Concept of Disparity II- Prof. Karishma Shetty Foundation Course Semester 1

PROF. KARISHMA SHETTY
CASTEISM

∎Caste is a form of social segmentation.
∎It is hereditary way of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation, status
in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion.
∎Caste system in India is the most prominent among the caste systems all
around the world.
∎It had started in ancient times and it still continues in India.
∎ Although we can say the caste system in India is declining as a result of
urbanization and also the positive steps taken by the Government of India.

∎The caste system preached inequality among people. People were
categorized into high and low castes and treated differently in the society.
∎The hierarchy of castes was decided by their professional and family
history.
∎High caste people enjoyed every possible liberty but people from lower
castes were treated miserably by the higher cast people.

BRAHMINS
LANDOWNERS, SCHOLARS,
AND PRIESTS.
KSHATRIYAS
RULERS, NOBLES AND
WARRIORS.
VAISHYAS
TRADERS, SHOPKEEPERS,
MONEYLENDERS, FARMERS, AND
ARTISANS
SHUDRAS
LABOURERS AND SERVICE PROVIDERS.
PARIAHS
ARE ALSO CALLED
‘HARIJANS’,’OUTCASTES’,’UNTOUCHABLES’,’CHILDRENOF GOD’

INEQUALITIES
ANDTHE
CASTE SYSTEM
In the next slides, we will learn about the inequalities generated due to caste system:

 Lack Of Professional And Business Opportunities
-Caste system did not allow exchange professions among different castes
 Child Marriage
-Caste system also encouraged child marriage
ThreatTo General Peace And Social Stability
-Caste system always threatened the peace and stability of the society
 Inequality Of Economic Conditions
-The Socio Economic conditions were unequal due to the practice of caste system.
 Lack Of Freedom Among People
-All rules restricted people to practice everything intra-caste even socialising with people outside the caste was not
allowed.

 OppositeTo Democratic Spirit
-Democracy Promotes human equality whereas but the caste system believes in inequality due to its hierarchal
system.
Lower Status of Women
-Women had a very low status in the caste system.
Introduction Of Untouchability
-In the name of caste system, the untouchables were thouroughly explioted socially, economically, politically and
religiously inthe most inhuman manner.
 False Prestige Among Higher Castes
-Caste system created a false sense of prestige among higher castes.This created a wide gap between people of
different castes.
 Hampered National Development
-For the national development, it is essential that all sections of the society should contribute to the social
welfare. But under the caste system, only higher caste people got the scope to contribute for national
development whereas low caste poeple did not have any voice in the national development and advancement.

MEASURESTO
SOLVE CASTEISM
IN INDIA

 Increasing Education
-Through education, people can be educated about their democratic and moral rights and helps them
to know about the caste system.Women’s education is also important to prevent them from getting
exploited.
 Industrialisation Especially In Rural Areas
- Industrialization in rural areas helps to generate job opportunities for lower caste people and hence
will increase unbiased job opportunities.
Promote Inter-Caste Marriages Among People
-As inter-castes marriages bring two families of different castes closer to each other, it solves the issue of
caste system.
 Role Of Media
- Mass Media can create awareness about the ill effects of traditional caste system.
 Improvement Of Judiciary And Police
- Measures should be taken to ensure that judges are not conservative or biased.

Role of NGOs
- NGOs must put more pressure on the government for programmes such as land reforms , primary
education, the flight for equal opportunities and uniform legislation.They can also raise awareness
against the problem and violence against Dalits which the media fails to address.They can also raise funds,
provide employment and promote importance of education among Dalits.
Protection By Constitution Of India
-Preamble Of the IndianConstitution promises to secure to all its citizens.
Article 15 of the Constitution prohibits any kind of discrimination on grounds of caste, gender, place or birth.
Article 16 gives equality of opportunity in matter of public employment.
Article 338 creates National Commission for ScheduledCastes to safeguard their interests, etc.
Social Movements
-Some social Movements have also attacked the caste system.
The Brahmo Samaj movement led by Raja Ram Mohan Roy rejected the barriers of the caste system and
stood for brotherhood of man.
The Prarthana Sabha movement supported by Justice Ranade brought certain social reforms like
Inter-Caste Marriage, Remarriage OfWindows, etc.

