India has immense diversity across its geography, religions, cultures, and languages. Geographically, India spans the Himalayan mountains in the north to the Thar desert in the west. It has over 30 states and union territories. Religiously, India's major faiths are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Culturally, India is home to many ethnic groups that speak over 120 languages and have unique customs. Linguistically, there are over 22 scheduled languages. India's diversity makes it a unique country with a rich cultural heritage spanning over 5000 years.
India has immense religious, linguistic, cultural and historical diversity. It has over 6000 years of cultural traditions and is home to many major religions including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. India also has tremendous linguistic diversity with over 700 languages and thousands of dialects spoken across its states. Culturally, India varies greatly from north to south with each state and region having its own unique traditions in terms of food, art, dance and music. This diversity is a defining feature of Indian society and what makes its culture and heritage so rich.
Concept Of Disparity I- Prof. Karishma Shetty Foundation Course Semester 1KarishmaShetty16
The document discusses various concepts related to social inequality and stratification, including disparity, social inequality, social stratification, caste system, class system, estate system, slavery, and gender inequality. It provides definitions and characteristics of each concept. Some of the key points covered include disparity referring to a lack of equality or unevenness, social inequality referring to unequal opportunities and rewards, social stratification involving a hierarchy that ranks groups in society, and the various principles and forms social stratification can take, such as caste, class, and estate systems.
The document provides an overview of Indian society, including its rural and urban components. It discusses that Indian culture spans across the subcontinent and has been influenced by thousands of years of history. Modern Indian society enjoys advanced technology and greater knowledge. Key aspects of Indian society highlighted include its religious diversity and multi-linguistic nature. Rural Indian society centers around villages and agriculture, while urban society is characterized by heterogeneity, secondary relations, and division of labor.
Secularism refers to the separation of religion from state affairs and government. The key aspects of secularism discussed in the document are that it separates religious institutions from the state, ensures religion does not interfere in state matters, and protects religious minorities. Indian secularism differs from other models in that it allows some state intervention in religious affairs to prevent discrimination, such as banning the religious practice of untouchability. Overall, the document provides an overview of secularism and discusses how it is implemented in India.
The Gonds are one of the largest tribal groups in India and possibly the world. They have lived in central India for centuries, settling in the region between the 9th and 13th centuries AD. Gond dynasties ruled parts of central India from the 16th to 18th centuries. Today, Gonds face economic hardships as many are landless laborers, though some groups own land. Gonds speak Gondi and practice a religion that involves worship of clan deities and spirits. They have a rich cultural tradition including pottery, basketry, tattooing, music, and painting.
This document discusses the caste system in India. It begins with defining caste and explaining the origin of the caste system in India, influenced by religions, rural social structures, and hereditary occupations. It then classifies the main castes in India - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras - and their traditional roles. It outlines inequalities caused by the caste system, like violations of fundamental rights and lack of opportunities. It also discusses intergroup conflicts that arise from caste divisions, such as communal riots. It lists measures taken and laws passed in India to prohibit caste discrimination and promote equality. In conclusion, it recognizes that while the caste system is
Secularism refers to the separation of government and religion where neither are under the control of the other. Secularism has its roots in Greek, Roman, Islamic, Enlightenment, and modern freethinking traditions. In political terms, secularism aims to reduce ties between government and religion by replacing religious laws with civil laws and eliminating religious discrimination. India is considered a secular nation that equally treats all religions, though it intervenes in religious affairs to prevent domination or discrimination within religious communities. Unlike Western secularism, Indian secularism allows state intervention and support of religion to some degree.
India has immense diversity across its geography, religions, cultures, and languages. Geographically, India spans the Himalayan mountains in the north to the Thar desert in the west. It has over 30 states and union territories. Religiously, India's major faiths are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Culturally, India is home to many ethnic groups that speak over 120 languages and have unique customs. Linguistically, there are over 22 scheduled languages. India's diversity makes it a unique country with a rich cultural heritage spanning over 5000 years.
India has immense religious, linguistic, cultural and historical diversity. It has over 6000 years of cultural traditions and is home to many major religions including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. India also has tremendous linguistic diversity with over 700 languages and thousands of dialects spoken across its states. Culturally, India varies greatly from north to south with each state and region having its own unique traditions in terms of food, art, dance and music. This diversity is a defining feature of Indian society and what makes its culture and heritage so rich.
