Relative)
K-Values
Ideal Cases vs. Real Cases
Henry's Law
Raoult's Law
Deviations of Ideal Cases (Positive and Negative)
Azeotropes
Solubility of Gases in Liquids
Interphase Mass Transfer and its Theories
Two Film Theory
Mass Transfer Coefficients (Overall vs Local)
Getting Vapor-Liquid and Solubility Data
Solved-Problem Approach:
All theory is backed with:
Exercises
Solved problems
Proposed problems
Homework
Case Studies
Individual Study
At the end of the course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer concepts behind various Unit Operations involving Vapor - Liquid Interaction.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations related to Mass Transfer Vapor - Liquid, which is one of the most common interactions found in the industry.
About your instructor:
I majored in Chemical Engineering with a minor in Industrial Engineering back in 2012.
I worked as a Process Design/Operation Engineer in INEOS Koln, mostly on the petrochemical area relating to naphtha treating. There I designed and modeled several processes relating separation of isopentane/pentane mixtures, catalytic reactors and separation processes such as distillation columns, flash separation devices and transportation of tank-trucks of product.
Processing of Lignin and the Removal of Detrimentals with Deep Eutectic SolventsEuropeanPaper
By Laura Kollau, Dannie van Osch & Panos Kourios, PhD Students from TU Eindhoven. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
Determine the velocity constant of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acetate by co...PRAVIN SINGARE
This experiment is based on the experimental demonstration of Determine the velocity constant of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acetate by conductometric method. The presentation is made for the chemistry undergraduate students of Mumbai University.
Limiting partial molar volumes of Potassium aluminium sulphate in dimethyl su...IOSR Journals
Densities of potassium aluminium sulphate have been measured in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) + water, containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mass percent of DMSO, at different concentration and at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. From the densities, apparent molar volumes have been derived. The apparent molar volume data have been analyzed using Masson equation. The limiting molar volumes, vф0, and Sv* slop are interpreted in terms of solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions respectively. The vф0 values vary with temperature as power series of temperature. Finally, the structure making/ breaking capacities of salts have been inferred from the Hepler’s criterion.
Using Ethylthiazole-4-Carboxylate as Inhibitor for Copper Corrosion in 0.5 M ...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this research was the study effect of ethylthiazole-4-carboxylate as inhibitor on copper corrosion in 0.5M HCl acid by using weight loss and polarization methods, results showed of decrease corrosion current density and corrosion rate with increasing inhibitor concentration of corrosion at 30 C and corresponding increase the efficiency of inhibition and surface coverage, the same way for the temperature of 40 and 50 C , where efficiency decreases depending on the temperature increase. Increase the inhibitor concentration, increased energy both activation, enthalpy and free of adsorption and decreased entropy energy, and this shows that the inhibitor has good energy to activate the process of adsorption and desorption be chemical type from good type inhibitor. Formation layer of film due found oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur molecules which have a crucial role to build the film.
Images and data in the presentation are subject to copyright. Please contact redhwanm(at)mcmaster(dot)ca for permission if you want to use any of its contents.
Inhibitory Effect of Some Carbazides on Corrosion of Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Hydroxide Solutions
The dissolution of aluminium in hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions in the presence of semicarbazide, thiosemicar- bazide and sym.dipheny1carbazide as corrosion inhibitors has been studied using thermometric, weight-loss and polarization methods. The three methods gave consistent results. The higher inhibition efficiency of these compounds in acidic than in alkaline madia may be due to the less negative potential of aluminium in hydrochloric acid solution, favouring adsorption of the additive.The adsorption of these compounds were found to obey Frurnkin adsorption isotherm. Cathodic polarization measurements showed that these com- pounds are cathodic inhibitors and their adsorption in the double layer does not change the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution reaction. The results are analysed in terms of both molecular and cationic adsorption.
A short project to find out Critical Micellar Concentration of reverse micelle in non-polar environment. the instrument used is obviously Dynamic Light Scattering Machine.
UHPLC has proven to be an effective way to reduce analysis times without losing separation efficiency through the use of small particle and core-shell column technologies. The use of higher column temperatures and shorter column lengths has allowed the analysis speed of UHPLC to be further increased. A number of high-speed UHPLC applications and conditions will be presented which now allow up to four analytical runs to be completed in only a one-minute timeframe.
