Conditional type Zeo, one, two and three 0, 1, 2 , 3 Safaâ Khoungui
The document discusses the four types of conditional sentences in English. Conditional type 0 refers to situations that are always true, using "if/when + simple present, + simple present". Conditional type 1 refers to possible real situations, using "if/will". Conditional type 2 refers to unreal present or future situations, using "if + past simple, + would + infinitive". Conditional type 3 refers to unreal past situations and is used to express criticism or regret, using "if + past perfect, + would + present perfect". Examples are provided for each conditional type.
Conditional type Zeo, one, two and three 0, 1, 2 , 3Safaâ Khoungui
If you heat ice, it melts. This document discusses four types of conditional sentences in English. Conditional type 0 refers to situations that are always true, such as "if you heat ice, it melts." Conditional type 1, also called real conditionals, are used for possible real situations, like "if it rains, we will stay home." Conditional type 2 is used to talk about unreal present or future situations, for example "if I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house." Conditional type 3 expresses criticism or regret about things that did not happen in the past, such as "if I had been more careful, I wouldn't have cut my finger."
This document discusses the four basic types of conditional sentences in English: zero, one, two, and three. It explains that each type has an if clause and a main clause. The zero conditional describes always true situations and uses the simple present tense in both clauses. Type one refers to present or future possibilities and uses the simple present and future tenses. Type two also refers to present/future but are less likely possibilities, using the simple past and future-in-the-past tenses. Type three always refers to the past, using the past perfect in the if clause and conditional perfect in the main clause to discuss unlikely past situations.
This document discusses conditional sentences. There are four types of conditional sentences classified based on the probability they express: zero, first, second, and third conditional. Each type uses different verb tenses in the if-clause and main clause. Zero conditionals use present tense in both clauses to express universal truths. First conditionals use present tense in the if-clause and future tense in the main clause to express possible future events. Second conditionals use past tense in the if-clause and "would" plus an infinitive in the main clause to express unlikely present or future situations. Third conditionals use past perfect tense in the if-clause and "would have" plus a past participle in the main clause to express impossible past
Zero conditional, Pronunciation -ed endings, Grammar: Past ContinuousMavict Obar
English 4
Vocabulary words:
jumped into, run away, bushes, Arid desert, leapt over, plod along, sprouted, sobbed, hissing, splash, spacecraft/ spaceships, astronauts
Reading 1: One Giant Leap - The story of Neil Armstrong
Reading 2: Lost in the desert
>Pronunciation -ed endings
>Grammar: Past Continuous
The document discusses two types of if-clauses in English:
Type I refers to real or possible situations and uses the structure "if + simple present + future".
Type II refers to unreal or improbable situations and uses the structure "if + simple past + conditional".
The document then provides examples to illustrate the two types of if-clauses and exercises for the reader to practice forming if-clauses with the correct verb tenses.
This document discusses conditional sentences in English. It explains that there are three types of conditional sentences which are differentiated by their structure and meaning. Type I conditions refer to possible present or future events, Type II are unlikely or hypothetical, and Type III refer to impossible past events. The document provides examples of conditional sentences for each type, showing how the tenses change depending on whether the if-clause comes before or after the main clause. It also includes practice questions to test understanding of conditional sentence structures.
The document discusses if/unless sentences using real life situations. It provides examples of if/unless sentences and has the reader identify the verb tenses used. It then has the reader complete if/unless sentences with their own ideas and uses correct verb forms. Finally, it has the reader complete sentences using unless to mean the same as sentences using if.
Conditional type Zeo, one, two and three 0, 1, 2 , 3 Safaâ Khoungui
The document discusses the four types of conditional sentences in English. Conditional type 0 refers to situations that are always true, using "if/when + simple present, + simple present". Conditional type 1 refers to possible real situations, using "if/will". Conditional type 2 refers to unreal present or future situations, using "if + past simple, + would + infinitive". Conditional type 3 refers to unreal past situations and is used to express criticism or regret, using "if + past perfect, + would + present perfect". Examples are provided for each conditional type.
Conditional type Zeo, one, two and three 0, 1, 2 , 3Safaâ Khoungui
If you heat ice, it melts. This document discusses four types of conditional sentences in English. Conditional type 0 refers to situations that are always true, such as "if you heat ice, it melts." Conditional type 1, also called real conditionals, are used for possible real situations, like "if it rains, we will stay home." Conditional type 2 is used to talk about unreal present or future situations, for example "if I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house." Conditional type 3 expresses criticism or regret about things that did not happen in the past, such as "if I had been more careful, I wouldn't have cut my finger."
This document discusses the four basic types of conditional sentences in English: zero, one, two, and three. It explains that each type has an if clause and a main clause. The zero conditional describes always true situations and uses the simple present tense in both clauses. Type one refers to present or future possibilities and uses the simple present and future tenses. Type two also refers to present/future but are less likely possibilities, using the simple past and future-in-the-past tenses. Type three always refers to the past, using the past perfect in the if clause and conditional perfect in the main clause to discuss unlikely past situations.
