PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT
-Management function responsible for producing goods & services
-Objectives of production management
-Functions of production management
-Production system & models
In every operational management field Layout is the very import concept which in should know. Even if u r a student or a worker you should know the process/flow of layouts.
The module deals with overview of Production and Operation Management. It highlights the Definition, characteristics and objective of POM, also it focus on Production System.
Principles of Plant layout
Types of Plant layout
Process layout
Product layout
Cellular Manufacturing layout
fixed Position layout
Hybrid Layout
and their Advantages & disadvantages
PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS
MANAGEMENT
-Management function responsible for producing goods & services
-Objectives of production management
-Functions of production management
-Production system & models
In every operational management field Layout is the very import concept which in should know. Even if u r a student or a worker you should know the process/flow of layouts.
The module deals with overview of Production and Operation Management. It highlights the Definition, characteristics and objective of POM, also it focus on Production System.
Principles of Plant layout
Types of Plant layout
Process layout
Product layout
Cellular Manufacturing layout
fixed Position layout
Hybrid Layout
and their Advantages & disadvantages
In this presentation, we will discuss production planning system, factors determining production control procedure, role of production planning and control in operations management, scope of production planning and control, its phases and principles. We will also talk about framework for strategy formulations and task control, PPC limitations, effectiveness, PPC in different systems, requirement of an effective PPC in a system and make or buy analysis.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
In this presentation, we will discuss production planning system, factors determining production control procedure, role of production planning and control in operations management, scope of production planning and control, its phases and principles. We will also talk about framework for strategy formulations and task control, PPC limitations, effectiveness, PPC in different systems, requirement of an effective PPC in a system and make or buy analysis.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Concept of production
1. CONCEPT OF PRODUCTION
Production function is that part of an organization, which is concerned with the transformation of
a range of inputs into the required outputs (products) having the requisite quality level.
Production is defined as “the step-by-step conversion of one form of material into another
form through chemical or mechanical process to create or enhance the utility of the product
to the user.” Thus production is a value addition process. At each stage of processing, there will
be value addition.
Edwood Buffa defines production as ‘a process by which goods and services are created’. Some
examples of production are: manufacturing custom-made products like, boilers with a specific
capacity, constructing flats, some structural fabrication works for selected customers, etc., and
manufacturing standardized products like, car, bus, motor cycle, radio, television, etc.
Fig. Schematic production
system PRODUCTION SYSTEM
2. The production system of an organization is that part, which produces products of an 19
organization. It is that activity whereby resources, flowing within a defined system, are combined and
transformed in a controlled manner to add value in accordance with the policies communicated by
management. A simplified production system is shown above.
The production system has the following characteristics:
1. Production is an organized activity, so every production system has an objective.
2. The system transforms the various inputs to useful outputs.
3. It does not operate in isolation from the other organization system.
4. There exists a feedback about the activities, which is essential to control and improve
system performance.
Classification of Production System
Production systems can be classified as Job Shop, Batch, Mass and Continuous Production
systems.
3. INTERMITTENT
SYSTEM
JOB SHOP PRODUCTION
Job shop production are characterised by manufacturing of one or few quantity of products
designed and produced as per the specification of customers within prefixed time and cost. The
distinguishing feature of this is low volume and high variety of products.
A job shop comprises of general purpose machines arranged into different departments.
Each job demands unique technological requirements, demands processing on machines in a
certain sequence.
Characteristics
The Job-shop production system is followed when there is:
1. High variety of products and low volume.
2. Use of general purpose machines and facilities.
4. 3. Highly skilled operators who can take up each job as a challenge because of uniqueness.
204. Large inventory of materials, tools, parts.
5. Detailed planning is essential for sequencing the requirements of each product, capacities
for each work centre and order priorities.
Advantages
Following are the advantages of job shop production:
1. Because of general purpose machines and facilities variety of products can be produced.
2. Operators will become more skilled and competent, as each job gives them learning
opportunities.
3. Full potential of operators can be utilised.
4. Opportunity exists for creative methods and innovative ideas.
Limitations
Following are the limitations of job shop production:
1. Higher cost due to frequent set up changes.
2. Higher level of inventory at all levels and hence higher inventory cost.
3. Production planning is complicated.
4. Larger space requirements.
BATCH PRODUCTION
Batch production is defined by American Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS)
“as a form of manufacturing in which the job passes through the functional departments in
lots or batches and each lot may have a different routing.” It is characterised by the
manufacture of limited number of products produced at regular intervals and stocked awaiting
sales.
Characteristics
Batch production system is used under the following circumstances:
1. When there is shorter production runs.
2. When plant and machinery are flexible.
3. When plant and machinery set up is used for the production of item in a batch and change
of set up is required for processing the next batch.
