Useful for Second year Civil Engineering Students of Savitribai Phule Pune university, Pune (University of Pune)
This PPT shows Concrete Equipments used for concreting and some special concretes. Useful for Civil Engineering Students.
Few more PPTs and Videos are available at my blog tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com
This document discusses various types of equipment used in concrete production and construction projects. It describes mixers like hand fed tilting drum mixers and loader fed tilting drum mixers used to mix concrete constituents. Other equipment mentioned include concrete pumps to transport liquid concrete, vibrators to compact concrete by removing air bubbles, crushers for demolishing and recycling waste concrete, and conveyors for horizontally or vertically transporting concrete. Weigh batchers, boom placers, pavers, and tanks are also briefly outlined.
A concrete batching plant combines various ingredients like sand, aggregate, water, fly ash, admixtures, and cement to produce concrete. There are two main types: ready mix plants which mix dry ingredients at the plant and add water in the truck, and central mix plants which fully mix all ingredients at the plant. A batching plant has various components like mixers, aggregate batchers, conveyors, and a control system. Common mixer types are pan, twin shaft, and tilting drum. Batching plants offer precise mixing and are used to produce concrete for large construction projects. Mobile batch plants also exist to provide on-site concrete production. Transit mixers are trucks that transport freshly mixed concrete to job sites.
construction equipment and agreegate production equipmentkonagallasrivardhan
The document provides information on concreting equipment and aggregate production equipment. It discusses the various steps in concrete production, including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting and curing. It describes different types of batching, mixing equipment, and methods for transporting and compacting concrete. Common concreting equipment mentioned include mixers, conveyors, pumps, transit mixers and various hand tools.
This document provides an overview of ready mix concrete (RMC). It discusses that RMC is concrete manufactured at a central batching plant according to a customer's specifications. The key components of an RMC plant include batching plants for mixing materials, transit mixers for transporting concrete, and concrete pumps. Common materials used in RMC include aggregates, cement, fly ash, and water. RMC has applications in foundations, buildings, bridges and more. Advantages include consistent quality, reduced time and waste. Limitations include high initial investment and effective transportation requirements.
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including light weight concrete, aerated concrete, and no fines concrete. It provides details on the properties and production methods of these concretes. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, which provides benefits like reduced structural weight. Aerated concrete is made by introducing air bubbles into cement mortar, creating a lightweight cellular structure. No fines concrete omits fine aggregates, consisting of only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. These special concretes are used for applications requiring specific properties like lower density or higher insulation.
Concrete mixers are devices that uniformly mix the ingredients of concrete to form fresh concrete. There are four main types of concrete mixers: twin shaft mixers, which provide high intensity mixing for high strength concrete; vertical axis mixers, commonly used for smaller batches and colored concrete; drum mixers, used for large volumes and production speed; and in-transit mixers, which mix concrete during transport to maintain its liquid state until delivery. The key parts of a concrete mixer include the drum, rollers, motor, blades, and gearbox.
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes the key materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It explains concepts like workability, bleeding, segregation, water-cement ratio, and gel space ratio for fresh concrete. For hardened concrete, it discusses compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and curing methods. It provides classifications of concrete based on weight, strength, and applications.
This document discusses various types of equipment used in concrete production and construction projects. It describes mixers like hand fed tilting drum mixers and loader fed tilting drum mixers used to mix concrete constituents. Other equipment mentioned include concrete pumps to transport liquid concrete, vibrators to compact concrete by removing air bubbles, crushers for demolishing and recycling waste concrete, and conveyors for horizontally or vertically transporting concrete. Weigh batchers, boom placers, pavers, and tanks are also briefly outlined.
A concrete batching plant combines various ingredients like sand, aggregate, water, fly ash, admixtures, and cement to produce concrete. There are two main types: ready mix plants which mix dry ingredients at the plant and add water in the truck, and central mix plants which fully mix all ingredients at the plant. A batching plant has various components like mixers, aggregate batchers, conveyors, and a control system. Common mixer types are pan, twin shaft, and tilting drum. Batching plants offer precise mixing and are used to produce concrete for large construction projects. Mobile batch plants also exist to provide on-site concrete production. Transit mixers are trucks that transport freshly mixed concrete to job sites.
construction equipment and agreegate production equipmentkonagallasrivardhan
The document provides information on concreting equipment and aggregate production equipment. It discusses the various steps in concrete production, including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting and curing. It describes different types of batching, mixing equipment, and methods for transporting and compacting concrete. Common concreting equipment mentioned include mixers, conveyors, pumps, transit mixers and various hand tools.
This document provides an overview of ready mix concrete (RMC). It discusses that RMC is concrete manufactured at a central batching plant according to a customer's specifications. The key components of an RMC plant include batching plants for mixing materials, transit mixers for transporting concrete, and concrete pumps. Common materials used in RMC include aggregates, cement, fly ash, and water. RMC has applications in foundations, buildings, bridges and more. Advantages include consistent quality, reduced time and waste. Limitations include high initial investment and effective transportation requirements.
This document discusses different types of special concretes, including light weight concrete, aerated concrete, and no fines concrete. It provides details on the properties and production methods of these concretes. Light weight concrete has lower density than normal concrete, which provides benefits like reduced structural weight. Aerated concrete is made by introducing air bubbles into cement mortar, creating a lightweight cellular structure. No fines concrete omits fine aggregates, consisting of only cement, coarse aggregates, and water. These special concretes are used for applications requiring specific properties like lower density or higher insulation.
Concrete mixers are devices that uniformly mix the ingredients of concrete to form fresh concrete. There are four main types of concrete mixers: twin shaft mixers, which provide high intensity mixing for high strength concrete; vertical axis mixers, commonly used for smaller batches and colored concrete; drum mixers, used for large volumes and production speed; and in-transit mixers, which mix concrete during transport to maintain its liquid state until delivery. The key parts of a concrete mixer include the drum, rollers, motor, blades, and gearbox.