Communalism arises among the society when a particular
religious or sub-religious group tries to promote its own interests
at the expense of others.
In simple terms, it can be defined as to distinguish people
on the basis of religion.
Communalism is a dangerous ideology that promotes
the false belief that one group, particularly one religious group,
has more differences than similarities with outside groups.

SOME OFTHE
MOST HORRIFYING
COMMUNAL RIOTS
IN INDIA

Partition of India, 1947:
After partition, millions of population was forced to move from both sides of the border.
Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India were killed in masses, women were raped, and many
children lost their parents.There was hatred everywhere; violence didn't se anything except bloodshed.
Later, it turned in the problem of refugees and their rehabilitation became one of the biggest challenge
for independent India.
Anti-Sikh Riots, 1984:
This is one of the bloodshed in India, where Sikhs in large number were massacred by anti- Sikh mob.
This massacre took place in response to the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by her
own Sikh body Guard in response to her actions authorizing the military operation.
Ethnic Cleansing Hindu Pundits in 1989:
Kashmir is known as the heaven of India and was known for its of Kashmiri, Kashmiryat, i.e. the
reflection of love, peace and harmony through brotherhood and unity of Hindu, Muslims and other
communities living together. But, the brotherhood saw a serious blow due to Extremist Islamic terrorism
in the Kashmir valley, which led to mass killing and large scale exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from the
valley to the various regions and comers of the India, giving them the status of refugee in their own
country. Since then, the valley is under the grip of communal violence and the ongoing unrest has become
a problem for the development of the people.

Assam Communal Violence, 2012:
North eastern states are known for its distinguished tribal population and ethnic diversity and large
scale Bangladeshi immigration has changed the demography of North eastern states which often
becomes reason for clashes. In 2012, there were ethnic clashes between Bodos
(Tribal, Christian and Hindu faith) an Muslims. Ethnic tensions between Bodos and Bengali-speaking
Muslims escalated into a riot in Kokrajhar in July 2012, when unidentified miscreants killed four
Bodo youths at Joypur.
Muzaffarnagar Violence, 2013:
The cause of this ethnic clash between Jat and Muslim community is very much disputed and has
many versions. According to few, it was started after some suspicious post on Social media platform
Facebook. According to some, it was escalated after the eve teasing case in Shamli. Let the reasons
be unknown, but what matters is, the nature and scale of loss to the country with respect to human
resource and peace.In all these and hundreds of other riots, one thing is common that huge majority
of victims have nothing to do with communal hatred. In short, preparators of violence and victims of
violence are different persons. Similar to above mentioned list, there are many more, which has impact
on the masses and killed people on large scale. Bombay bomb incident, 1993, Attack on Akshardham
in 2002 by Lashkar-eToiba andVaranasi Bomb attack, 2006 are few of them, having Anti Hindu outlook.

Babri Masjid Demolition in Ayodhya, 1992:
According to Hindu mythology, Ayodhya is birth place of Lord Rama and therefore it is sacred place
for Hindu religion.
But in medieval period Mughal general Mir Baqi, built a mosque, named after
Mughal ruler Babur.
There were disputes since then and riots also took place.
But in 1990, due to some political mobilisation, there was atmosphere of protest by Hindu religious
groups and in large scale "kar sevak" visited Ayodhya from all parts of India, in support of demolishing
Babri masjid and building Ram temple there.
These movements caused huge amount of bloodshed and since then it is a disputed matter.
After this, violence was followed by the Godhra when "kar sevak" returning from Ayodhya in a
Sabarmati Express were killed by fire in the coaches of train.
This act was followed by incident in 2002,the extended communal violence in Gujarat, that violence
is like black spot in the history of the Gujarat and nation too, as people were killed without any mercy.
Hindu and Muslim community became antagonist to each other.
Till now people are fighting for justice in Supreme Court, with a ray hope from the Indian Judiciary.