Electrochemical Treatment of Acid Green V dye solution in a tubular flow reactorIJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Development of Impurities Removal Process for Low-Grade Iron ores using Miner...MOSES CHARLES SIAME
This study investigated the removal of silica and alumina as impurities from Sanje Iron ore from Zambia, which contains 48.90 mass% of hematite (Fe2O3) with 34.18 mass% iron grade, 31.10 mass% of silica (SiO2) and 7.65 mass% alumina (Al2O3). In order to develop the impurities removal process, wet high-intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS) method was used as the as the first stage impurity removal process. At optimum of 0.25 kg/t for both Sodium Oleate and dodecylamine acetate, alumina was reduced to 1.04 mass% and silica to 2.04 mass% using 0.05 kg/t of Methyl Isobutyl Carbinol (C6H14O) frother. The final concentrate produced from the M-RF process contained 67.27 mass% of Iron, 2.02 mass% of silica and 1.04 mass% of alumina
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2. Background information
-Conductivity is a gross, indirect measurement of the concentration of ions present in a liquid
solution. The purpose of this experiment is to observe the relationship between the concentration
in the molar of HCl and the conductivity rate. In this experiment, 2g of Zinc will be added to
different molar of HCl and it will be constant. The change that we observe will between thirty
second. There will be five data point and each will have five different decrease or increase
conductivity. Each data point will be presented graphically to see their relationship.
Materials
1. 5-250ml beaker
2. Conductivity Probe
3. Water
4. HCl
5. Zn
6. Timer
7. Goggle
8. Balance
9. Calculator
10. Cylinder
11. Stamp
Safety
Goggle on
Do not touch the reaction
No Food
Wash hand after done
Design
Siang Za Lian Page 2
3. 1. How does the change in concentration of HCl affect the conductivity in adding Zinc.
2HCl + Zn ------ H2 + ZnCl2
Independent Variable: Pressure
Dependent Variables: conductivity, time
Controlled Variable: Temperature(degree), Mass(g), HCl
2. Pressure: In this experiment, pressure is totally independent.
Time: You will observe how the reaction rate changes in every 30 second.The time will
stop at 180s.
Mass(Zn): You must weigh the mass of Zinc. It mass be 2g for each data point.
Conductivity: This is the most vital part; you need to record the conductivity data on
your table.
Temperature: Temperature is the one variable that you want to keep constant as possible
as you can, because as result of the temperature change the reaction rate will vary also.
Procedure
1. Be ready with your materials.
2. Put .1 mole of HCl in the beaker
3. Weight any that is less than 5g of Zinc; Keep it constant every trial.
4. Play the conductivity probe and drop the amount of Zinc that you measure at the
same time. The probe will play 180s.
5. Stir a little bit at the same speed for each trial.
6. After 180s pass, record the conductivity of Zinc at 30s, 60s, 90s, 120s, and 150s on
the data point table.
7. Repeat the step above but increase HCl by .3 moles.
The original goal is to investigate how the increasing ofconcentration of Hydrogen
chloride affects the conductivity when combine with constant Zinc mass.
Siang Za Lian Page 3
4. Graph of Reaction
The Conductivity at 4M of HCl
Experiment Zn (g) HCl Time(s) Conductivity(µS/cm)
Data point1 2 4M 30 29605
60 28931
90 28352
120 27632
150 27072
The Conductivity at 2 M of HCl
Experiment Zn (g) HCl Time(s) Conductivity (µS/cm)
Data point 2 2 2M 30 30771
60 30648
90 30629
120 30572
150 30524
The Conductivity at 1M of HCl
Experiment Zn (g) HCl Time(s) Conductivity(µS/cm)
Data point 3 2 1M 30 31094
60 31084
90 31046
120 30952
150 30942
The conductivity at .5M of HCl
Experiment Zn (g) HCl Time(s) Conductivity(µS/cm)
Data point 4 2 .5M 30 31198
60 31122
90 31110
Siang Za Lian Page 4
5. 120 31103
150 31008
The conductivity at .25M of HCl
Experiment Zn (g) HCl Time(s) Conductivity(µS/cm)
Data point 5 2 .25M 30 31008
60 30904
90 30771
120 30762
150 30696
Molar of HCl Conductivity rate(µS/cm.s)
4 2.532
2 3.425
1 3.447
.5 3.456
.25 3.425
Evaluating
To calculate conductivity rate, the five conductivities result must be add and divide
them each by 5. Now I get the average for each data point. What I want to get is that
by how much does the conductivity decrease per second for each data point.