The document discusses various properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It describes the key materials used in concrete like cement, aggregates, and admixtures. It explains concepts like workability, bleeding, segregation, water-cement ratio, and gel space ratio for fresh concrete. For hardened concrete, it discusses compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and curing methods. It provides classifications of concrete based on weight, strength, and applications.
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its ingredients, types, proportioning, batching, water-cement ratio, mixing, slump test, workability, and ready mix concrete. Concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures. It is proportioned using various methods and batched by volume or weight. The water-cement ratio affects the strength and workability of concrete. Mixing is done by hand or machine to produce a homogeneous mixture. Workability and consistency are evaluated using a slump test. Ready mix concrete is manufactured off-site and delivered to the construction location by truck.
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of Cement, sand, aggregates and water.
“Ready mix concrete is concrete whose components are proportioned away from the construction site for delivery to the construction site by the truck in a ready-to-use-condition.”
The document discusses various types of concrete equipment used in construction, including concrete batching plants, concrete buckets, concrete conveyors, concrete crushers, concrete cutting machines, concrete grinders, concrete mixers, concrete pavers, concrete pumps, concrete tanks, and concrete vibrators. It explains that these machines help save costs and time on construction projects by mixing, transporting, cutting, grinding, and placing concrete efficiently. China is noted as a major manufacturer of concrete equipment that is exported worldwide.
The document describes different types of earthwork equipment: wheel loaders, backhoes, excavators, scrapers, motor graders, rollers, and dump trucks. It provides details on the purpose and operation of loaders, backhoes, scrapers, excavators, graders, and various types of rollers used for soil compaction. Dump trucks are also mentioned as an alternative to scrapers for transporting excavated soil.
Manufacturing process of concrete (for civil engineering) laxman singh
i have made all the slide for civil engineering and poly diploma civil.
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me on (laxmans227@gmail.com)
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
i upload new slides every sunday,
so keep calm and follow me(now).
software - power point presentation 2015
1. Grouting is a process of injecting fluid materials like cement into subsurface soils or rocks to fill pores and fissures.
2. There are different types of grouting materials and methods depending on the permeability and structure of the soil or rock.
3. Grouting is used for ground improvement on construction projects, fixing anchors, repairing defects, and other applications.
Concrete Batching Plants are used for manufacturing high-quality concrete in a variety of construction applications, like buildings, roads, bridges, airports, and many others, and integrates materials storing, weighing, and mixing processes.
It is a machine that combines various ingredients like aggregates, sand, water, cement, and additives. These components are first weighed individually and then combined to prepared ready-mix concrete
Ready mix concrete is produced at a central batching plant and delivered to construction sites in agitator trucks. This allows for precise mixtures and reduces waste compared to on-site mixing. The key advantages are quality control, reduced labor costs, and faster construction. Some disadvantages include additional transportation costs and the possibility of contamination during delivery. The first ready mix concrete plant was established in Germany in 1903, and commercial delivery began in the United States in 1913. The industry has grown significantly since the 1960s to become widely used around the world today.
This document discusses methods for improving soil bearing capacity. It defines soil bearing capacity as the maximum pressure the soil can support without failing. Six main methods are described: increasing foundation depth, compacting the soil through surcharging, sand piles, or vibration; draining saturated soil; confining loose soils with sheet piles; grouting cracks and voids; and chemically treating soft soils. Compacting and draining are the most common and economical methods.
Transportation of Concrete - Notes for Civil engineering StudentsKezar Ali. Shah
This document discusses various methods for transporting concrete, including their advantages and limitations. It describes 10 common transportation methods: mortar pan, wheelbarrow, truck mixer and dumpers, crane and bucket, belt conveyors, chutes, skip and hoist, transit mixer, pumps and pipelines, and helicopter. Pumps and pipelines are highlighted as a popular method for transporting concrete over long distances up to 400 meters in height and 2000 meters horizontally. Key factors in ensuring concrete maintains its homogeneity during transportation include minimizing vibration, exposure to sun/air, and segregation of aggregates.
Ultratech RMC summer training covered concrete testing methods like slump test and bulk density test. The working of an RMC plant and concrete mix design were explained. Tests performed included sieve analysis, air entrainment, aggregate impact, moisture content, and flakiness. The working procedure and flow chart showed the process from storage of aggregates to pumping concrete on site. Design mix calculations followed IS and IRC standards to select water-cement ratio and determine cement and aggregate contents. Transportation of concrete over long distances and limited workability time were identified as challenges.
This document discusses various properties of hardened concrete, including its strength and stress-strain behavior. It describes how compressive, tensile, and splitting tensile strengths are measured through standard tests. The compressive strength of concrete is influenced by factors like the water-cement ratio, degree of compaction, cement type, and curing method. The stress-strain curve for concrete is nonlinear, and its modulus of elasticity can be defined using different methods. The document also covers creep and shrinkage in concrete, how they occur over time, and their effects on structural integrity.
This document provides information on the key ingredients and composition of concrete. It discusses the main components of concrete including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes the function of each component and how they contribute to the properties of hardened concrete. It also summarizes the manufacturing process of cement and discusses Bogue's compounds which form due to chemical reactions during cement production.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment, including their classification and uses. It discusses earth moving equipment such as power shovels, backhoes, draglines, and clam shells. Factors affecting the selection of different earth moving equipment are outlined. Other equipment covered include motor graders, scrapers, bull dozers, tractors, rollers, pile driving equipment, and their applications in construction projects. Diagrams and pictures are included to illustrate the components and operation of the major earth moving machinery.