Concept Of Disparity I- Prof. Karishma Shetty Foundation Course Semester 1KarishmaShetty16
The document discusses various concepts related to social inequality and stratification, including disparity, social inequality, social stratification, caste system, class system, estate system, slavery, and gender inequality. It provides definitions and characteristics of each concept. Some of the key points covered include disparity referring to a lack of equality or unevenness, social inequality referring to unequal opportunities and rewards, social stratification involving a hierarchy that ranks groups in society, and the various principles and forms social stratification can take, such as caste, class, and estate systems.
The document provides an overview of Indian society, including its rural and urban components. It discusses that Indian culture spans across the subcontinent and has been influenced by thousands of years of history. Modern Indian society enjoys advanced technology and greater knowledge. Key aspects of Indian society highlighted include its religious diversity and multi-linguistic nature. Rural Indian society centers around villages and agriculture, while urban society is characterized by heterogeneity, secondary relations, and division of labor.
Secularism refers to the separation of religion from state affairs and government. The key aspects of secularism discussed in the document are that it separates religious institutions from the state, ensures religion does not interfere in state matters, and protects religious minorities. Indian secularism differs from other models in that it allows some state intervention in religious affairs to prevent discrimination, such as banning the religious practice of untouchability. Overall, the document provides an overview of secularism and discusses how it is implemented in India.
The Gonds are one of the largest tribal groups in India and possibly the world. They have lived in central India for centuries, settling in the region between the 9th and 13th centuries AD. Gond dynasties ruled parts of central India from the 16th to 18th centuries. Today, Gonds face economic hardships as many are landless laborers, though some groups own land. Gonds speak Gondi and practice a religion that involves worship of clan deities and spirits. They have a rich cultural tradition including pottery, basketry, tattooing, music, and painting.
This document discusses the caste system in India. It begins with defining caste and explaining the origin of the caste system in India, influenced by religions, rural social structures, and hereditary occupations. It then classifies the main castes in India - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras - and their traditional roles. It outlines inequalities caused by the caste system, like violations of fundamental rights and lack of opportunities. It also discusses intergroup conflicts that arise from caste divisions, such as communal riots. It lists measures taken and laws passed in India to prohibit caste discrimination and promote equality. In conclusion, it recognizes that while the caste system is
Secularism refers to the separation of government and religion where neither are under the control of the other. Secularism has its roots in Greek, Roman, Islamic, Enlightenment, and modern freethinking traditions. In political terms, secularism aims to reduce ties between government and religion by replacing religious laws with civil laws and eliminating religious discrimination. India is considered a secular nation that equally treats all religions, though it intervenes in religious affairs to prevent domination or discrimination within religious communities. Unlike Western secularism, Indian secularism allows state intervention and support of religion to some degree.
Sanskritization is a concept proposed by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas that describes the process whereby a lower caste or tribe seeks upward social mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of upper or dominant castes. It involves the imitation of language, beliefs, rituals, and deities of the Brahmins and the twice-born castes in an effort to gain social advancement or prestige. Some key characteristics include it being a process of cultural change and social mobility that is not confined to Hindu castes and can operate in two directions by allowing borrowing of ideology.
India's caste system is one of the world's longest surviving social hierarchies, dividing society into rigid hierarchical groups based on religious purity and birth. The system originated around 1500 BC when fair-skinned Aryan invaders dominated the native Dravidian population, establishing themselves at the top of the social order as priests. Today, the caste system allocates statuses and occupations, and though now illegal, still influences social discrimination and divisions, with the "untouchable" Dalits facing significant disadvantages and barriers. The government has implemented affirmative action policies like quotas to promote greater equality, but caste tensions and inequalities persist in many aspects of Indian society.
this ppt explores about different types of tribes in india and their respective characterstics, you will gonna know about how britishers exploited tribes in past and from their indian tribes are pat of backward classes.although indian government are taking stern steps but are debateable for long time
The document discusses unity in diversity in India. It notes that despite the many differences in languages, religions, and cultures across India's regions, there remains a fundamental sense of unity among Indian people. It provides examples of how Indians celebrate national festivals together and respect each other's traditions. The document argues that unity in diversity strengthens India by creating beauty and resilience through diversity, while unity helps Indians stand together.