This document discusses conditional sentences. There are four types of conditional sentences classified based on the probability they express: zero, first, second, and third conditional. Each type uses different verb tenses in the if-clause and main clause. Zero conditionals use present tense in both clauses to express universal truths. First conditionals use present tense in the if-clause and future tense in the main clause to express possible future events. Second conditionals use past tense in the if-clause and "would" plus an infinitive in the main clause to express unlikely present or future situations. Third conditionals use past perfect tense in the if-clause and "would have" plus a past participle in the main clause to express impossible past
Zero conditional, Pronunciation -ed endings, Grammar: Past ContinuousMavict Obar
English 4
Vocabulary words:
jumped into, run away, bushes, Arid desert, leapt over, plod along, sprouted, sobbed, hissing, splash, spacecraft/ spaceships, astronauts
Reading 1: One Giant Leap - The story of Neil Armstrong
Reading 2: Lost in the desert
>Pronunciation -ed endings
>Grammar: Past Continuous
The document discusses two types of if-clauses in English:
Type I refers to real or possible situations and uses the structure "if + simple present + future".
Type II refers to unreal or improbable situations and uses the structure "if + simple past + conditional".
The document then provides examples to illustrate the two types of if-clauses and exercises for the reader to practice forming if-clauses with the correct verb tenses.
This document discusses conditional sentences in English. It explains that there are three types of conditional sentences which are differentiated by their structure and meaning. Type I conditions refer to possible present or future events, Type II are unlikely or hypothetical, and Type III refer to impossible past events. The document provides examples of conditional sentences for each type, showing how the tenses change depending on whether the if-clause comes before or after the main clause. It also includes practice questions to test understanding of conditional sentence structures.
The document discusses if/unless sentences using real life situations. It provides examples of if/unless sentences and has the reader identify the verb tenses used. It then has the reader complete if/unless sentences with their own ideas and uses correct verb forms. Finally, it has the reader complete sentences using unless to mean the same as sentences using if.
'IF' Conditional Clause with Examples & Exercises.
'IF' Type 1 - Possible Situation
'If" Type 2 - Imaginary Situation
'IF' Type 3 - Impossible Situation
The document summarizes the structure and use of the second conditional in English grammar. The second conditional uses past tense in the "if" clause to talk about unreal or hypothetical future conditions, and "would" in the main clause to talk about the possible result. Example sentences are provided to illustrate this structure, including reversing the order of the clauses. Practice sentences are then provided for the reader to practice forming second conditional sentences.
This document summarizes the zero conditional, which is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts, and things that always happen under certain conditions. It provides examples of zero conditional sentences for each type of statement. The document also briefly introduces the first conditional and provides examples of matching if clauses with main clauses and exercises for practicing first conditional sentences.
The document provides information about conditional sentences in English, including zero, first, second, and third conditionals. It explains the structure and usage of each type of conditional. For second conditionals, it notes they are used to describe "unreal" or imaginary situations in the future, and employ the past simple in the if-clause and "would" in the main clause. Examples are provided such as "If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world." The document also compares the uses of "was" and "were" in conditionals.
The document discusses different types of conditional clauses in English. It introduces conditional clauses with "if" that express conditions that may or may not happen. It also describes zero conditionals, which express real facts, and type I conditionals, which express possible events. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of conditional clause.
This document provides exercises to practice rewriting sentences using conditional statements. The exercises include rewriting sentences to replace "if" with "unless" and vice versa. They also involve rewriting sentences starting in a specific way to maintain the same meaning. Finally, there are exercises to rewrite sentences using the second or third conditional to change the time frame being discussed. The goal is to practice using conditional statements to effectively convey conditional meanings.
This document discusses conditional sentences in English grammar. There are three types of conditional sentences: real conditional (type 1), unreal conditional (type 2), and unreal past conditional (type 3). Type 1 uses present tense to talk about possible future events. Type 2 uses past tense to talk about improbable or impossible events. Type 3 uses past perfect tense to talk about regrets or imaginary past situations. The document provides examples and explanations of how to form each type of conditional sentence in English.
The document explains the three main types of conditionals in English:
1) Zero conditional - for general truths using the simple present tense (e.g. "If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils")
2) First conditional - for possible present or future events using will + verb (e.g. "If it's sunny, we'll go to the park")
3) Second conditional - for unlikely or impossible present/future events using would + verb (e.g. "If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house")
It also covers the structure, tense use, and examples of when to use each conditional type.
This document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English. There are three main types:
1) Type 0 or real conditional sentences use the present simple tense to describe general truths or facts. Examples are given such as "Water turns to ice if it freezes."
2) Type 1 or probable conditional sentences use the present simple in the if-clause and will/can + infinitive in the main clause to describe probable future events based on present conditions. An example is "If I study hard, I will pass the exam."
3) Type 2 or unreal conditional sentences use the past simple in the if-clause and would/could + infinitive in the main clause to describe improbable or hypothetical
This document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English. It begins by providing examples of zero, first, second, and third conditional sentences. It then explains mixed conditional sentences which connect past to present using unreal past conditions. The document also discusses inverted conditional forms using "should", "were", and "had". It provides examples of similar conditional expressions like "only if". Finally, it gives sample questions to test understanding of conditional sentences.
Zero, first,second and third conditionalsbelaromero34
The document discusses different types of conditional sentences using "if" clauses. It provides examples of conditional sentences using "if" plus the present simple, present tense verbs, past simple tense, past perfect tense, and different modal verbs like "will", "can", "may", "must", and "would". All examples express possible hypothetical scenarios and their results.
Conditional sentences have two clauses: an if-clause and a main clause. There are different types of conditional sentences depending on the tenses used. A zero conditional uses present tense in both clauses to describe universal truths or scientific facts. A first conditional uses a present tense if-clause and a future tense main clause to talk about possible future events, make promises, or give warnings.
The document discusses the conditional conjunction "unless" and provides examples of how to use it in sentences. It includes exercises where the reader must write sentences using "unless" correctly, identify whether "unless" or another conjunction like "as long as" is appropriate, and generate their own sentences incorporating "unless".