Ready-mix concrete is a ready-to-use material consisting of predetermined mixtures of cement, sand, aggregates and water. It is manufactured in a batching plant according to given proportions, then delivered in trucks with mixers to the work site. This results in precise mixtures that allow specialized concrete to be used on construction sites. Each batch is tailored to the contractor's specifications and delivered in a plastic state in cylindrical trucks. Ready-mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site mixing due to its ability to precisely control mixtures and reduce work site confusion.
A POWERPOINT PRESENTAION ON READY-MIX CONCRETEkuntansourav
The document provides information on ready-mix concrete (RMC), including its introduction and history in India, advantages, disadvantages, mixing processes, and uses of admixtures. Some key points:
- RMC was first used in India in the 1950s for dam construction projects.
- It involves weighing ingredients at a central plant and delivering fresh concrete to sites within the requisite time. This provides consistency and reduces waste.
- However, longer transport times can be an issue, and access for trucks must be considered. Concrete must also be placed within 2 hours of mixing.
- Mixing can be done in transit, at the central plant, or on-site for more remote locations. Proper mixing is important
This document provides an overview of concrete, including its ingredients, types, proportioning, batching, water-cement ratio, mixing, slump test, workability, and ready mix concrete. Concrete is composed of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and sometimes admixtures. It is proportioned using various methods and batched by volume or weight. The water-cement ratio affects the strength and workability of concrete. Mixing is done by hand or machine to produce a homogeneous mixture. Workability and consistency are evaluated using a slump test. Ready mix concrete is manufactured off-site and delivered to the construction location by truck.
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of Cement, sand, aggregates and water.
“Ready mix concrete is concrete whose components are proportioned away from the construction site for delivery to the construction site by the truck in a ready-to-use-condition.”
The document discusses various types of concrete equipment used in construction, including concrete batching plants, concrete buckets, concrete conveyors, concrete crushers, concrete cutting machines, concrete grinders, concrete mixers, concrete pavers, concrete pumps, concrete tanks, and concrete vibrators. It explains that these machines help save costs and time on construction projects by mixing, transporting, cutting, grinding, and placing concrete efficiently. China is noted as a major manufacturer of concrete equipment that is exported worldwide.
The document describes different types of earthwork equipment: wheel loaders, backhoes, excavators, scrapers, motor graders, rollers, and dump trucks. It provides details on the purpose and operation of loaders, backhoes, scrapers, excavators, graders, and various types of rollers used for soil compaction. Dump trucks are also mentioned as an alternative to scrapers for transporting excavated soil.
Manufacturing process of concrete (for civil engineering) laxman singh
i have made all the slide for civil engineering and poly diploma civil.
these are 100% correct but in case of some error comment down or contact me on (laxmans227@gmail.com)
follow me for all updates
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section
i upload new slides every sunday,
so keep calm and follow me(now).
software - power point presentation 2015
1. Grouting is a process of injecting fluid materials like cement into subsurface soils or rocks to fill pores and fissures.
2. There are different types of grouting materials and methods depending on the permeability and structure of the soil or rock.
3. Grouting is used for ground improvement on construction projects, fixing anchors, repairing defects, and other applications.
Concrete Batching Plants are used for manufacturing high-quality concrete in a variety of construction applications, like buildings, roads, bridges, airports, and many others, and integrates materials storing, weighing, and mixing processes.
It is a machine that combines various ingredients like aggregates, sand, water, cement, and additives. These components are first weighed individually and then combined to prepared ready-mix concrete
Ready mix concrete is produced at a central batching plant and delivered to construction sites in agitator trucks. This allows for precise mixtures and reduces waste compared to on-site mixing. The key advantages are quality control, reduced labor costs, and faster construction. Some disadvantages include additional transportation costs and the possibility of contamination during delivery. The first ready mix concrete plant was established in Germany in 1903, and commercial delivery began in the United States in 1913. The industry has grown significantly since the 1960s to become widely used around the world today.
This document discusses methods for improving soil bearing capacity. It defines soil bearing capacity as the maximum pressure the soil can support without failing. Six main methods are described: increasing foundation depth, compacting the soil through surcharging, sand piles, or vibration; draining saturated soil; confining loose soils with sheet piles; grouting cracks and voids; and chemically treating soft soils. Compacting and draining are the most common and economical methods.
Transportation of Concrete - Notes for Civil engineering StudentsKezar Ali. Shah
This document discusses various methods for transporting concrete, including their advantages and limitations. It describes 10 common transportation methods: mortar pan, wheelbarrow, truck mixer and dumpers, crane and bucket, belt conveyors, chutes, skip and hoist, transit mixer, pumps and pipelines, and helicopter. Pumps and pipelines are highlighted as a popular method for transporting concrete over long distances up to 400 meters in height and 2000 meters horizontally. Key factors in ensuring concrete maintains its homogeneity during transportation include minimizing vibration, exposure to sun/air, and segregation of aggregates.
Ultratech RMC summer training covered concrete testing methods like slump test and bulk density test. The working of an RMC plant and concrete mix design were explained. Tests performed included sieve analysis, air entrainment, aggregate impact, moisture content, and flakiness. The working procedure and flow chart showed the process from storage of aggregates to pumping concrete on site. Design mix calculations followed IS and IRC standards to select water-cement ratio and determine cement and aggregate contents. Transportation of concrete over long distances and limited workability time were identified as challenges.
This document discusses various properties of hardened concrete, including its strength and stress-strain behavior. It describes how compressive, tensile, and splitting tensile strengths are measured through standard tests. The compressive strength of concrete is influenced by factors like the water-cement ratio, degree of compaction, cement type, and curing method. The stress-strain curve for concrete is nonlinear, and its modulus of elasticity can be defined using different methods. The document also covers creep and shrinkage in concrete, how they occur over time, and their effects on structural integrity.