4. When manufacturing lead time and cost are lower as compared to job order production.
Advantages
Following are the advantages of batch production:
1. Better utilisation of plant and machinery.
2. Promotes functional specialisation.
3. Cost per unit is lower as compared to job order production.
4. Lower investment in plant and machinery.
5. Flexibility to accommodate and process number of products.
6. Job satisfaction exists for operators.
Limitations
Following are the limitations of batch production:
5. 1. Material handling is complex because of irregular and longer flows.
212. Production planning and control is complex.
3. Work in process inventory is higher compared to continuous production.
4. Higher set up costs due to frequent changes in set up.
MASS PRODUCTION
Manufacture of discrete parts or assemblies using a continuous process are called mass
production. This production system is justified by very large volume of production. The
machines are arranged in a line or product layout. Product and process standardization exists and
all outputs follow the same path.
Characteristics
Mass production is used under the following circumstances:
1. Standardization of product and process sequence.
2. Dedicated special purpose machines having higher production capacities and output rates.
3. Large volume of products.
4. Shorter cycle time of production.
5. Lower in process inventory.
6. Perfectly balanced production lines.
7. Flow of materials, components and parts is continuous and without any back tracking.
8. Production planning and control is easy.
9. Material handling can be completely automatic.
Advantages
Following are the advantages of mass production:
1. Higher rate of production with reduced cycle time.
2. Higher capacity utilization due to line balancing.
3. Less skilled operators are required.
4. Low process inventory.
5. Manufacturing cost per unit is low.
Limitations
Following are the limitations of mass production:
1. Breakdown of one machine will stop an entire production line.
2. Line layout needs major change with the changes in the product design.
3. High investment in production facilities.
4. The cycle time is determined by the slowest operation.
CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION
Production facilities are arranged as per the sequence of production operations from the first
operations to the finished product. The items are made to flow through the sequence of
operations through material handling devices such as conveyors, transfer devices, etc.
Characteristics
6. Continuous production is used under the following circumstances:
1. Dedicated plant and equipment with zero flexibility.
2. Material handling is fully automated.
7. 3. Process follows a predetermined sequence of operations.
22
4. Component materials cannot be readily identified with final product.
5. Planning and scheduling is a routine action.
Advantages
Following are the advantages of continuous production:
1. Standardization of product and process sequence.
2. Higher rate of production with reduced cycle time.
3. Higher capacity utilization due to line balancing.
4. Manpower is not required for material handling as it is completely automatic.
5. Person with limited skills can be used on the production line.
6. Unit cost is lower due to high volume of production.
Limitations
Following are the limitations of continuous production:
1. Flexibility to accommodate and process number of products does not exist.
2. Very high investment for setting flow lines.
3. Product differentiation is limited.
https://www.slideshare.net/posku/introduction-to-production-systems
You can see this also
8. PRODUCTION
Production is a process of creating or enhancing utility by transforming set of inputs
such as labor, materials, capital, information, knowledge & energy into a set of
output such as finished goods or services.
9. Productivity
DEFINITION of 'Productivity'
Productivity is commonly defined as a ratio between the output volume and the volume of inputs. In other words, it
measures how efficiently production inputs, such as labour and capital, are being used in an economy to produce a
given level of output.
Productivity = Output/Input
Meaning
Productivity is a measure of the efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system, etc., in converting inputs into useful
outputs. Productivity is computed by dividing average output per period by the total costs incurred or resources (capital,
energy, material, personnel) consumed in that period. Productivity is a critical determinant of cost efficiency.
This can be achieved by
(i) Either producing more output with the same inputs
(ii) Or using fewer inputs for the same outputs
Productivity is a common measure of how well a country, industry or business unit is doing using its resources or
factors of production.
It can be expressed as the ratio of output to inputs used in the production process, i.e.
output per unit of input. When all outputs and inputs are included in the
productivitymeasure it is called total productivity. Outputs and inputs are defined in the
totalproductivity measure as their economic values.
Productivity can be improved by:
10. • Raising the skill level of the workers through training
23
• Using more technologically advanced equipment in the production process.
• Improving the motivation level of the employees
• By managing the available resource in a more efficient way.
Features of Productivity Measurement system
Total Productivity of an enterprise is the sum of productivities of its component parts.
2. The procedure of calculation should be simple, easy & comparable with the accounting system
of an organisation.
3. The measurement should be realistic , accurate, cost effective & consistent with time.
4.The measurement should be independent of external changes , not within the control of the
firm.
5. Measurement should be associated with achievable objectives, should be practical & data
collection should be easy & understandable.
Productivity Index: it is used to compare the productivity during the current year with the
productivity during the base year. ( Base year is any year which the company uses for
comparative study)
Productivity Index= productivity during the current year
productivity during the base year
11. Factors affecting Productivity
24
Factors affecting national productivity
1. Human resources
2. Technology and Capital Investment
3. Government Regulation
Factors Affecting Productivity in organization:-
1. Product( or system ) design
2. Machinery and Equipment
3. Skill and Effectiveness of the worker
4. Production Volume
Production and Productivity
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCTION
Source: https://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/industrial-management/productivity/difference-between-production-
and-productivity.aspx
Production and productivity are different terms and carry different meaning. It is wrong to assume that
higher production will always lead to higher productivity or vice-versa.