Ethnic Minority Community | Adivasis | IndiaFatimà
Communities that are in minor. Adivasis as a current minor community in India. A lot more about it inside.
Download the PPT and watch the videos inserted.
PPT designed by - Fatima
The Gond tribe inhabits the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, also known as the "Heart of India". The Gond people have lived in the region since at least the 9th century AD and some Gond groups own significant amounts of land. They speak the Gondi language and have a polytheistic religion that incorporates both Hindu and indigenous beliefs. The Gond lead a tribal agrarian lifestyle and have a rich cultural tradition of dances, festivals, arts, and crafts. However, they face social problems including lack of education, discrimination, and exploitation.
India has immense cultural and linguistic diversity due to its large size and history of many groups migrating to the region. However, beneath the surface diversity there remains a strong underlying cultural unity among Indians. This unity is reflected in shared cultural heritage across religions, common spiritual values and practices, and pan-Indian artistic and architectural traditions. It is this cultural unity that serves as an important bond between the diverse peoples of India.
In this article Shahid has explained about the Preamble and its Values. We the people of India having solemnly resolve to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and secure to all its citizens.
Sounak Pramanik, a 2nd semester BCA student at Swami Vivekananda Institute Of Modern Science, presented a project on the caste system in India. The project acknowledges the help of several professors and the director. It defines the caste system and varna classes, describes the rigid hierarchy of the past and how the British Raj intensified it. It notes reforms after independence through reservation policies and anti-discrimination laws aimed at improving opportunities for lower castes. The conclusion states that lower castes now have more chances in studies and jobs compared to the past.
The document discusses India's diversity in terms of its long civilization, many languages and dialects, states and territories, geography, form of government, and status as the world's largest democracy. It notes India has a population of over 1 billion people speaking over 300 languages and following several major religions. Despite its diversity, India has maintained unity throughout its history.
The document provides an overview of the historical evolution of Indian cultural heritage from a social perspective. It discusses the various periods of Indian history beginning with pre-historic settlements over 90,000 years ago. It then covers the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic age and literature, ancient India including the Mauryan period, medieval India under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, and modern India. For each period, key developments and influences on culture are described.
Cultural Heritage of India_by Suparna RoyKoushik Das
Indian culture has a rich cultural heritage that is diverse across its regions and communities. It is characterized by diversity in languages, religions, festivals, cuisine, clothing, architecture, sculpture, painting, music and dance. Some of the key aspects of India's cultural heritage include the many indigenous religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism; over 20 major languages; traditional clothing like saris and dhotis that vary regionally; globally influential architectural styles seen in temples and forts; classical and folk art forms; and festivals celebrated throughout the year marking various seasons and religions. This diversity arises from India's long history and the interactions between its various population groups over millennia.
This powerpoint presentation defines secularism as the separation of government and religious institutions to ensure equal treatment of people of all religions. It discusses how secularism protects freedom of religion and expression while ensuring religious beliefs do not interfere with democratic laws and institutions. Secularism is practiced differently in various countries, with India described as having a controversial form that respects religious personal laws but is criticized for allowing discrimination. Several international organizations are also listed that promote secular and humanist views.
The document provides an overview of the caste system in India. It discusses that the caste system is a social hierarchy where people are divided into groups that determine one's occupation and level of spiritual purity. Placement in the caste system is based on birth, and people cannot change their caste during their lifetime. The caste system originated in Hinduism and was also used by Aryan invaders to enforce social control. At the bottom of the hierarchy are the "untouchables" who face severe discrimination and perform the most menial jobs.
The document provides an overview of Indian society, including its rural and urban components. It discusses that Indian society is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with a culture that spans thousands of years across the subcontinent and incorporates many influences. Rural Indian society centers around villages and agriculture, with close-knit communities, while urban society features greater heterogeneity, division of labor, and mobility. Religion also plays an integral role in Indian society, with Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and other faiths coexisting.
India is extremely diverse, yet also shares underlying unity. It has vast geographic, linguistic, racial and religious diversity. However, several factors have contributed to its fundamental unity, including:
1. A shared sense of geographical unity is embodied in the ancient name "Bharatvarsha" and reinforced by the idea of India as "Bharat Mata" or Mother India.
2. Political rulers from the Mauryan and Gupta empires to the Mughals and British sought to establish rule over the entire subcontinent and promote a common political identity.