This document provides information on the key ingredients and composition of concrete. It discusses the main components of concrete including cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes the function of each component and how they contribute to the properties of hardened concrete. It also summarizes the manufacturing process of cement and discusses Bogue's compounds which form due to chemical reactions during cement production.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment, including their classification and uses. It discusses earth moving equipment such as power shovels, backhoes, draglines, and clam shells. Factors affecting the selection of different earth moving equipment are outlined. Other equipment covered include motor graders, scrapers, bull dozers, tractors, rollers, pile driving equipment, and their applications in construction projects. Diagrams and pictures are included to illustrate the components and operation of the major earth moving machinery.
Ready-mix concrete is a ready-to-use material consisting of predetermined mixtures of cement, sand, aggregates and water. It is manufactured in a batching plant according to given proportions, then delivered in trucks with mixers to the work site. This results in precise mixtures that allow specialized concrete to be used on construction sites. Each batch is tailored to the contractor's specifications and delivered in a plastic state in cylindrical trucks. Ready-mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site mixing due to its ability to precisely control mixtures and reduce work site confusion.
A POWERPOINT PRESENTAION ON READY-MIX CONCRETEkuntansourav
The document provides information on ready-mix concrete (RMC), including its introduction and history in India, advantages, disadvantages, mixing processes, and uses of admixtures. Some key points:
- RMC was first used in India in the 1950s for dam construction projects.
- It involves weighing ingredients at a central plant and delivering fresh concrete to sites within the requisite time. This provides consistency and reduces waste.
- However, longer transport times can be an issue, and access for trucks must be considered. Concrete must also be placed within 2 hours of mixing.
- Mixing can be done in transit, at the central plant, or on-site for more remote locations. Proper mixing is important
This document provides information about ready-mix concrete (RMC), including its history, composition, production process, and use in India. Some key points:
- RMC was first developed in Germany in 1903 and introduced in the US in 1913. It involves premixing concrete ingredients off-site and delivering it via transit mixer trucks.
- RMC provides better quality control than on-site mixing and eliminates the need for construction sites to store raw materials. India's first major RMC projects were dams in the 1950s.
- RMC is composed of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, water, and sometimes admixtures or fly ash. Major companies in India operate over 100 RMC plants
This document discusses ready mix concrete (RMC). It begins by introducing RMC and describing how it is produced in a batching plant and delivered to worksites by truck. It then discusses the materials used in RMC including aggregates, cement, fly ash, water, and admixtures. It describes the main methods for producing RMC including transit mixing and central mixing. The document concludes by discussing tests performed on RMC materials and fresh/hardened concrete to ensure quality.
This document provides an overview of ready mix concrete (RMC). It discusses the history and development of RMC, including its commercial introduction in the early 1900s. It describes the main production methods for RMC, including transit mixing, central mixing, and shrink mixing. It discusses the materials, plant, delivery, and placement of RMC. Some key structures built with RMC around the world are mentioned. Advantages of RMC include consistent quality control and time and cost savings over traditional on-site mixing. The future of RMC in India is seen as bright with more infrastructure development.
Ready-mix concrete is concrete that is manufactured in a batch plant, according to a set engineered mix design.Ready-mix concrete is normally delivered in two ways. First is the barrel truck or in–transit mixers.This type of truck delivers concrete in a plastic state to the site.
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The document summarizes information about various construction equipment and methods, including pile driving equipment, concrete batching plants, and tunnel boring machines. It describes different types of piles and pile driving hammers. It provides details on the components and functioning of concrete batching plants and tunnel boring machines. The key methods of tunnel construction discussed are tunnel boring machine (TBM) method and drill-and-blast method.
Concrete -
The most used construction material.
In here a brief about its -
Ingredients
Grades
Production &
Properties
are discussed with appropriate pictorial presentation making it quite simpler for understanding.
What are the Different Types of Ready Mix ConcreteArkihive
Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, and coarse & fine aggregates mixed at the site. RMC as opposed to site concrete is mixed in a central batching or a mixing plant which is then transported in a truck-mixer and supplied in fresh condition to the site. RMC has the same composition & proportion as traditional concrete, since it is manufactured in a plant it has the added advantage of mixing concrete in precise proportions. This improves the concrete mix and standardizes the quality. This concrete mix is supplied in terms of cubic meters.
In this Slides definition,types and manufacturing of Ready Mixed Concrete(RMC) has been discussed. This will be of great help to the students of civil engineering. They will find it more handy and easily understandable. This will also help to Teachers and professionals.
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing specific recommendations or advice without fully understanding the full context and implications.
This document discusses various types of construction equipment and concrete mixing and placing equipment. It describes:
1) Common types of construction equipment used for earthmoving and building activities like excavators, bulldozers, graders, loaders, cranes, etc.
2) Concrete mixing equipment like batch mixers, continuous mixers, self-loading mixers, compulsory mixers, and their features.
3) Equipment for transporting concrete like dump trucks, wheelbarrows, conveyor belts, pumps, skips, chutes and methods like direct discharge and tremie pipes.
Useful for Second year Civil Engineering Students of Savitribai Phule Pune university, Pune (University of Pune)
This PPT shows Properties, testing and analysis of Fresh concrete, from the subject Concrete Technology.
Few more PPTs and Videos are available at my blog tusharhsonawane.wordpress.com
The document discusses central mix concrete batching plants. It describes how batching plants measure and combine concrete ingredients according to a mix design. Central mix plants combine ingredients at a central location before transporting the mixed concrete to the job site, allowing for more consistent quality control compared to dry mix plants. The document outlines the production process and components of batching plants, including storage bins, scales, mixers and controls for measuring ingredients.