This document explains the third conditional and how to use it. The third conditional is used to talk about hypothetical situations in the past. It is formed using the past perfect tense (had + past participle) in the if-clause and would have + past participle in the main clause. Examples are provided to show how to transform sentences into the third conditional by using if + past perfect in the if-clause to talk about something that didn't happen in the past.
The document describes three types of conditional sentences in English. Type 1 uses conditions that are real or probable, such as "if I get a good job, I'll buy a motorbike." Type 2 uses unreal or improbable conditions, like "if I were rich, I'd buy a castle in France." Type 3 describes impossible conditions using the past perfect tense, for example "if you had bought that magazine, you'd have learnt a lot about soul music."
The third conditional is used to talk about unreal past situations by using the structure "if + past perfect, would have + past participle". It expresses a condition in the past that did not happen. Examples are given using "if I had worked harder" or "if we had caught an earlier train" to talk about past possibilities that were not realized. The document provides explanations, examples, and exercises to practice forming third conditional sentences.
The document provides information and examples about the first conditional. It discusses the structure of the first conditional using "if" clauses with the present simple and main clauses with "will" plus the infinitive. Examples are given of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences in the first conditional. Exercises are then presented for students to practice forming and using the first conditional.
This document discusses the three main types of conditional sentences in English:
1) Conditional 1 expresses possibilities and uses "if + present tense + will/can/may + bare infinitive". It refers to present or future events that are possible or likely.
2) Conditional 2 refers to unlikely or imaginary situations using "if + past tense + would + bare infinitive". It describes unlikely or imaginary past or present situations.
3) Conditional 3 uses "if + past perfect + would/could/might + have + past participle" to describe hypothetical or impossible past situations. It expresses regret about past events or criticizes past mistakes. Special rules apply for tense and dropping "if" in each conditional type.
The document discusses the sequence of tenses, which is a chart that determines which verb tenses to use with subjunctive verbs based on the tense of the main verb. There are two sequences - primary and secondary - that depend on whether the main verb is in the present/imperfect/future or perfect/pluperfect/future perfect. Examples are provided to demonstrate using the subjunctive with main verbs in both the primary and secondary sequences.
'IF' Conditional Clause with Examples & Exercises.
'IF' Type 1 - Possible Situation
'If" Type 2 - Imaginary Situation
'IF' Type 3 - Impossible Situation
The document summarizes the structure and use of the second conditional in English grammar. The second conditional uses past tense in the "if" clause to talk about unreal or hypothetical future conditions, and "would" in the main clause to talk about the possible result. Example sentences are provided to illustrate this structure, including reversing the order of the clauses. Practice sentences are then provided for the reader to practice forming second conditional sentences.
This document summarizes the zero conditional, which is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts, and things that always happen under certain conditions. It provides examples of zero conditional sentences for each type of statement. The document also briefly introduces the first conditional and provides examples of matching if clauses with main clauses and exercises for practicing first conditional sentences.
The document provides information about conditional sentences in English, including zero, first, second, and third conditionals. It explains the structure and usage of each type of conditional. For second conditionals, it notes they are used to describe "unreal" or imaginary situations in the future, and employ the past simple in the if-clause and "would" in the main clause. Examples are provided such as "If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world." The document also compares the uses of "was" and "were" in conditionals.
The document discusses different types of conditional clauses in English. It introduces conditional clauses with "if" that express conditions that may or may not happen. It also describes zero conditionals, which express real facts, and type I conditionals, which express possible events. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of conditional clause.
This document provides exercises to practice rewriting sentences using conditional statements. The exercises include rewriting sentences to replace "if" with "unless" and vice versa. They also involve rewriting sentences starting in a specific way to maintain the same meaning. Finally, there are exercises to rewrite sentences using the second or third conditional to change the time frame being discussed. The goal is to practice using conditional statements to effectively convey conditional meanings.
This document discusses conditional sentences in English grammar. There are three types of conditional sentences: real conditional (type 1), unreal conditional (type 2), and unreal past conditional (type 3). Type 1 uses present tense to talk about possible future events. Type 2 uses past tense to talk about improbable or impossible events. Type 3 uses past perfect tense to talk about regrets or imaginary past situations. The document provides examples and explanations of how to form each type of conditional sentence in English.
The document explains the three main types of conditionals in English:
1) Zero conditional - for general truths using the simple present tense (e.g. "If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils")
2) First conditional - for possible present or future events using will + verb (e.g. "If it's sunny, we'll go to the park")
3) Second conditional - for unlikely or impossible present/future events using would + verb (e.g. "If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house")
It also covers the structure, tense use, and examples of when to use each conditional type.
This document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English. There are three main types:
1) Type 0 or real conditional sentences use the present simple tense to describe general truths or facts. Examples are given such as "Water turns to ice if it freezes."
2) Type 1 or probable conditional sentences use the present simple in the if-clause and will/can + infinitive in the main clause to describe probable future events based on present conditions. An example is "If I study hard, I will pass the exam."
3) Type 2 or unreal conditional sentences use the past simple in the if-clause and would/could + infinitive in the main clause to describe improbable or hypothetical
This document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English. It begins by providing examples of zero, first, second, and third conditional sentences. It then explains mixed conditional sentences which connect past to present using unreal past conditions. The document also discusses inverted conditional forms using "should", "were", and "had". It provides examples of similar conditional expressions like "only if". Finally, it gives sample questions to test understanding of conditional sentences.