3. Religions in India, despite their differences, share a belief in spiritual principles and the majesty of the spiritual. This
The document discusses the concepts of secularism, socialism, and their relationship to education in India. It provides background on the origins and characteristics of secularism and socialism. Secularism in India means equal treatment and protection of all religions. Indian socialism is based on Gandhian principles of equality and non-violence. Education under socialism and secularism in India aims to develop democratic, egalitarian, and rational thinking by providing equal opportunities and a curriculum focused on social justice, civic duties, and secular values.
The document provides information about India's history, geography, culture, religions, and way of life. It discusses India's long history dating back thousands of years, its diverse geography and climate zones, population of over 1 billion people and major religions like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Sikhism. It also summarizes India's cultural traditions around festivals, foods, dress, arts, and sports. The document emphasizes the richness and diversity of Indian culture despite its complex social hierarchies and rapid modernization.
Hinduism has evolved over thousands of years without a single founder or religious text. It originated in India, absorbing elements of earlier belief systems and being shaped by environmental, societal, political and economic conditions at the time. The sacred texts of Hinduism like the Bhagavad Gita continue to inform rituals, social organization, and daily life through concepts like dharma (duty according to one's class) and samsara (cycle of rebirth determined by karma).
Sanskritization is a concept proposed by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas that describes the process whereby a lower caste or tribe seeks upward social mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of upper or dominant castes. It involves the imitation of language, beliefs, rituals, and deities of the Brahmins and the twice-born castes in an effort to gain social advancement or prestige. Some key characteristics include it being a process of cultural change and social mobility that is not confined to Hindu castes and can operate in two directions by allowing borrowing of ideology.
India's caste system is one of the world's longest surviving social hierarchies, dividing society into rigid hierarchical groups based on religious purity and birth. The system originated around 1500 BC when fair-skinned Aryan invaders dominated the native Dravidian population, establishing themselves at the top of the social order as priests. Today, the caste system allocates statuses and occupations, and though now illegal, still influences social discrimination and divisions, with the "untouchable" Dalits facing significant disadvantages and barriers. The government has implemented affirmative action policies like quotas to promote greater equality, but caste tensions and inequalities persist in many aspects of Indian society.
this ppt explores about different types of tribes in india and their respective characterstics, you will gonna know about how britishers exploited tribes in past and from their indian tribes are pat of backward classes.although indian government are taking stern steps but are debateable for long time
The document discusses unity in diversity in India. It notes that despite the many differences in languages, religions, and cultures across India's regions, there remains a fundamental sense of unity among Indian people. It provides examples of how Indians celebrate national festivals together and respect each other's traditions. The document argues that unity in diversity strengthens India by creating beauty and resilience through diversity, while unity helps Indians stand together.
Ethnic Minority Community | Adivasis | IndiaFatimà
Communities that are in minor. Adivasis as a current minor community in India. A lot more about it inside.
Download the PPT and watch the videos inserted.
PPT designed by - Fatima
The Gond tribe inhabits the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, also known as the "Heart of India". The Gond people have lived in the region since at least the 9th century AD and some Gond groups own significant amounts of land. They speak the Gondi language and have a polytheistic religion that incorporates both Hindu and indigenous beliefs. The Gond lead a tribal agrarian lifestyle and have a rich cultural tradition of dances, festivals, arts, and crafts. However, they face social problems including lack of education, discrimination, and exploitation.
India has immense cultural and linguistic diversity due to its large size and history of many groups migrating to the region. However, beneath the surface diversity there remains a strong underlying cultural unity among Indians. This unity is reflected in shared cultural heritage across religions, common spiritual values and practices, and pan-Indian artistic and architectural traditions. It is this cultural unity that serves as an important bond between the diverse peoples of India.
In this article Shahid has explained about the Preamble and its Values. We the people of India having solemnly resolve to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and secure to all its citizens.
Sounak Pramanik, a 2nd semester BCA student at Swami Vivekananda Institute Of Modern Science, presented a project on the caste system in India. The project acknowledges the help of several professors and the director. It defines the caste system and varna classes, describes the rigid hierarchy of the past and how the British Raj intensified it. It notes reforms after independence through reservation policies and anti-discrimination laws aimed at improving opportunities for lower castes. The conclusion states that lower castes now have more chances in studies and jobs compared to the past.