Mixing and handling fresh concrete
Lecturer: Rafah Rasheed Abdul Majeed.
ERBIL PLOYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY
ERBIL TECHNICAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
#Concrete Technology
Cement Concrete Building Construction & Management(bcm)-IV semSakshi Srivastava
A short on Cement Concrete covering topics like properties of cement, composition of cement, proportioning of concrete, workability, types of cement,procedure of application,cure of concrete.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
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for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
4. Concrete is a homogenous mixture of Cement,
Fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate and Water.
Cement is a binding material manufactured by
grinding calcareous and argillaceous materials,
mixing them intimately in certain proportions
depending upon their purity and composition
and burning them in kiln at temp. about 1300-
1500˚c, at which material sinters and forms
clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground to fine
powder with addition of about 3-5% of gypsum.
The product is a Portland Cement
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5. Concrete Batching Plant
• Concrete batching plants basically used to process
the materials to form concrete.
• It mixes all the materials like sand, gravels,
cement and water to form a better solution that
should be sent to construction site.
• Concrete batching plants divided into types
according to their working capacity from 20 to
120 cum/hr and they are famous for their mobility
as a mobile concrete batcher.
• Batching can be done by Volume or by Weight.
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6. • Volumetric batching can be done by Gauge boxes [Grid boxes]
or Farmas. Weigh batching is done by weigh batcher, these are
the mixers equipped with weighing balance.
• Volumetric batching is not correct method as like as weigh
batching.
• Cement is always measured by weight and never be measured
by volume.
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7. Concrete Pumps
• Concrete pumps are one of the fastest
construction machines that get fame in
construction market because of their reliability
and cost-effectiveness.
• Concrete pumps save labor costs, time and
materials with high power electric suction
machine used for pumping the concrete from
mixer and send it direct to construction site.
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9. • A majority of the concrete pumps are of the direct-acting, horizontal piston-
type with semi-rotary valves. The operation of the direct- acting pump is
simple.
• The concrete is fed into the pump by gravity and partly by suction created due
to the reciprocating motion of the horizontally acting piston, while the semi-
rotary valves open and close alternately.
• Suction pressure of the order of 0.08 N/mm2 is developed in the pumping
cylinder under favorable conditions.
• The concrete moves in a series of impulses, the delivery pipe always
remaining full. Outputs of up to 60 m3/h can be achieved in modern pumps
through 220-mm diameter delivery pipes.
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10. • Squeeze type pumps are smaller portable peristaltic type pumps.
The concrete from the collecting hopper is fed by rotating blades
into a flexible pipe connected to the pumping chamber, which is
under a vacuum of about 0.08 N/mm2.
• The vacuum ensures that, except when being squeezed by the
rotating rollers, the pipe shape remains cylindrical and thus permits
a continuous flow of concrete.
• The two rotating rollers mounted on planetary drives progressively
squeeze the flexible pipe and thus push the concrete into the
delivery pipe. Outputs of up to 20 m3/h can be obtained with
squeeze pumps using 75-mm diameter pipelines.
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11. Mixer
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• A device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate
such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete
• A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the
components and prepare uniform concrete.
Mixers are of two types
1. Continuous Mixer
These are continuously rotating
mixers without stoppage till the plant
is working.
Generally used in large works like
dam.
2. Batch Mixers
Batch Mixers produces concrete batch
by batch with time interval.
Used in normal concrete works.
12. Batch Mixers
• The batch mixers are divided in to two types
1. Pan Mixers
2. Drum Mixers
i. Tilting Mixers
ii. Non Tilting Mixers
iii. Reversing Mixers
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13. Prepared for
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• Pan Mixers with revolving
star of blades are more
efficient.
• They are suitable for stiff and
lean mixes, which present
difficulties with most other
type of mixers, mainly due to
sticking of mortar in the
drum.
Pan Mixer
14. Batch Mixer
1. Non-Tilting Mixer
Single drum rotating about
a horizontal axis. Fixed
blades work the concrete
towards the discharge end
of the mixer, in order to
provide a rapid rate of
discharge.
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15. 2. Tilting Mixer
• They are most suitable
for concrete with large
sized aggregate and,
since they have a rapid
discharge rate, are
suitable for low
workability concrete.
• Internal blades lift and
tumble the ingredients
onto itself.
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16. 3. Reversing Mixer
• Rotate in one direction for mixing and in the reverse direction
for discharge.
• One set of blades exists for each operation.
• Provides efficient mixing with very little build up within the
mixer.
• Are suitable with dry concrete mixes.
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17. Transit Mixer
• A concrete mixer primarily consists of a revolving drum, a motor,
and a shaft. It is used for uniform mixing of concrete of already
mixed concrete during its transit.
• It has a wide range of application specially for mass concreting
works like Construction of Canals, Bridges, Highways, Dams,
Multi-storeyed & Industrial Buildings, Factories, Airports and for
Ready Mixed Concrete Works (R.M.C.), etc.
A Transit Mixer can perform the following 3 functions :-
1. It can mix coarse aggregates , fine aggregates, cement and water
while it is moving or stationary.
2. It can prevent segregation of already mixed concrete during transit
by agitation, as a result of slow revolution of drum.
3. It can completely mix the ‘shrink mixed’ concrete i.e. the concrete
which is partially mixed in central batching plant and mixing plant
while it is moving or stationary.
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18. PARTS OF TRANSIT MIXER
DRUM AND BLADES
• The mixing drum is made of high abrasion
resistant steel and blades of high abrasion
resistant alloy
• steel to mix any type of ready mix concrete
and to discharge it smoothly.
Features :-
• Detachable triangle blades for good mixing
performance.
• Option of one or two holes in the drum for
easy cleaning work.