Zero, first,second and third conditionalsbelaromero34
The document discusses different types of conditional sentences using "if" clauses. It provides examples of conditional sentences using "if" plus the present simple, present tense verbs, past simple tense, past perfect tense, and different modal verbs like "will", "can", "may", "must", and "would". All examples express possible hypothetical scenarios and their results.
Conditional sentences have two clauses: an if-clause and a main clause. There are different types of conditional sentences depending on the tenses used. A zero conditional uses present tense in both clauses to describe universal truths or scientific facts. A first conditional uses a present tense if-clause and a future tense main clause to talk about possible future events, make promises, or give warnings.
The document discusses the conditional conjunction "unless" and provides examples of how to use it in sentences. It includes exercises where the reader must write sentences using "unless" correctly, identify whether "unless" or another conjunction like "as long as" is appropriate, and generate their own sentences incorporating "unless".
This document explains the third conditional and how to use it. The third conditional is used to talk about hypothetical situations in the past. It is formed using the past perfect tense (had + past participle) in the if-clause and would have + past participle in the main clause. Examples are provided to show how to transform sentences into the third conditional by using if + past perfect in the if-clause to talk about something that didn't happen in the past.
The document describes three types of conditional sentences in English. Type 1 uses conditions that are real or probable, such as "if I get a good job, I'll buy a motorbike." Type 2 uses unreal or improbable conditions, like "if I were rich, I'd buy a castle in France." Type 3 describes impossible conditions using the past perfect tense, for example "if you had bought that magazine, you'd have learnt a lot about soul music."
The third conditional is used to talk about unreal past situations by using the structure "if + past perfect, would have + past participle". It expresses a condition in the past that did not happen. Examples are given using "if I had worked harder" or "if we had caught an earlier train" to talk about past possibilities that were not realized. The document provides explanations, examples, and exercises to practice forming third conditional sentences.
The document provides information and examples about the first conditional. It discusses the structure of the first conditional using "if" clauses with the present simple and main clauses with "will" plus the infinitive. Examples are given of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences in the first conditional. Exercises are then presented for students to practice forming and using the first conditional.
This document discusses the three main types of conditional sentences in English:
1) Conditional 1 expresses possibilities and uses "if + present tense + will/can/may + bare infinitive". It refers to present or future events that are possible or likely.
2) Conditional 2 refers to unlikely or imaginary situations using "if + past tense + would + bare infinitive". It describes unlikely or imaginary past or present situations.
3) Conditional 3 uses "if + past perfect + would/could/might + have + past participle" to describe hypothetical or impossible past situations. It expresses regret about past events or criticizes past mistakes. Special rules apply for tense and dropping "if" in each conditional type.
The document discusses the sequence of tenses, which is a chart that determines which verb tenses to use with subjunctive verbs based on the tense of the main verb. There are two sequences - primary and secondary - that depend on whether the main verb is in the present/imperfect/future or perfect/pluperfect/future perfect. Examples are provided to demonstrate using the subjunctive with main verbs in both the primary and secondary sequences.
This document discusses the different types of conditional sentences in English: zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, and third conditional. It provides examples for each type of conditional and explains when they are used - the zero conditional is used for scientific facts, the first conditional discusses future possibilities, the second conditional talks about unrealistic situations, and the third conditional refers to past events that did not occur.
This document discusses conditional sentences in English grammar. There are four main types of conditional sentences:
1) Zero conditional - Used to express general truths or facts. Both clauses use the simple present tense.
2) First conditional - Used to talk about possible or probable present or future events. The if-clause uses the present simple and the main clause uses the future simple or modal verbs.
3) Second conditional - Used to talk about unlikely or imaginary present/future situations. The if-clause uses the past simple and the main clause uses the conditional or modal verbs.
4) Third conditional - Used to talk about unlikely past situations. The if-clause uses the past perfect and the main clause uses
Conditional sentences are composed of an if-clause and a main clause. There are four types of conditional sentences classified according to their implications. Type 0 uses present tense in both clauses to talk about universal truths. Type 1 uses present tense in the if-clause and future tense in the main clause to talk about probable future situations. Type 2 uses past tense in the if-clause and "would" in the main clause to talk about unlikely present or future situations. Type 3 uses past perfect tense in the if-clause and "would have" in the main clause to talk about impossible past situations.
The document discusses the four types of conditional sentences in English: zero-conditional, first-conditional, second-conditional, and third-conditional. It also covers how to form mixed conditionals using elements from different conditional types, and how to express wishes using "wish" or "if only" followed by various verb tenses.
This document discusses the different types of conditional sentences in English:
- Zero conditional describes things that are always true.
- First conditional talks about future actions dependent on future conditions. It uses present tense for the condition and will for the result.
- Second conditional talks about unlikely present or future situations. It uses past tense for the condition and would for the result.
- Third conditional talks about imaginary past actions where the conditions were not met. It uses past perfect for the condition and would have for the result. Each conditional has a specific grammatical structure and usage.
The document provides background information about the author, Harun Yahya, and his book on Palestine. It begins by introducing Harun Yahya and noting that he has written extensively on political, scientific, and religious issues. It then provides context about Zionism and clarifies that the book's criticisms are directed at radical atheist Zionism and certain traditions, not at all Jews. It emphasizes that Judaism and the right of Jews to live in the Holy Land are respected in Islam. The document concludes by discussing Muslims' view of the People of the Book in the Quran and the shared reverence among religions for prophets like Moses.