The document discusses India's diversity in terms of its long civilization, many languages and dialects, states and territories, geography, form of government, and status as the world's largest democracy. It notes India has a population of over 1 billion people speaking over 300 languages and following several major religions. Despite its diversity, India has maintained unity throughout its history.
The document provides an overview of the historical evolution of Indian cultural heritage from a social perspective. It discusses the various periods of Indian history beginning with pre-historic settlements over 90,000 years ago. It then covers the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic age and literature, ancient India including the Mauryan period, medieval India under the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, and modern India. For each period, key developments and influences on culture are described.
Cultural Heritage of India_by Suparna RoyKoushik Das
Indian culture has a rich cultural heritage that is diverse across its regions and communities. It is characterized by diversity in languages, religions, festivals, cuisine, clothing, architecture, sculpture, painting, music and dance. Some of the key aspects of India's cultural heritage include the many indigenous religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism; over 20 major languages; traditional clothing like saris and dhotis that vary regionally; globally influential architectural styles seen in temples and forts; classical and folk art forms; and festivals celebrated throughout the year marking various seasons and religions. This diversity arises from India's long history and the interactions between its various population groups over millennia.
This powerpoint presentation defines secularism as the separation of government and religious institutions to ensure equal treatment of people of all religions. It discusses how secularism protects freedom of religion and expression while ensuring religious beliefs do not interfere with democratic laws and institutions. Secularism is practiced differently in various countries, with India described as having a controversial form that respects religious personal laws but is criticized for allowing discrimination. Several international organizations are also listed that promote secular and humanist views.
The document provides an overview of the caste system in India. It discusses that the caste system is a social hierarchy where people are divided into groups that determine one's occupation and level of spiritual purity. Placement in the caste system is based on birth, and people cannot change their caste during their lifetime. The caste system originated in Hinduism and was also used by Aryan invaders to enforce social control. At the bottom of the hierarchy are the "untouchables" who face severe discrimination and perform the most menial jobs.
The document provides an overview of Indian society, including its rural and urban components. It discusses that Indian society is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with a culture that spans thousands of years across the subcontinent and incorporates many influences. Rural Indian society centers around villages and agriculture, with close-knit communities, while urban society features greater heterogeneity, division of labor, and mobility. Religion also plays an integral role in Indian society, with Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and other faiths coexisting.
India is extremely diverse, yet also shares underlying unity. It has vast geographic, linguistic, racial and religious diversity. However, several factors have contributed to its fundamental unity, including:
1. A shared sense of geographical unity is embodied in the ancient name "Bharatvarsha" and reinforced by the idea of India as "Bharat Mata" or Mother India.
2. Political rulers from the Mauryan and Gupta empires to the Mughals and British sought to establish rule over the entire subcontinent and promote a common political identity.
3. Religions in India, despite their differences, share a belief in spiritual principles and the majesty of the spiritual. This
The document discusses the concepts of secularism, socialism, and their relationship to education in India. It provides background on the origins and characteristics of secularism and socialism. Secularism in India means equal treatment and protection of all religions. Indian socialism is based on Gandhian principles of equality and non-violence. Education under socialism and secularism in India aims to develop democratic, egalitarian, and rational thinking by providing equal opportunities and a curriculum focused on social justice, civic duties, and secular values.
The document provides information about India's history, geography, culture, religions, and way of life. It discusses India's long history dating back thousands of years, its diverse geography and climate zones, population of over 1 billion people and major religions like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Sikhism. It also summarizes India's cultural traditions around festivals, foods, dress, arts, and sports. The document emphasizes the richness and diversity of Indian culture despite its complex social hierarchies and rapid modernization.
Hinduism has evolved over thousands of years without a single founder or religious text. It originated in India, absorbing elements of earlier belief systems and being shaped by environmental, societal, political and economic conditions at the time. The sacred texts of Hinduism like the Bhagavad Gita continue to inform rituals, social organization, and daily life through concepts like dharma (duty according to one's class) and samsara (cycle of rebirth determined by karma).
This document provides information about India. It discusses that India is the 7th largest country by area and 2nd most populous country with over 1.2 billion people. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal. The document then goes on to provide details on India's population, demographics, flag, ethnic groups, religions, culture, literature, philosophy, education system, and languages. It also shares an excerpt from the Panchatantra which discusses a story about four Brahmans and their attempt to bring a lion skeleton back to life in the forest.