CAUSES OF
COMMUNALISM
IN INDIA

Past History:
Immediately after independence India was partitioned,The creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state gave
rise to the idea of India as a Hindu state.
In fact a large number of Muslims and other religious communities continued to live in India even after 1947.
After partition, millions of population were forced to move from both sides of the border.
Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India were killed in masses, women were raped, and
many children lost their parents.
However, unfortunately, many people in India belonging to various communities have failed to forget the past.
Till today problem of communalism is continued in India.
Vote to Communal Leaders:
In India, particular minority groups have always supported only those leaders who stand for their
religion and community.
Many times people give vote to the candidate belong to their community.
This leads to communalism in India.

Presence of Communal Parties:
Religion is an important factor in Politics in India.
It is also reflected in the ideology of a number of political parties.
A number of communal political parties and organizations are present in India.
Muslim League, Jamaat-e-Islami, Hindu Mahasabha, Akali Dal,Vishwa Hindu Parishad are
directly or indirectly responsible for communalism.
Support from Hindu Leaders:
The Hindu religious groups like Shiv Sena, Hindu Mahasabha,Viswa Hindu Parisad often pressurise
the government to take steps suitable to the interest of Hindus.
They consider each Muslims as pro-Pakistani and anti national.
To face the possible challenges of other communal forces, they encourage the growth of Hindu communalism.
The controversy over the Ayodhya issue and the demolition of "Babri Masjid" was nothing but causes
of communal riots in India.

Poverty:
Mass poverty and unemployment create a sense of frustration among the people.
It generates backwardness, illiteracy, ignorance, etc.
The unemployed youth of both the communities can be easily trapped by religious fundamentalists.
The weak economic status often causes communalism.
Isolation of Muslims:
Indian Muslims have developed a tendency of isolationism even long after the creation of Pakistan.
They remain remote from national politics. Most of them are not interested to take part in politics of the country.
Muslims have a distinct identity due to their different culture and customs.
Their isolation creates psychological separation misunderstanding.
It promotes communal tensions in the society.

Religion Conversion:
Another social causes of communalism is conversion.
Every Indian has the right to follow whatever religion he or she likes.
But when conversion from one religion to another is made by offering some facilities like
money, education, service etc. it creates problem of communal riots.
 Failure of Government:
Both the Union and the StateGovernments often fail to prevent communalism in the country.
Due to lack of prior information, they fail to take any preventive measures.
So the communal violence can easily take innocent lives and destroys property.
The post-Godhra riot in Gujarat shows the inefficiency of the government to control the communal riot.
Failure of immediate and effective steps has been a cause of the continuance of communalism.

Negative Impact of Mass Media:
The messages relating to communal tension or riot in any part of the country spread through the mass media.
This results in further tension and riots between two rival religious groups.
Psychological Causes:
Psychological factors play an important role in the development of communalism.
The Hindu think that the Muslims are fundamentalists.
They also believe that Muslims are unpatriotic.
On the contrary, the Muslims feel that they are being treated as second rate citizens in India and their religious
beliefs and practices are inferior.
These feelings lead to communal ill-feeling.

EFFECTS OR
CONSEQUENCES
OF COMMUNALISM:

Communalism creates an atmosphere of intolerance and violence which would affect the flow of goods and
capital.
The flow of labour from productive activities is diverted to unproductive activities
There is massive destruction of public properties.
Foreign investors would be more cautious to invest in country and not ready to take the risk of losing their
investment.
 Law and order system is not in control.
Causes communal riots.
Destructing temples, forced conversions.
Demand for separate nation.
It tries to weak the economic structure of the country.
It creates problem of refugees and their rehabilitation.