This document outlines the lessons and objectives for a 6-lesson unit called "He's a Doctor" for third grade students. The unit aims to teach students to recognize different jobs, revise numbers, and name family members and their numbers. Each lesson provides images and exercises for students to learn about various jobs like farmers, doctors, and teachers. Lessons also focus on family relationships, writing numbers, and matching jobs with images. A final assessment contains questions about the unit content.
The document provides examples of how to form sentences using different verb tenses in English, including present, past, present perfect, past perfect, and future tenses. For each tense, examples are given of simple, continuous, and combined simple and continuous forms. Sentences are provided as examples for tasks numbered 100, 200, and 300 for each verb tense.
Cambridge English and QS present English at Work: global analysis of language skills in the workplace – a global, cross-industry overview of English language skills at work.
A tense is a grammatical category that locates a situation in time, to indicate when the situation takes place. Some typical tenses are present, past, and future.
Tense can make finer distinctions than simple past-present-future; past tenses for example can cover general past, immediate past, or distant past, with the only difference between them being the distance on the timeline between the temporal reference points. Such distinctions are not precise: an event may be described in the remote past because it feels remote to the speaker, not because a set number of days have passed since it happened; it may also be remote because it is being contrasted with another, more recent, past event. This is similar to other forms of deixis such as this and that.
In absolute tense, as in English, tense indicates when the time of assertion, time of completion, or time of evaluation occurs relative to the utterance itself (time of utterance). In relative tense, on the other hand, tense is relative to some given event.
The number of tenses in a language may be disputed, because the term tense is often used to represent any combination of tense proper, aspect, and mood. In many texts the term "tense" may erroneously indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, or whether information derives from experience or hearsay (evidentiality). Tense differs from aspect, which encodes how a situation or action occurs in time rather than when. In many languages, there are grammatical forms which express several of these meanings (see tense–aspect–mood).
In languages which have tenses, they are normally usually indicated by a verb or modal verb. Some languages only have grammatical expression of time through aspect; others have neither tense nor aspect. Some East Asian isolating languages such as Chinese express time with temporal adverbs, but these are not required, and the verbs are not inflected for tense. In Slavic languages such as Russian a verb may be inflected for both tense and aspect together.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (RULES AND EXERCISES)Lukitas Leon
The document discusses the four main types of conditional sentences in English - zero, first, second, and third conditional. It provides examples of each type and explains the grammatical structures used, including the tenses in the if-clause and main clause. Mixed and inverted conditionals are also covered. Exercises are included to practice forming different conditional sentences.
Zero conditionals, first conditionals and time clausesLola Domínguez
This document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English:
[1] Zero conditionals are used to talk about things that are always true when a certain condition occurs, such as "If you heat water, it boils."
[2] First conditionals express a possible condition and probable future result, like "If you don't revise, you'll fail." They use future tense in the result clause.
[3] Time clauses are similar to conditionals but always use present tense even when referring to future time, as in "I'll phone you when I get home." The document provides examples and exercises to illustrate these conditional types.
This document provides examples of verb tenses and structures in English. It shows the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of simple present, present progressive, simple past, and past progressive tenses. Examples are given for each tense using common verbs like work and go. Signal words that indicate each tense are also listed such as everyday for simple present and last week for simple past.
Apresentação sobre "Conditional Sentences" preparada pela Professora Erika Petiz, para os seus alunos do Colégio Espaço Aberto, sedes Bezerra de Menezes e Papicu
This document discusses the uses of will vs going to for expressing future events. It provides examples of using will for spontaneous decisions or promises made at the time of speaking. Going to is used to express intentions or predictions based on present evidence. The document also contains a story about a princess, Dianarella, who visits a fortune teller and is told she will marry a prince who initially appears as a frog. Dianarella refuses to believe this prediction.
There are three types of conditional sentences in English. A conditional sentence uses an if-clause to express that the action in the main clause can only occur if the condition in the if-clause is met. The three types are: first conditional refers to present or future situations with an open condition; second conditional refers to unreal or improbable present situations using past tense; third conditional refers to unreal past situations using past perfect tense. Conditional sentences have an if-clause and main clause, with the if-clause expressing the condition and main clause expressing the possible result.
This document discusses the four basic types of conditional sentences in English: zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, and third conditional. It provides examples of each type of conditional and explains their structure. The zero conditional expresses general truths using the present simple in both clauses. The first conditional refers to possible future events using the present simple and will + infinitive. The second conditional talks about improbable situations using the past simple and would + infinitive. The third conditional refers to impossible past conditions using the past perfect simple and would have + past participle.
This document provides information about simple past tense verbs in English. It explains that there are regular verbs that follow predictable patterns by adding "-ed" and irregular verbs that have unpredictable spelling changes. Examples of regular ("walked") and irregular ("taught") verbs are given. The rules for forming regular past tense verbs by adding "-ed", dropping "e" and adding "-ed", or changing "y" to "i" and adding "-ed" are described. The document emphasizes that past tense verbs are used to indicate that an action is completed or finished. Suggestions for practicing past tense verbs such as word sorts, bingo, modeling, and surveys are provided.
This document discusses conditional clauses and wish clauses in English. It provides examples of the first, second, and third conditional and how they are used to talk about probable, improbable, and impossible situations. It also discusses the structure and use of wish clauses to express regret or desire about present, past, or future situations. There are then exercises asking the reader to rewrite sentences using conditional forms correctly and fill in missing verbs.