This document provides an overview of Indian culture, traditions, and how culture has been impacted by media. It discusses key aspects of Indian culture including religions, society, family and marriage traditions, festivals, cuisine, clothing, performing arts, and traditional forms of communication. It notes how mass media has significantly impacted culture in India, influencing dress, socialization, and replacing traditional entertainment like village theatre with cinema and television. Finally, it comments on how social structures around caste and status have begun to change with increased access to media and communication technologies.
Hinduism is one of the largest religions in the world with over 1 billion adherents. It recognizes a single supreme deity and views other gods and goddesses as manifestations of that deity. The goal of Hinduism is to transcend reincarnation and join with Brahman. Major tenets include reincarnation, karma, dharma, vegetarianism, kindness to animals, humility, nonviolence, and puja or worship.
Why did religion go global? Big History investigates why certain faiths became accepted by so many people in such varied parts of the world.
Register to explore the whole course here: https://school.bighistoryproject.com/bhplive?WT.mc_id=Slideshare12202017
Is Caste rigidity present in Indian social structure? or is it a myth. the researcher argued the caste as a social institution is dying but as a political institution is getting corporatized and serving the vote banks.
India has a population of over 1.17 billion people, making it the second most populous country in the world. It is also the world's largest democracy and has a diverse population with over 20 official languages and many distinct religious and cultural groups. Some key aspects of India's identity include its cultural, religious, regional and linguistic diversity as well as important national symbols and landmarks like the Taj Mahal.
This document provides a summary of key facts about India's geography, history, government, economy, culture and people. It notes that India has a long and diverse history as the birthplace of major religions like Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. It describes India's varied terrain from the Himalayas to the Thar Desert. The summary highlights India's status as the world's largest democracy and notes its diverse population of over 1 billion people who speak over 100 languages and belong to various religious and ethnic groups. In closing, it briefly outlines aspects of Indian culture like yoga, ayurveda, festivals, dances, arts and cuisine that exemplify its rich heritage and traditions.
CASTE,RELIGION AND REGION IN SETTING UP POLITICAL SYSTEM IN INDIAVikramvicky30
The caste system is the predominant social structure in India, deriving from the Portuguese word 'casta' meaning breed, lineage, or race. It refers to the hereditary social class or group a person is born into. The Constitution addresses caste through provisions for equality, abolishing untouchability, and affirmative action for scheduled castes and backward classes. Caste plays a role in candidate nominations, voting behavior, and both dividing and uniting Indian politics. Demands have risen for reservation benefits to be extended to other communities. Religion also influences politics through the misuse of religious freedom for political ends, and the raising of religious issues to gain votes, though religion and politics should remain separate spheres. Regionalism expresses regional
Abstract: National integration is an idea of belongingness to a nation. Secularism, a word patronized by G.H. Holyoaks means separation of the church from the state and gives a position of neutrality between different religions. Integration is more of a geographical identity and touches the core of sensitivity to national activities and causes. Secularism is an important aspect of Indian society, for this India is known in the entire world. A unique feature of our country is that it is the playground of all the major religions of the world and these have flourished here since their inception in the country. The Sanatana Dharma as understood from Vedas talks of essential unity of manhood. From time immemorial we find the common people in villages lived harmoniously for centuries without being disturbed by the wars waged by the rulers. The invasions of Mughal and Aryans and their like added cultures and religions to the already diversified India. The disrupters of communal harmony has its roots in the divide & rule policy practiced by the British and after the independence, it is due to the electoral politics pursued by the politicians. The cross border import of communalism encouraged by the vested interests also fueled tensions within the religion and then the country. Underneath the turbulence of communal discord, we find a natural tendency of the people for an inherent secularism in our country. One can worship a god of one’s choice based on family values or adherences, and respect others for having their own sense of this. An attempt is made in this article to explain the sources of discord among the religions and we tried to present a few solutions as well. The article tries to study the inherent secular values of the Indians and try to portray things from Indian perspective.
The document provides an overview of Hinduism including its basic beliefs like polytheism, reincarnation, and karma. It discusses important Hindu concepts such as dharma, samsara, and the major gods Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu. It also covers the caste system in India and gives a brief history of India including its invasions and colonization by other groups like the British. Finally, it provides details about Gandhi and his role in leading the Indian independence movement through non-violent civil disobedience and passive resistance.