Production is related to the activity of producing goods or services. It is a process (or system) of
converting input into some useful, value-added output.
Productivity is related to the efficient utilization of input resource into produced in the form of value added
goods or services.
Production is a measure of output produced. The emphasis is Not on how well the input-resources are
utilized. Productivity, on the other hand, puts emphasis on the ratio of output produced to the input used.
Its focus is on how well the input resource is used for conversion into output.
Example
A company is manufacturing 24,000 components per month by employing 100 workers in 8 hour shift.
The company gets additional order from government to supply additional 6000 components. The manage-
ment decides to employ additional workers. What will be production and productivity level when the
number of a additional workers employed are: (i) 30 (ii) 25 (iii) 20.
Solution
Present production = 24,000 Components
Present productivity (of Labor)
= Present Production (i.e., output)/Total man-hours (i.e., output)
12. = 24,000 components/(100 workers) (8hour) (30 days of the month)
= 24,000 / 24,000 = 1 Component/man-hour
With increased order
(i) When additional 30 workers are hired
Production = 24,000 + 6000 = 30,000 components
Productivity (of labor) = Increased total production/ Total man-hour
= 30,000 / (100 + 30) (8) (30) = 0.96 Component/man-hour
(ii) When additional 25 workers are hired
Production = 24,000 + 6000 = 30,000 components
Productivity (of labor) = 30,000/ (100 +25) (8) (30)
= 1 Component/ man-hour
(iii) When additional 20 workers are hired
Production = 24,000 + 6000 = 30,000 components
Productivity (of labor) = 30,000/ (100 +25) (8) (30)
= 1.04 Component/ man-hour
In this example, it is clear that production has increased by 6000 units. Therefore,
Increase in Production = 30,000 – 24,000/24,000 * 100 = 25%
In case of productivity, the labor productivity falls below the initial level of 1 component per man-hour if
more than 25 workers are hired. This level of additional man-power may be termed as break-even level
from the labor productivity point of view. Therefore other things remaining constant, no more than 26
workers should be hired for this increased production.
We have understood three things from the above example:
1. Production and productivity are two different things.
2. Increase in production does not necessarily mean increase in productivity.
3. Productivity is always associated with the context in which it is calculated. For example, in the above
case, we have calculated and interpreted labor productivity. In another case, someone may like to know
about material productivity or energy productivity. If labor productivity has decreased due to some reason,
it may not always mean that other forms of productivity, say material productivity, will also fall. Various
forms of productivity will be explained in sections to follow.
Productivity and Efficiency
Productivity is often confused with efficiency. Efficiency is generally seen as the ratio of the time needed to
perform a task to some predetermined standard time. However, doing unnecessary work efficiently is not
exactly being productive. It would be more correct to interpret productivity as a measure of effectiveness
(doing the right thing efficiently), which is outcome-oriented rather than output-oriented.
13. Synopsis:
The meaning, definition and other basic points covered in this article on a production system are listed as follows:
1. Meaning of production.
2. Meaning of system.
3. Definition of production system.
4. Meaning of production system.
5. Components.
6. Examples.
7. Conclusion.
Now let's read each point to understand the basics of a production system.
1. Meaning of production
Production can be explained as an act of either manufacturing or mining or growing of goods (commodities) generally in bulk for trade.
Production is a method employed for making or providing essential goods and services for consumers. It is a process that puts intangible inputs
like ideas, creativity, research, knowledge, wisdom, etc. in use or action. It is a way that transforms (convert) tangible inputs like raw-materials,
semi-finished goods and unassembled goods into finished goods or commodities.
2. Meaning of system
System is an arrangement or assembly of inter-dependent processes (activities) that are based on some logic and function. It operates as a whole
and is designed (build) with an intension to achieve (fulfill) some objective or do some work. Huge systems are often a collection (assembly) of
smaller sub-systems.
3. Definition of production system
Production system may be defined as,
"The methods, procedure or arrangement which includes all functions required to accumulate (gather) the inputs,
process or reprocess the inputs, and deliver the marketable output (goods)."
Production system utilizes materials, funds, infrastructure, and labour to produce the required output in form of goods.
4. Meaning of production system
Production system consists of three main components viz., Inputs, Conversion Process and Output.
1. Inputs include raw-materials, machines, man-hours, components or parts, drawing, instructions and other paper works.
2. Conversion process includes operations (actual production process). Operations may be either manual or mechanical or chemical.
Operations convert inputs into output. Conversion process also includes supporting activities, which help the process of conversion. The
supporting activities include; production planning and control, purchase of raw-materials, receipt, storage and issue of materials, inspection
of parts and work-in-progress, testing of products, quality control, warehousing of finished products, etc.
3. Output includes finished products, finished goods (parts), and services.
The three components of a production system are depicted in this diagram.