MEASURESTO
RESOLVE
COMMUNALISM:

Abolition of Communal Parties:
All the political parties which support particular religion should be banned or abolished by the government.
Even non-political organizations should always be kept under constant observation so that they cannot
preach communalism.
Transmission of the Past Heritage:
Feelings of nationalism should be inculcated in the minds of people.
People should remind about the moments of history in which Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were combined
to safeguard the interest of the country.
Public Opinion:
Efforts should be made through mass media for changing the attitude of people towards other communities.
People must be aware of the effects of communalism.
Inter-Religious Marriage:
Youth organizations and other types of associations should be formed in every locality to give opportunity
to people of different communities to come closer and know each other.
This may help them to practice inter- religious marriages which will reduce the social distance among
the members of different religious groups

Spread Message Of Brotherhood:
Proper use of mass media both print and electronics should be made.
Media should spread the message of religious tolerance, secularism, and common brotherhood.
In case there is a communal riot, the victims should not be identified either as Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs.
Role Of Election Commission:
Election commission shout impose ban on all communal organizations and communal political parties.
The Election Commission should prohibit all sorts of political campaign on communal line.
The political parties should have a code of conduct not to involve in any anti-communal activities.
Peace And Brotherhood Committees:
Government should form peace and brotherhood committees at local levels to ensure healthy atmosphere.
This committee should prevent the anti-social elements who involve themselves in communal riots.
Promote National Integration:
Measures must be taken to promote national integration like joint celebration of community festivals,
observation of restraint by the Hindus in taking out procession before the mosque and in Muslim localities,
cultivating a sense of respect of religious beliefs etc.

Youth Leadership AndTraining Programme:
Various schemes like N.C.C., N.S.S., Girls Guide, Scout, youth leadership and training programme
should be promoted.
Educational tours and exchange programmes should also be used for creating healthy temperament
among the youth.
Remove Poverty:
Since poverty encourages the forces of communalism, all efforts should be taken for the economic
development of the people.
 Socialization Of Children:
Communalism is a psychological disorder or mental problem.
For the removal of communal hatred, proper socialization of children is necessary.
Common living and common share of life should be encouraged by the families, schools, social activists etc.
The educational system must be designed systematically for checking communalism.
For this purpose, special books, booklets, pamphlets, articles should be published to do the needful in this direction.

REGIONALISM
IN INDIA

Regionalism is a feeling of loyalty to a particular part of a country.
It is a strong feeling of pride or loyalty that people have for particular region.
Regionalism means the strong feeling of people in favor of the local area in which they live.
 A vast country like India naturally faces the problem of regional identities.
India is a large country having continental dimensions and comprising 28 States and 7 Union Territories.
It is a multi-racial, multilingual nation.
Therefore diversity of regional languages, regional culture among people is very common.
Regionalism need not be regarded as an unhealthy or anti national phenomenon
if the people of a region have a genuine pride in their language and culture.
To certain reasonable limit, this regionalism is considered tolerable.
It helps the people to take initiative for the all-round progress of the local areas.
But, many times this extreme regionalism harms national unity and interests.
Locally centered emotional attachment must be conducive to overall national growth

EXAMPLES OF
REGIONALISM IN
INDIA

Shiv Sena against Kannadigas:
In 1966, Shiv Sena, in Maharashtra, launched its agitation against Kannadigas in the name of
Marathi pride.The first targets of its agitation were South Indians who were the workers of Udupi
hotels in Mumbai. This agitation was labelled to be a retaliation of the lathi charge on Marathi
speaking people in the border areas.
Khalistan Movement:
It was during the era of 1980s that Khalistan movement with its aim to create a Sikh homeland,
often called Khalistan, cropped up in the Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
In fact this demand has also the colours of communalism, as there demand is only for Sikhs.

MNSTargeting North Indians:
It was in 2008 that Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) workers began their violent agitation
against North Indians.Bhojpuri films were not allowed to run on theatres in Maharashtra.
The targets were vendors and shopkeepers from North India in various parts of Maharashtra.
Inter-State Disputes:
Another form of regionalism in India has found expression in the form of interstate disputes.
There are disputes boundary disputes for example between Karnataka and Maharashtra in Belgaum
where Marathi speaking population is surrounded by Kannada speaking people, between Kerala and
Karnataka on Kasargod, between Assam and Nagaland on Rengma reserved forests.
There is a dispute over Chandigarh in Punjab and Haryana.