India is home to many religions that have a long history in the country. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated in India and are the major Indian religions practiced by the majority. Other faiths like Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism were introduced in India's history through migration and missionary work. Today, India accepts a diversity of religious communities and guarantees religious freedom for all through its legal and social frameworks.
This document provides information about the diverse cultures of Southern and Eastern Asia for 7th grade social studies students. It discusses the prominent religions in the regions, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Shintoism, and Confucianism. For each religion, it outlines key beliefs, practices, founders, and sacred texts. It also explains the differences between ethnic and religious groups and how literacy rates can affect standards of living.
This document discusses the various forms of diversity found in Indian society, including racial, religious, linguistic, caste, and class diversity. It notes that India is composed of many different races, languages, religions, and castes, but that cultural synthesis has upheld a sense of national unity. The main forms of diversity discussed are the racial groups (Dravidian, Mongolian, Indo-Aryan), major religions (Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism), languages (Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, European), caste system dividing society into Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sud
The document provides an overview of the history and conditions in the Indian subcontinent prior to the arrival of Islam. It discusses the Indus Valley Civilization and Vedic period, the rise and fall of empires like the Mauryas and Guptas. Politically, there was no strong central authority after Harsha's rule which led to instability. Religiously, Hinduism rose but lacked unity and had differences from Buddhism and Jainism. Socially, the caste system caused discrimination while economically wealth was unequally distributed. Education and arts flourished however overall the population had a simple life with the lower castes facing deprivation.
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The document discusses key concepts in international business including GATT, WTO, LPG model, MNCs, FDI and challenges faced. GATT was formed after WWII to regulate trade and was transformed into the WTO in 1995. The LPG model introduced in 1991 aimed to liberalize, privatize and globalize the Indian economy. MNCs can benefit countries through technology transfer but also present risks. FDI is an important form of investment that supports economic growth. International businesses face challenges from uncertainties, complex regulations and rapidly changing technology and supply chains.
The document discusses the social and cultural environment that businesses operate within. It defines the social environment as consisting of a society's beliefs, customs, and behaviors. The cultural environment refers to the prevailing norms and values that guide behavior. Businesses must understand and adapt to their external social and cultural environments in order to be successful. They must also carefully manage their internal social environments by building a positive organizational culture. The document outlines the various responsibilities businesses have towards shareholders, government, customers, employees, and society. It discusses the importance of ethics, social auditing, and corporate governance for businesses.
The document provides an overview of business environment presented by Prof. Karishma Shetty. It defines business environment and discusses the key factors of internal and external environment. It explains that internal environment includes controllable factors while external environment includes uncontrollable macro and micro factors. It also discusses the importance of analyzing business environment using tools like SWOT analysis to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in order to effectively plan strategies and make decisions.
The document discusses different types of economic systems: traditional, command, market, and mixed. It provides details on the key characteristics of each system. A traditional system is based around customs and relies on farming/land. A command system has a centralized government that controls resources and industry. A market system operates through private ownership and supply/demand. A mixed system combines aspects of market and command economies, with the government controlling some industries but otherwise allowing a free market.
Directing And Controlling-Foundation Course Semester 4- Prof. Karishma ShettyKarishmaShetty16
The document discusses directing and leadership as important functions of management. It defines directing as determining the course of action, issuing instructions, and providing guidance to subordinates. Leadership is defined as influencing subordinates to work with confidence and zeal towards mutual objectives. The document outlines various principles of directing like unity of command and effective communication. It also describes traits of effective leaders like self-confidence, initiative, and empathy. Additionally, it discusses autocratic leadership style where the leader makes decisions alone and expects compliance without input from subordinates. While this allows for quick decisions, it limits participation and can cause frustration among employees over time.
Staffing-Foundation Course Semester 4- Prof. Karishma ShettyKarishmaShetty16
The document discusses staffing, which refers to obtaining qualified human resources to fill positions in an organization. It is a core management function and involves activities like recruitment, selection, training, and retention of employees. An effective staffing process ensures the right people are hired for the right jobs, improving productivity and morale. It also helps organizations plan for and meet future human resource needs during periods of growth or change.