The document summarizes the different types of conditional sentences in English:
Type 1 conditional sentences refer to possible present or future situations and use the simple present or will future. Type 2 conditional sentences refer to hypothetical or unlikely present/future situations and use the past simple or modal verbs. Type 3 conditional sentences refer to impossible past situations and use the past perfect. Zero conditional sentences refer to general truths and use the present simple.
The poem describes the characteristics of an ideal man, stating that if one can remain calm and true to oneself when facing adversity, doubt, loss, and hardship, and continue persevering through challenges with integrity, virtue, and determination, then they will achieve great success and truly understand what it means to be a man. The poem provides a list of trials and tribulations one must be able to withstand through willpower and emotional control alone in order to attain this ideal.
New Headway Intermediate - Unit 8 Just imagine .. ..
New Headway Intermediate Unit 8 imagine
New Headway Intermediate UNIDAD 8 Just imagine!.
TEMAS: Conditionals,Time clauses, Base and strong adjectives, Making suggestions.
TEMAS: Conditionals,Time clauses, Base and strong adjectives, Making suggestions.
The document discusses conditional sentences. It explains the structure of conditional sentences and the four types: zero, first, second, and third conditional. Each type uses different verb tenses depending on the probability of the condition. Zero conditionals use present tense, first conditionals use present/future, second conditionals use past/would, and third conditionals use past perfect/would have. Examples are provided for each type.
This document discusses the three main types of conditionals in English:
1) Zero conditional - Uses present tense in both clauses to describe always true facts (e.g. "If you drop an egg, it breaks.")
2) First conditional - Uses present tense in the if-clause and will+infinitive in the main clause to predict future possibilities (e.g. "If you break that, I will be angry.")
3) Second conditional - Uses past tense in the if-clause and would+infinitive in the main clause to express unlikely or hypothetical situations (e.g. "If you broke that, I would be angry.")
Exercises are provided applying these conditional structures in
ملزمة الصف الثالث الاعدادي ترم اول 2016 الجزء الثانيAbdallah Omar
The document contains a dialogue practice activity with 6 examples of short conversations (1-6). It also includes reading comprehension questions about a passage of text regarding a pen friend visiting Egypt (A, B, C). Finally, it ends with grammar and writing exercises including rewriting sentences, correcting errors, and writing a letter (5-9).
The document discusses conditional sentences. It begins by defining conditional sentences as having an if-clause and main clause. It then explains the four types of conditional sentences: zero, first, second, and third conditionals. Each type uses different verb tenses in the if-clause and main clause to indicate different probabilities. Examples are provided for each type. Other connectors like unless and provided are also discussed. Finally, exercises are given to practice identifying and forming different conditional sentences.
Conditional sentences are used to talk about real or hypothetical situations that depend on certain conditions. There are four main types of conditional sentences:
1) Zero conditional (factual): uses present tense (if + present, present) to describe always true situations.
2) First conditional (likely): uses present tense and future tense (if + present, will/can/may + infinitive) to describe probable future events.
3) Second conditional (unlikely): uses past tense (if + past, would/might/could + have) to describe improbable or hypothetical present/future situations.
4) Third conditional (impossible): uses past perfect tense (if + past perfect, would have +
The document discusses the three types of conditional sentences in English: first, second, and third conditional. The first conditional uses present simple and future simple tenses. The second conditional uses past simple and would + infinitive. The third conditional uses past perfect and would have + past participle. Examples are provided for each type of conditional.
The document discusses phrases and clauses of purpose in English. It provides examples of clauses of purpose using "so that" and "in order that" followed by the subject and verb. It also discusses phrases of purpose using "in order to", "so as to", and "to" followed by the infinitive verb. The document provides rules for using these structures including whether to use "can/could" or "won't/wouldn't". It then provides exercises to practice connecting sentences using clauses and phrases of purpose.
The document discusses the zero and first conditional tenses in English. It provides examples of each:
The zero conditional describes general truths and uses the present simple tense in both parts (e.g. "If you heat ice it melts"). The first conditional describes possible future events and uses the present simple in the if-clause and "will" in the main clause (e.g. "If it rains, I won't go to the park"). There are also alternative words that can be used instead of "if" like "when", "as soon as", and "unless". Exercises are provided to practice forming sentences in these conditionals.
This document discusses the different types of conditional sentences in English:
- Zero conditional refers to factual statements using present simple tense in both clauses (e.g. "If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils").
- First conditional expresses likely future events using present tense and future tense (e.g. "If it rains, I will stay in").
- Second conditional refers to unlikely or hypothetical situations using past tense and conditional mood (e.g. "If I won the lottery, I would retire").
- Third conditional expresses regret about past possibilities using past perfect and conditional perfect (e.g. "If I had seen him, I would have given him the message").
This document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English, including real and unreal conditionals. It explains the verb tenses used in if clauses and main clauses for both real and unreal conditionals. For real conditionals, it notes that present, past, and future tenses are used as in other sentences. For unreal conditionals, it explains that past tenses are used in if clauses to talk about present or future situations, and "would" is used in main clauses. It also discusses mixed tenses that can be used and exceptions. The document provides examples to illustrate the different conditional structures.
This document provides instruction on conditional sentences in Vietnamese. It discusses two types of conditional sentences:
Type 1 describes conditions that may be real in the present or future, using the structure "If + present tense, future tense".
Type 2 describes unreal or unlikely conditions in the present or future, using the structure "If + past tense, would + bare infinitive".
It provides examples of each type and exercises for students to practice forming conditional sentences, including combining sentences, choosing the appropriate tense, and completing sentences with the correct verb form. The goal is to help students understand when and how to properly construct conditional sentences in Vietnamese.