CAUSES OF
REGIONALISM

Unbalanced Regional Development:
In the present times, uneven development in different parts of the country may be the prime reason
for regionalism and separatism.
There are certain regions in the country where industries and factories have been concentrated,
educational and health facilities are sufficiently provided, communication network has been developed,
rapid agricultural development has been made possible.
But there are also certain areas where the worth of independence is yet to be realized in terms of
socio-economic development.This disparity has caused the feeling of relative deprivation among
the people of economically neglected regions.
Political-Administrative Factors:
Political parties, especially the regional political parties as well as local leaders exploit the regional sentiments.
They give place to the regional problems in their election policy and promise for political and regional development.
In the present day Indian political scenario some regional parties have strongly emerged and captured power in so
states likeTelugu-Desam inAndhra Pradesh. Assam Gana Parishad in Assam,Akali Dal in Punjab, Jharkhand party in
Bihar, etc. have posed constant threat to the nation.

Make Hindi As National Language:
Firstly, the efforts of the Central govt., after independence, to make Hindi the national language led to
widespread agitations and led to the rise of regionalism.
The Southern states thought this as a major step by the centre to impose its will on them.
People who opposed this idea went on to cultivate an endless and superior feeling towards their own mother
tongue or regional languages.
This was done in order to preserve their culture but later continued onto become a political one.
Desire For Regional Independence:
The desire of the regional parties to have a greater independence over their own region and to improve
the living conditions of their own people leads to regionalism.
Negligence From State Government:
The continuous neglect of people belonging to certain region within (ex.: people ofTelangana) and not allowing
them to participate a state in the activities of politics, using their resources without
concerning them etc. led to feeling of regionalism.
This give birth to the concept called "Son of Soil".

EFFECTS
OF REGIONALISM

Regionalism makes people narrow minded to think only about their region and they do not accept
people of other region and culture.
It develops a superiority complex in the minds of the people who have inhabited a place for many
years and gives them a false sense of ownership over the region.
Regionalism adversely effects on national integration.
Regionalism leads to the formation of multiple communities within one nation and restricts the free
interaction of culture and tradition between a country's citizens.
Regionalism has been used for political leverage in order to secure a vote bank.
Demand for reservation to local language speaking person increased for employment.
Regionalism leads to demand for separate state.

MEASURESTO
RESOLVE
REGIONALISM

Balanced Distribution of National Resources:
Regional imbalance has been the main cause of dissatisfaction among the people of a particular
region for regionalism. If the national resources are distributed in a balanced manner, the problem
regionalism will be mitigated.
Abolition of Regional Parties:
The regional parties play a dirty role in exploiting the regional feelings of people.
Therefore efforts should be made to ban all regional parties posing threat to national unity.
Development of Backward Regions:
Due to uneven development of different areas of the country, political issues have been made.
For example the issues of Telangana in Andhra Pradesh and Vidarbha in Maharashtra.
It increases enmity between different regions.
Therefore top priority is given to economic development of backward regions.

Developed Means OfTransport And Communication:
Most of the backward regions of the country do not have proper link with the rest of the country through
transport and communication system.
Due to this reason their interaction and contact with other regional groups become restricted and
they develop a feeling of isolation.
Therefore transport and communication system should be developed in the backward areas
in order to bring economic and social development.
Proper Education:
The Indians have great respect and love for education.
Since their first appearance in authentic history, they have enjoyed the reputation of being learned people.
Therefore, education may be a very powerful agent for removing regionalism and for developing the sense of
nationalistic spirit among the people.
AppealThrough Mass Media:
Today mass media have become very powerful agents of change.
If both direct and indirect appeals are made highlighting the concept of equality of opportunity to every region
for their development and the concept of national unity through various programmes like
‘Mera Bharat Mahan', people will be motivated to cut across regional boundaries come forward
for national development.

LINGUISM

India has become a land of many tongues and has been called "as a tower of veritable
languages" or a "Museum of languages".
In 1950, the States in India were reorganized on linguistic basis.
As a result, the domicile of a particular state speak a particular language.
The Constitution of India has approved of 22 languages.
The Constitution of India designates the official language of the Government of India as
Hindi written in the Devenagari script, as well as English.
There is no national language as declared by the Constitution of India. Hindi and English
are used for official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings, judiciary,
communications between the Central Government and a State Government.

