This document discusses classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a response with a neutral conditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus elicits the response. Pavlov's dogs experiment is described as a classic example. Operant conditioning involves reinforcing or punishing behaviors to increase or decrease their frequency. Reinforcers can be positive or negative and punishments can also be positive or negative. Different schedules of reinforcement are also outlined.

1. Conditioning

2. Classical Conditioning
 Key Terms
 UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)
 Leads to a certain response without previous training
 UCR (Unconditioned Response)
 Occurs automatically when UCS is presented.
 CS (Conditioned Stimulus)
 A neutral stimulus that after training leads to a response.
 CR (Conditioned Response)
 The response that the CS causes.

3. Pavlov’s Dogs
 Ivan Pavlov designed an experiment that
proved you could condition dogs.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqum
fpxuzI
 What is the UCS?
 The UCR?
 The CS?
 The CR?

4. General Principles of
Classical Conditioning
 Classical conditioning occurs gradually.
 The more frequently the tuning fork was paired with
food the stronger the salivation response was.
 Generalization
 Circle vs. Oval
 Discrimination
 Screams
 Little Albert Experiment (pg. 26)
 Taste Aversions

5. Operant Conditioning
 Operant conditioning is learning from the
consequences of behavior.
 To get rewards or avoid punishment.
 Differences between operant and classical
conditioning:
 1) The learner must behave in a certain way that
produces some consequences.
 2) Classical conditioning involves automatic
responses, operant conditioning may involve the
acquisition a wide range of voluntary behaviors.

6. Reinforcement
 A stimulus or event that affects the
likelihood that a behavior will be
repeated.
 Social Approval
 Money
 Extra Privileges
 Punishments
 Criticism

7. Types of Reinforcement
 Positive Reinforcement
 Adding something in order to increase a response or behavior.
 Ex: Rewards
 Negative Reinforcement
 Taking something negative away in order to increase a
response or behavior.
 Ex: Nagging
 Positive Punishment
 Adding something unpleasant to decrease a response or
behavior.
 Ex: Spanking
 Negative Punishment
 Taking something away to decrease a response or behavior.
 Ex: Grounding

8. Schedules of
Reinforcement
 Fixed-Ratio Schedule
 Reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of
responses.
 Variable-Ratio Schedule
 Requires that an average number of responses be
made for each reinforcement.
 Fixed-Interval Schedule
 Reinforcement is available after a set period of time.
 Variable-Interval Schedule
 The time in which reinforcement occurs varies
throughout the conditioning procedure.