The document discusses different types of conditional sentences in English:
- Zero conditional refers to general truths using present tense in both clauses.
- First conditional talks about possible future conditions and results using present tense and "will".
- Second conditional expresses unlikely future situations using past tense and "would".
- Third conditional refers to impossible past situations using "had" and "would have".
The document provides examples of English inversion structures involving various adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. It is divided into seven sections that cover inversion with (I) no longer, never, seldom-rarely-little, hardly-scarcely, not only, not until, only; (II) negative expressions, if-clauses, so-such; (III) prepositions of place and direction; (IV) practice questions involving choosing the best answer applying inversion rules. The document aims to outline common cases of inversion in English grammar.
The document provides examples of English inversion structures involving various adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. It is divided into seven sections that cover inversion with (I) no longer, never, seldom-rarely-little, hardly-scarcely, not only, not until, only; (II) negative expressions, if-clauses, so-such; (III) prepositions of place and direction; (IV) practice questions involving choosing the best answer applying inversion rules. The document aims to outline common cases of inversion in English grammar.
Anhvan co uyen trung tam luyen thi dai hoc qsc-45 - inversion(3)Trungtâmluyệnthi Qsc
The document provides examples of English inversion structures involving various adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. It is divided into seven sections that cover inversion with (I) no longer, never, seldom-rarely-little, hardly-scarcely, not only, not until, only; (II) negative expressions, if-clauses, so-such; (III) prepositions of place and direction; (IV) practice questions involving choosing the best answer with inverted structures; and (V) additional practice questions. The document aims to outline common cases of inversion in English grammar and provide exercises for learners to practice identifying and using inversion.
Anhvan co uyen trung tam luyen thi dai hoc qsc-45 - inversion(2)Trungtâmluyệnthi Qsc
The document provides examples of English inversion structures involving various adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. It is divided into seven sections that cover inversion with (I) no longer, never, seldom-rarely-little, hardly-scarcely, not only, not until, only; (II) negative expressions, if-clauses, so-such; (III) prepositions of place and direction; (IV) practice questions involving choosing the best answer applying inversion rules. The document aims to outline common cases of inversion in English grammar.
Similar to Conditionals, English for Palestine (20)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
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these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
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land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. Conditionals: Type 0,1,2 and 3
Conditional sentence is consisted from
1) The If clause
“If + subject + verb”
2) The Main clause
“Subject + verb”
• Conditionals express different degree of reality
3. Types of Conditional sentences
1) Type Zero:
If / when + sub + present simple, sub + present
simple
This pattern means that one thing always follows
automatically from another.
It is used with facts and instructions.
4. Ex.:- If you heat a metal , it expands.
Ex.:- When you press the button, the machine works.
Ex.:- When I reverse the car, it makes a funny noise.
Ex.:- If you boil water, it evaporates.
5. Q) Fill in the blanks:-
1) When it snows, nobody ……………….to school. ( come )
2) When the sun …………….., birds start singing. ( rise )
3) If you boil water, it ……………….. gas. ( turn into )
4) If Ali ………………the red button, the machine turns off. ( press )
5) If the babies ………………., it means they are hungry. ( cry )
6. Answers:-
comes
1) When it snows, nobody ……………….to school. ( come )
rises
2) When the sun …………….., birds start singing. ( rise )
turns into
3) If you boil water, it ……………….. gas. ( turn into )
presses
4) If Ali ………………the red button, the machine turns off. ( press )
cry
5) If the babies ………………., it means they are hungry. ( cry )
7. 2) Type 1:
• If + sub + present simple, sub + modal verb + inf.
( will / can / may )
• This pattern means that one thing may follow
from another ( possible to happen )
Hints: ( may , possible , be likely to , be expected
to )
Ex.:- Sami may learn French so he may go to
France.
- If Sami learns French, he may go to France.
8. Ex.:- If it rains, the reception will take place indoors.
Ex.:- If we don’t hurry, we will miss the train.
Ex.:- The milk will go off if you leave it outside for a long
time.
Ex.:- You will succeed if you study hard.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Rewrite :
Ex.:- I may call Ahmed so he may come.
-If I call Ahmed, he may come.
Ex.:- Rami is expected to go to Jordan and visit Patra.
-If Rami goes to Jordan, he will visit Patra.
Ex.:- She may clean the house so she can come.
- If she cleans the house, she may come.
9. Q) Fill in the blanks:
1) If you want to build a house, you ………………… a pool, too.(build)
2) If Nelly ……………. her book, she can study her exam. ( find )
3) If they win the match, they ………………….in the finals. ( play )
Q) Rewrite the following sentences using the conditionals:
1) Khalil may leave early today so he can attend the meeting.
2) Sue is likely to drink tea so she may come late.
3) Ibrahim is expected to win the first prize so he may buy the car.
10. Q) Fill in the blanks:
may build
1) If you want to build a house, you ………………… a pool, too.(build)
finds
2) If Nelly ……………. her book, she can study her exam. ( find )
can play
3) If they win the match, they ………………….in the finals. ( play )
Q) Rewrite the following sentences using the conditionals:
1) Khalil may leave early today so he can attend the meeting.
- If Khalil leaves early today, he can attend the meeting.
2) Sue is likely to drink tea so she may come late.
- If Sue drinks tea, she may come late.
3) Ibrahim is expected to win the first prize so he may buy the car.
- If Ibrahim wins the first prize, he may buy the car.