States within India have the liberty and powers to specify their own official language
through legislation
and therefore there are 22 officially recognized languages in India.
At present the language problem has become so sensitive that has posed a major threat
to national integration.
Most often linguistic tensions are being manifested in the borders which are bilingual
For example, in Belgaum there is a tug of war between Marathi and Kannada speaking
people.
Assam confronted with Bengali and Assamese. Although Hindi has been recognized as
the national language, this has promoted bitter hostilities, particularly in the South.

CAUSES OF
LINGUISM

Love of Literature:
Love of literature creates and strengthens a sense of loyalty towards it among the linguistic groups.
These linguistic loyalties hamper the progress of a common language.
Geographical Causes:
Geographical conditions also promote linguism.
People living in a particular locality tend to speak the same language.
This promotes local identity and distinctiveness among people.
Living together geographically reinforces a linguistic group love for its own language.
Historical Causes:
Linguism in India is a by-product of India's struggle for national freedom.
Our leaders of freedom movement criticized the British system of dividing country by
cutting across linguistic boundaries.
Rather, they pleaded for the division of India into different provinces along linguistic lines.
After independence, in 1956, the States were reorganized on the basis of homogeneity of languages.
The reorganization of the States on linguistic lines has provided geographical foundations for
sub-nationalism in India.

Political Causes:
Narrow-minded political parties create linguistic feeling among the people of a locality
and exploit their sentiments at the time of election.
Psychological Causes:
Language has certain psychological and emotional characteristics which raise the
feeling of ethnocentrism to a homogeneous group.
In India, the linguistic groups are tied together by ties of common interest.
This creates the spirit of regionalism, sectarianism and separatist feeling
in the mind of the citizen.

CONSEQUENCES
OF LINGUISM

Increasing Regionalism:
The people of different linguistic groups who are concentrated in a state seem to think only in terms
of interests of their own States.
This undermines consideration of national issues and causes narrow-minded feelings.
Formation of Regional Political Parties:
Linguism has resulted in regionalism which has ultimately led to the formation of regional political
parties in some state.
Some of these regional political parties have also formed government.
Such political parties in power often complicate Centre-State relationship.
Harassment of the Linguistic Minorities:
The State Reorganization Commission had provided for safeguard of linguistic minorities in States.
But in reality the linguistic minorities have been harassed in different States.
As a result certain complications and disturbing trends have developed which seem to have threatened
the unity of the country.

Demand for Separate States:
Linguistic conflicts take place due to selfish motive of politicians.
These politicians prompt the linguistic minority to demand partition of the States along linguistic lines.
The demand for a separate state creates problems for the concerned state as well as the centre.
Erosion of National Feeling:
The national feeling is eroded due to linguistic and regional loyalties.
The erosion of national feeling threatens the sovereignty of the country.
Inter-State Border Dispute:
Language problems have created tensions in the boarder which are bilingual.
For example, the Goans are divided on the basis of Konkani and Marathi languages.

REMEDIAL MEASURES
FOR LINGUISM:
Following measures may be taken for the eradication of tensions between different
linguistic groups.

Development of a National Language:
Although Hindi has been recognized as the national language, it has caused bitter hostilities,
particularly in the South.
It will be unwise to impose Hindi on non-Hindi speaking people.
Therefore, the spread of Hindi as the national language requires lot most care and tact.
Development of Common Script:
At present there are a number of scripts in India.
But if a common script is evolved, it would break through the script barrier which separates one
language area from another.
M. N. Srinivas's suggestion for the use of Roman Script may also be considered.

Ban on Political Parties and other Organisations:
The regional political or any other organization which tries to exploit the sentiments of people
along the linguistic lines should be banned.
The Sarkaria Commission was appointed in 1983 to examine the language problem in India.
The Commission made a couple of recommendations for the solution of the problem.
It suggested that the styles, forms and expression of English along with other regional languages
are to be retained in the process of development of official language.
The three language formula such as regional language, Hindi and English should be properly
implemented.

Concept of Disparity II- Prof. Karishma Shetty Foundation Course Semester 1

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