HOPPER
• Wide mouth hopper specially designed to
receive sticky ready mix concrete in large
quantities with ease.
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19. HOPPER STEPS AND HANDRAIL
• Layout of hopper steps and handrails
are made user friendly for standing at
ease for cleaning purpose ensuring
better safety .Side steps made from
rust proof steel are attached as a
standard equipment with stripes for
anti slip and fender for easy
movement
SCOOP
• Scoop is made from Abrasion
resistant steel for durability and
weight reduction Instead of
traditional MS thick plates with liners
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20. Chute
Easy to use chute
made of high
abrasion resistant
steel is provided with
two options of
detachable chute
extents on for
smooth flow of
discharged concrete.
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21. Working of Mixer
• The revolving drum is used to mix all the
components of concrete.
• Inside the mixer, an operator feeds data into
the mixer and several augers feed aggregate
and cement together.
• Water is added to the mix and larger augers
blend the components and the number of
revolutions should be 70-100 rpm.
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23. • Concrete is produced in industrial plants containing
storage facilities and equipment designed for the
purpose of blending the raw materials in desired
proportions. That mixture, which becomes concrete,
is then loaded into mixer trucks. (Agitator Trucks)
• The majority of concrete production facilities are
located nearby areas where concrete is used; taking
into account its setting time, concrete prepared at the
batch plant, must be delivered to its destination within
an hour and a half.
• A concrete factory must be located within a radius of
20 to 30 km from the work site, depending on traffic
conditions.
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24. • A ready-mix concrete plant consists of silos that contain
cement, sand, gravel and storage tanks of additives such
as plasticizers, as well as a mixer to blend the
components of concrete.
• These components are gravity fed into the preparation
bin. The quality of concrete can be maintained only if
the formulation is carefully administered.
• The water dosage in particular must be very precise and
the mixing itself must remain continuous and
consistent.
• To accommodate all of these constraints, the concrete
plants have been automated to ensure reliability
throughout the manufacturing process.
• Finally, the concrete prepared in a batch plant is loaded
into a mixer truck, also known as a transit mixer, which
delivers it to the construction site.
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25. Modes of Ready Mixed Concrete
1. Plant Mixed Concrete
1. Mixing is done in central batching plant
2. Transported to site in agitator trucks with speed of 2 to 6
Revolutions Per Minute
2. Transit Mixed Concrete
1. Mixing is done in transit mixers
2. Continuously rotating drum revolves around central axis
3. Shrink Mixed Concrete
1. Water tanks are provided on trucks for preparation of
concrete.
2. Concrete is mixed partly in plant and partly during transit
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26. • For longer transportation of concrete Transit
mixer gives better results.
• Speed of rotating drum is between 4-16
revolutions per minute. Revolutions are limited
to 300 for mixing and agitation.
• The safe time of transportation of RMC is
lower value of
1. 90 minutes
2. Time taken for 300 revolutions of drum.
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27. Roller Compacted Concrete
• Roller Compacted Concrete pavement is best described
as a zero slump concrete that is placed with standard or
high-density paving equipment and
consolidated/compacted using steel-drum or rubber-
tired rollers to achieve a durable, wear resistant surface.
• Roller compacted concrete is placed in three layers to
permit complete compaction. THK of layer ranges from
200 to 300 mm.
• 7 Mpa to 30Mpa strength can be obtained using Roller
Compacted concrete.
• Examples – Mumbai Pune Expressway, Delhi Mathura
Expressway
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28. Benefits of Roller Compacted Concrete
• Speed of Construction
• Durability
• Low Maintenance
• Competitive Cost
• Sustainability
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29. Cold Weather and Hot Weather Concreting
• Any concreting operation done below 5˚C atmospheric
temperature or below is known as cold weather concreting.
• Cold weather is a period when more than three consecutive
days following situations exist.
1. The average daily air temperature is less than 5˚c (40 ˚F)
2. The air temperature is not greater than 10˚c for more than 12
Hrs of day.
• Problems involved in cold weather concreting
1. Delay in setting time
2. Delay in strength gaining
3. Freezing of concrete at early stage
4. Freezing and Thawing
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30. Precautions to be taken [IS 7861 (Part II):1981]
1. In no case concrete is allowed to freeze during first 24
hours after concreting
2. Heating the aggregates such that frozen lumps, ice and
snow are eliminated.
3. The average temperature for individual batch is limited to
65˚c
4. Concrete temperature can be increased by passing steam
through pipes embedded in stockpiles.
5. Use of Rapid hardening cement
6. Use of entrained concrete
7. Place concrete in the thermal heat in daylight hours.
8. After final finishing, concrete to be covered with
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32. Hot weather concreting
• Any operation of concrete done at atmospheric
temperature above 40˚c is considered has Hot
weather concreting.
• The climatic factors that affect concreting in
hot weather are
1. High ambient temperature
2. High concrete Temperature
3. Low related humidity
4. High wind speed
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33. Effect of Hot weather on concrete
1. Rapid rate of hydration, Quick setting and
early stiffening
2. Rapid evaporation of mixing water
3. Greater plastic shrinkage
4. Accelerates slump loss
5. Increases cracks
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34. Precautions during hot weather concreting
1. Aggregates should be protected fro direct sun rays
by shed or covering, to prevent slump loss.
2. Sprinkling water over aggregates and keeping them
moist
3. Circulating refrigerated air
4. Concrete mixer should be positioned as closed to
point of placement of concrete to reduce length and
time of delivery
5. Use of admixtures
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37. Special Concrete
• Concrete which meets special performance and uniformly
requirements that can not be achieved by normal concrete process.
• Generally produced by use of special cement, special aggregates and
fibers etc.