11. 3) Type 2:
• If + sub + past simple, sub + past modal + inf.
( would / could / might )
• This pattern expresses imaginary action or
theoretical possibility.
Hints: ( present simple negative or positive )
Negative rule:
1) The two clauses negative turn into positive
2) The two clauses positive turn into negative
3) One is negative and the other is positive
One is positive and the other is negative
12. • If we find in the sentence because / when this
means that the if clause is the phrase follows those
words.
• We use were with singular subject.
• We use did not when there is no helping verb.
------------------------------------------------------------
Ex.:- If you studied, you would succeed.
Ex.:- If I had lots of money, I would travel round
the world.
Ex.:- If I had a light, I could see what I am doing.
Ex.: If a hurricane hit Palestine, what would you
do?
13. Rewrite:
Ex.:- She does not cook well so we do not eat her food.
-If she cooked well, we would eat her food.
Ex.:- He is not here so he does not help us.
-If he were here, he would help us.
Ex.:- She is busy so she does not study.
-If she were not busy, she would study.
Ex.:- The boy does not study because he is tired.
-If the boy were not tired, he would study.
Ex.:- The baby cries when her mother comes late.
- If her mother did not come late, the baby would not cry.
14. Q) Fill in the blanks:
1) If Sam ………….rich, he would buy a big farm. ( be )
2) If the boys came today, they ……………………questions about the
exam. ( ask )
Q) Rewrite the following sentences using conditionals:
1 ) We practice everyday so we win the match.
2) They are not so tall so they cannot play basketball.
3) Ali is not absent so he attends the party.
4) Sami does not work on Monday because he travels to Ramallah.
15. Q) Fill in the blanks:
were
1) If Sam ………….rich, he would buy a big farm. ( be )
would ask
2) If the boys came today, they ……………………questions about the
exam. ( ask )
Q) Rewrite the following sentences using conditionals:
1 ) We practice everyday so we win the match.
- If we did not practice everyday, we would not win the match.
2) They are not so tall so they cannot play basketball.
- If they were so tall, they could play basketball.
3) Ali is not absent so he attends the party.
- If Ali were absent, he might not attend the party.
4) Sami does not work on Monday because he travels to Ramallah.
- If Sami did not travel to Ramallah, he would work on Monday.
16. 4) Type 3:
• If + sub + had + past perfect, sub + past modal +
( would / could / might )
have + past participle
• This pattern is used to express unreal situation /
something that is contrary to past.
• Hints: ( Past simple negative or positive )
• Negative rule: ( the same as type 2 )
• When / because: ( the same as type 2 )
17. Ex.:- If you studied hard, you would have
succeeded.
Ex.:- If you had taken a taxi, you would got here
in time.
Ex.:- If I had phoned to renew the books, I
would not have had to pay a fine.
Ex.:- The man would have died if the ambulance
had not arrived so quickly.
18. Rewrite:
Ex.:- I did not study so I did not pass the exam.
-If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
Ex.:- Ali was sick so he did not come to school.
-If Ali had not been sick, he would have come to
school.
Ex.: We thanked him because he helped us.
- If he had not helped us, we would not have
thanked him.
19. Q) Fill in the blanks:
1) If they had not cut the wire, they ………………………………...the party.
( enjoy )
2) If Sam ……………….careful while he was driving, he would not have
had an accident. ( be )
Q) Rewrite the following sentences using conditionals:
1) The TV did not broadcast the program tonight so we felt bad.
2) They expected the trouble so they were ready for it.
3) Wael did not tell Ali’s father, so he did not punish him.
4) Sam did not pay the bill because he lost his wallet.
20. Q) Fill in the blanks:
would have enjoyed
1) If they had not cut the wire, they ………………………………...the party.
( enjoy )
had been
2) If Sam ……………….careful while he was driving, he would not have
had an accident. ( be )
Q) Rewrite the following sentences using conditionals:
1) The TV did not broadcast the program tonight so we felt bad.
If the TV had broadcasted the program tonight, we would not have felt bad
2) They expected the trouble so they were ready for it.
If they had not expected the trouble, they would not have been ready for it.
3) Wael did not tell Ali’s father, so he did not punish him.
If Wael had told Ali’s father, he would have punished him.
4) Sam did not pay the bill because he lost his wallet.
If Sam had not lost his wallet, he would have paid the bill.
21. Unless:
• It means “if ….. not”.
• Unless is used with Type zero and Type 1 only.
• When to use unless:
1) The if clause and the main clause are negative
we delete “not” from the if clause.
Ex.:- If he does not have a license, he cannot drive.
- Unless he has a license, he cannot drive.
2) The if clause and the main clause are positive
we add “not” to the main clause only.
Ex.:- If Musa reaches early, he will eat his dinner.
- Unless Musa reaches early, he will not eat his dinner.
22. 3) The if clause is negative and the main clause is
positive We delete “not” from the if clause only.
Ex.:- If you do not eat enough, you will die.
-Unless you eat enough, you will die
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q) Rewrite the following using Unless:
1) If Ali does not take his medicine, he will get sick again.
2) If it is sunny tomorrow, we will go on a trip.
3) If he does not study hard, he will not pass the test.
23. Q) Rewrite the following using Unless:
1) If Ali does not take his medicine, he will get sick again.
Unless Ali takes his medicine, he will get sick again.
2) If it is sunny tomorrow, we will go on a trip.
Unless it is sunny tomorrow, we will not go on a trip.
3) If he does not study hard, he will not pass the test.
Unless he studies hard, he will not pass the test.