4M of HCl
Sum = 113960/5 = 22792(Average)
Total time = 150 minute * 60 = 9000s
Conductivity rate = 2.532 µS/cm.s
Siang Za Lian Page 5
6. 2M HCl
Sum = 153144/5 = 30628.8(Average)
Conductivity rate = 30628.8/9000 = 3.403 µS/cm.s
1M HCl
Sum = 155118/5 = 31023.6(Average)
Conductivity rate = 31023.6/9000 = 3.447 µS/cm.s
.5M HCl
Sum= 155541/5 = 31108.2(Average)
Conductivity rate = 31108.2/9000 = 3.456 µS/cm.s
.25M of HCl
Sum = 154141/5 = 30828.2 (Average)
Total time = 150 minute * 60 second = 9000s
Conductivity rate = 30828.2/9000 = 3.425µS/cm.s
Siang Za Lian Page 6
7. Conductivity vs Time
30000
29500
29000
Conductivity
28500
28000
4 M HCl
27500 Conductivity(µS/cm)
27000
26500
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
Time
This graph is the result of the concentration of 4M of HCl reacting with 2 g of Zinc. Each
dot on the graph represents the conductivity after 30 second. In this reaction, the reaction
rate of the conductivity is 2.532µS/cm.s. The line is very straight compare others because
the reaction is very strong and fast.
Siang Za Lian Page 7
8. Conductivity(µS/cm) Vs Time
30800
30750
30700
Conductivity
30650
2MHCl Conductivity(µS/cm)
30600
30550
30500
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
Time
This graph represents the reaction of Zinc in 50 ml of 2M of HCl. There is a little curve in the
middle of the line. That’s because the reaction is much slower than the previous one. According
to the calculation, the conductivity rate is 3.403 µS/cm.s.
Siang Za Lian Page 8
9. Conductivity(µS/cm) vs TIme
31120
31100
31080
31060
31040
Conductivity
31020
31000 1 M HCl conductivity(µS/cm)
30980
30960
30940
30920
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
Time
The third graph show the conductivity over time when reacting 1M of HCl with Zinc.
Base on the graph, it shows that the reaction was very slow with round curve. From the
calculation, the rate at which the conductivity does down per second is 3.447 µS/cm.s
Siang Za Lian Page 9
10. Conductivity (µS/cm) vs Time
31250
31200
31150
Conductivity
31100
.5M HCl Conductivity (µS/cm)
31050
31000
30950
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
Time
This is the graph in which two gram of Zinc is reacted with .5M of HCl. The reaction of
Zinc in .5M of HCl is very weak that the reaction could hardly be seen in the middle of
the time or reaction. The conductivity rate in this reaction is 3.456 µS/cm.s.
Siang Za Lian Page 10
11. Conductivity(µS/cm) vs Time
31050
31000
30950
30900
Conductivity
30850
.25M HCl
Conductivity(µS/cm)
30800
30750
30700
30650
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0
Time(s)
Unlike others graph, this graph look more like the first graph. The line it creates is very straight
line. We can see a little bit curve(stop) at around hundred second. In the reaction, it’s hard to if
the reaction whether the reaction occur because of too much H2O and too little HCl. Base on the
calculation, the conductivity rate for this reaction is 3.425µS/cm.s.
Siang Za Lian Page 11
12. Zinc(g) +/-.005 (Volume) +/- Uncertainty Uncertainty
.5 Zinc Volume
2 50 0.01 1
2 50 0.01 1
2 50 0.01 1
2 50 0.01 1
2 50 0.01 1
Conductivity rate
4
3.5
3
2.5
Conductivity rate
2
Conductivity rate
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Molar of HCl
This graph represent the conductivity rate over the decreasing of the molar of HCl.
The conductivity rate decrease as the molar of HCl is increased.
Siang Za Lian Page 12
13. Conclusion
The goal of the experiment was to investigate how the change in the concentration of HCl affects
the electrical conductivity when the amount of Zinc is controlled. Base on the experiment, we
can acknowledge that when HCl and Zinc is reacted the conductivity decrease depend on how
much of each is used. The more HCl is used the less the conductivity, inversely is true. We also
know that H2O conduct more electric than HCl, which means the electrical current can flow
more rapidly through water although water is one of the substance or elements that conduct
electric. As the Molar of HCl is reduce therate of the conductivity seem to increase but the
reaction is fast when there is more HCl. The whole assumption is that difference of the rate of
the conductivity in which the molar of HCl is decreased in constant mass of Zinc is
.191µS/cm.s.
Improving the investigation
There are many factors that could be controlled better. Something that could be improve in this lab is that
the mass of Zinc, it mass be added the same amount as required in the lab. If some or even 1 mass is lost,
it could vary the data collecting. Even though exactly 50 ml is required, the exact millimeter might have
not been measure and that is one of the reason the data are not accurate. Actually this experiment should
be done by two people. Because someone must play the application for the conductivity while the other
drop Zinc, in that way the more accurate information could be recorded. The time is very important. It
need more time when HCl is decreasing, because the reaction will not start instantly if you have a few
molar of HCl. In that case, you need to wait for a long time to observe the reaction happen. Otherwise
your information is less accurate.
Siang Za Lian Page 13