• Need of Special Concrete
1. To improve performance of concrete
2. Imparting strength of concrete
3. To make early age strength
4. To reduce durability
5. Improving chemical resistance
6. To Reduce creep
7. To avoid drying shrinkage problems
8. Protection to steel reinforcement in high chloride reinforcement
9. To reduce the heat of hydration
10. To reduce section of structural members.
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38. Types of Special Concrete
1. Light Weight Concrete
2. High performance concrete
3. Fiber reinforced concrete
4. Mass Concrete
5. No fines concrete
6. Heavy Weight concrete
7. Polymer concrete
8. Self Compacting concrete
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39. Light weight concrete
• LW concrete has density much lesser than ordinary
concrete
• Density varies from 300 to 1850 kg/m3
• Large quantity of air is added in the aggregate, in
concrete mix or in between particles.
• Maximum slump is limited to 100 mm.
• Types
I. No fine concrete
II. LW aggregate concrete
III. Aerated or foamed concrete
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40. • Lightweight aggregate may consist of processed shale,
clay, clinker, or other material.
• The production includes a burning process where the
material expands and as a result has less density (weight
per unit volume).
• Due to this expansion, some lightweight aggregate may
be very absorptive.
• Such aggregate may require pre-wetting prior to
concrete batching.
• Because of the high water absorption of lightweight
aggregate, the air content of the mixture is measured
using ASTM C 173 “Standard Test Method for Air
Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric
Method.”
• This method is necessary since the standard pressure
method will give false readings
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42. • A Light weight concrete with
no fine aggregates in it.
• The strength of no fines
concrete is less than the
conventional concrete. (up to
15N/mm²)
• Bonding strength is low
• Concrete should be placed
within 20min. of mixing
• Suitable only in situations
where less stress development
is possible.
• Can be suitable for filling and
leveling works.
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No fines Concrete
43. Ultra light weight concrete
• A light weight concrete added with entrained
air or other gas into the concrete mix known as
cellular or aerated concrete or ultra light
weight concrete
• It can be produced by
i. By adding gas
ii. By adding foam
• When added gas, also known as gas concrete
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45. Foam Concrete
• Produced by adding foaming agent to the mix
• The foam contains isolated air bubbles, which creates
unconnected voids in concrete mix.
• CLWC ranges with densities 400 kg/m3 to 1800 kg/m3. with
Ec = 1.7 to 3.5 GPa
Autoclave Aerated Concrete
• A light weight concrete produced from mixture of fine grain
siliceous aggregates and inorganic binders and pore forming
agents it decreases its densities.
• High pressure steam curing process used to improve
mechanical strength.
• Density varies from 300-1000 kg/m3
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47. Advantages of LWC
• Reduction in dead load due to less density
• Less hauling and hoisting charges
• Good drainage property
• Low drying shrinkage
• Better insulating characteristics
• Considered to be a low cost concrete
Limitations
• Cracking may happen under excessive load
• Not suitable for reinforced concrete
• Mixing time is more than conventional
Applications
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• Drainage layers and floor slab
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48. • Polymer concrete is composite in which the polymer
replaces cement water matrix in concrete
• Pre polymers are added to the graded aggregate and
mixed thoroughly
• The polymerization can be achieved by thermal
catalytic reaction, radiation etc.
• High strength concrete can be obtained using polymer
concrete (140 MPa)
• Compactness, Minimum voids, Hydrophobic,
resistance to chemical attack are the properties of
polymer concrete.
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Polymer Concrete
49. Polymers used
• Urethanes
• Acrylics
• Styrene butadiene resins
• Vinyl
• Epoxies
Applications of Polymer Concrete
• Polymer concrete can be used for rapid repair of damaged
airfield pavements and Industrial Structures
• Used for treating the sluice ways and stilling basin of dams.
• Polymer pipes are used for transporting effluents and waste
water.
• Manufacturing of electric pole
• Pressure vessel at nuclear power plant
• Water proofing of structure
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50. Fiber Reinforced Concrete
• A Composite material consisting of hydraulic
cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate and
discontinuous fibers is known as Fiber reinforced
concrete.
• Fiber is a small piece of reinforcing material
• Fiber can impart properties of concrete
subsequently.
• The closely spaced and dispersed fibers obstructs
the propagation of cracks.
• The fibers may be Natural fiber or artificial fibers
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51. Natural Fibers Artificial Fibers
Best or stem fiber (Jute, Flax,
kneaf)
Leaf fiber (Sisal, henequen)
Fruit Fiber (Coir)
Wood Fiber (Bamboo, reeds)
Steel,
Carbon,
Glass,
Polypropylene,
Nylon
Polyester
Polyethylene
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Factors affecting properties of Fiber reinforced concrete
• Types of fiber
• Volume of fibers
• Aspect Ratio
• Orientation of fibers in the matrix
• Workability of composite
• Size of coarse aggregate
• Mixing
52. High Density Concrete
• Concrete produced with heavy weight aggregates like
barites, magnetite, scrap iron is known as heavy
weight concrete.
• The concrete whose density varies from 3500 kg/m3
to 8900 kg/m3 is called as High density concrete
• The density of concrete depends upon the type of
aggregates used.
• Comp. strength of concrete lies between 20 to 21
Mpa
• Aggregate cement ratio is very high.
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53. Self Compacting Concrete
• SCC developed by Prof. Okamura and his team at University of
Tokyo, Japan in late 1980’s.
• During 1989, Some European Countries recognized the
Importance of SCC they founded EFNARC.
• Japan has developed SCC that does not require vibration to
achieve full compaction.
• “A concrete which is capable of self-consolidating without any
external efforts like vibration, floating, poking etc. under its
own weight. The mix is therefore required to have ability of
passing, ability of filling and ability of being stable.”
SCC Used in India.
• Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) intend to use SCC at two
Nuclear Power Plants of India.
• Kaiga in Karnataka
• Tarapur atomic research Plant in 3rd & 4th stages
• Delhi metro project have used SCC in large Scale for dome Construction.
• Used as a backpack concrete in tunnel for Khopoli New Water Conductor
system.
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Benefits Limitations
• Increases speed of construction. • S.C.C. requires higher powder and
admixture contents
• Reduced noise level • Material cost is higher
• Reduction in site manpower. • Greater care with quality control is
required.
• It improves durability of concrete. • For preparation of concrete mix,
number of trails required.
• Placing of concrete becomes easier. • There is no specified procedure for
preparation of SCC mix.
• Better surface finish
• Safe working environment
56. Essential Properties of Self Compacting Concrete
1. Filling Ability
It is the property of Self Compacting Concrete to flow into and fill all
spaces within the formwork completely under its own weight without any
honeycombing.
If Self Compacting Concrete is satisfying this test, that means one can be
sure about its property to fill the form completely and can believe on ‘Pour
and forget.’
2. Passing Ability
It is the property of the Self Compacting Concrete to pass through congested
reinforcement without blocking.
As one of the distinct advantages of Self Compacting Concrete is that it can
use in the situation of congested reinforcement, it has to satisfy the test of
passing ability.
3. Segregation Resistance (Stability)
It is the ability of Self Compacting Concrete to remain stable in
composition.
SCC being flowing in nature, it must satisfy this property.
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57. Tests and Desired Results of SCC
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Method Property Unit Typical range of values
Minimum Maximum
1 Slump-flow by
Abrams cone
Filling ability mm 650 800
2 T50cm slump flow Filling ability sec 2 5
3 V-funnel Filling ability sec 6 12
4 V-funnel at T5minutes
Segregation
resistance
sec 0 +3
5 L-box Passing
ability
(H2/H1) 0.8 1.0
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• Ferro cement is a type of thin wall reinforced concrete, commonly
constructed of hydraulic cement mortar, reinforced with closely
spaced layers of continuous and relatively small size wire mesh. The
mesh may be made of metallic or other suitable materials.”
• Mortar provides the mass and wire mesh imparts tensile strength and
ductility. When building Ferro-cement structures the sand/cement
mortar is applied to the reinforcing wire with a trowel, never poured
like common concrete work. Often a form is used to provide the
desired shape.
• Ferro-cement is a super reinforced concrete. It differs from
conventional concrete in that there is a higher ratio of steel to
cement mortar.
• Ferro-cement has many of the properties of steel and yet it will not
rust. Although it looks and feels like concrete it can flex without
cracking.
Ferro cement
59. Properties of Ferro-cement
• Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.
• It’s a type of thin reinforced concrete construction, in
which large amount of small diameter wire meshes
uniformly throughout the cross section.
• Mesh may be metal or suitable material.
• Instead of concrete Portland cement mortar is used.
• Strength depends on two factors quality of
sand/cement mortar mix and quantity of reinforcing
materials used.
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60. Constituent Materials for Ferro-cement
• Cement
• Fine Aggregate
• Water
• Admixture
• Mortar Mix
• Reinforcing mesh
• Skeletal Steel
• Coating
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62. Process of Ferro-cement Construction
• Fabricating the skeletal framing system.
• Applying rods and meshes.
• Plastering.
• Curing
Applications of Ferro-cements in Construction
• Housing
• Marine
• Agricultural
• Rural Energy
• Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.
• Miscellaneous.
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63. TECHNIQUES OF MANUFACTURES
• Hand plastering
• Semi-mechanized process
• Centrifuging and Guniting
MATERIALS USED IN FERRO CEMENT
• Cement mortar mix
• Skeleton steel
• Steel mesh reinforcement or Fibre-reinforced
polymeric meshes
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64. CEMENT MORTAR MIX
• Ordinary Portland cement and fine aggregate matrix
is used
• The matrix constituantes 95% cement mortar & 5%
wire-mesh of the composite.
• FA (sand), occupies 60 to 75% of the volume of the
mortar
• Plasticizers and other admixtures are used
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65. MIX PROPORTIONS
• Sand: cement ratio (by mass) 1.5 to 2.5
• Water: cement ratio (by mass) 0.35 to 0.60
SAND
• Confirming to zone-I or Zone-II
• Free from impurities
WATER
• Free from salts and organic impurities
• Minimum to achieve desired workability
• pH equal or greater than 7
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66. SKELETON STEEL
• It support the steel wire mesh
• 3 to 8 mm steel rods are used
• Thickness varies from 6-20mm according to loading
condition
• Generally mild steel or Fe 415 or Fe 500 bars are
used
• Spacing 7.5cm to 12m
• Used to impart structural strength in case of boats,
barges etc.
• Reinforcement should be free from dust, rust and
other impurities.
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67. STEEL MESH
REINFORCEMENT
• Consists of galvanized
steel wires of diameter
0.5 to 1.5 mm, spaced
at 6 to 20mm centre to
centre
• Welded wire mesh has
hexagonal or
rectangular openings
• Expanded-metal lath is
also used Made from
carbon, glass etc.
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68. Advantages
• Basic raw materials are readily available in most countries.
• Fabricated into any desired shape.
• Low labour skill required.
• Ease of construction, low weight and long lifetime.
• Low construction material cost.
• Better resistance against earthquake.
Disadvantages
• Structures made of it can be punctured by collision with pointed objects.
• Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the incomplete coverage of
metal by mortar.
• It is difficult to fasten to Ferro-cement with bolts, screws, welding and nail
etc.
• Large no of labors required.
• Cost of semi-skilled and unskilled labors is high.
• Tying rods and mesh together is especially tedious and time consuming.
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