OrganizingFoundation Course Semester 4- Prof. Karishma ShettyKarishmaShetty16
The document provides information about organizing and organization structure. It defines organizing as arranging the ways and means for executing a business plan. An organization provides a framework for coordinated and cooperative action between two or more people to implement a plan. Key aspects of organization structure discussed include division of labor, hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, and coordination of effort. The document also discusses formal and informal organization structures, with formal referring to deliberately created structures and informal referring to spontaneously developed relationships. Centralization and decentralization of authority are also covered.
Understanding Stress And Conflict- Foundation Course Semester 2- Prof. Karish...KarishmaShetty16
The document discusses stress, its causes and types. It defines stress as a physical or psychological stimulus that can produce mental tension or physiological reactions. Stress can be positive, negative, or neutral. Positive stress motivates and improves performance, while negative stress decreases performance and can lead to health issues. There are different levels of stress like acute, episodic and chronic stress. Chronic stress is the most dangerous and can cause serious illnesses. Stress can be caused by organizational, individual, environmental and group factors. Conflict at the workplace is also discussed along with agents of socialization like family, school, peers and media.
Ecology - Foundation Course Semester 2- Prof. Karishma Shetty KarishmaShetty16
This document discusses the importance of environmental studies. It notes that environmental studies will help develop sustainably without destroying the environment, educate people on efficiently using resources, and highlight environmental issues to work on resolving. It also discusses key concepts related to environment and ecology, including defining ecology as the study of organism interactions and their environment. Components of the environment and types of ecosystems are also outlined.
Planning - Foundation Course Semester 4- Prof. Karishma ShettyKarishmaShetty16
The document discusses planning and decision making. It defines planning as selecting and relating facts to visualize future activities to achieve goals. Planning involves looking ahead, preparing for the future, and outlining future courses of action. Decision making is selecting the best alternative from available options to solve a problem. Managers at all levels perform planning and decision making, though the scope and importance may vary. [END SUMMARY]
Concept Of Human Rights- Foundation Course Semester 2-Prof. Karishma ShettyKarishmaShetty16
The document discusses the history and development of human rights from several important documents and declarations throughout history. It outlines key milestones like the Magna Carta in 1215, the Petition of Right in 1628, the English Bill of Rights in 1689, the US Declaration of Independence in 1776, the US Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1787-1791, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789, and the First Geneva Convention in 1864 which helped establish international humanitarian law. These documents established principles of civil liberties, limited the power of rulers, and sought to protect fundamental human rights and dignity.
The Constitution Of India- Prof. Karishma Shetty Foundation Course Semester 1KarishmaShetty16
The document provides an introduction to the preamble of the Indian constitution. It defines what a preamble is and explains that the preamble to the Indian constitution sets out the guiding principles and purpose. It then provides the full text of the preamble and analyzes each component, including that it establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic to secure justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all citizens. It also notes the date the constitution was adopted.
Concept of Disparity II- Prof. Karishma Shetty Foundation Course Semester 1KarishmaShetty16
The document discusses the concepts of casteism and communalism in India. It provides details on:
- The caste system in India which segmented society into hierarchical groups based on occupation and excluded some groups. This led to inequalities.
- Some of the largest communal riots in India including during partition, the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, and the Babri Masjid demolition.
- Causes of communalism in India such as past history of partition, political mobilization of religious groups, and population changes affecting demographics.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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INTRODUCTION
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∎ Multiculturalism is defined as the state of co-existence of diverse
cultures.
∎ Culture includes, racial, religious, linguistic, etc. which may have
differences and distinctions in customer behavior, cultural
assumptions and values, patterns of thinking and communicative
styles.
Multicultural nations like Canada, Australia, USA, UK European Union countries,
where people of different cultures look very much alike in their physical size and
facial features, dress. language, food habits, religious practices, way of life etc.
People of India show clear distinctions in their physique, dress, language,
food habits, religious practices and rituals. It has its own geographic, ethnic,
religious, and linguistic background.
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RELIGION:
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India, being a democratic, socialistic and secular republic , has no state
religion.
India is the birth place of world religions such as Hinduism, Sikhism,
Buddhism and Jainism.
India is a land where people of different religions and cultures live in
harmony. This harmony is seen in the celebration of festivals. The message
of love and brotherhood is expressed by all the religions and cultures of
India.
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LANGUAGES:2
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The languages of India belong to several language families, the major ones being
the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 74% of Indians and the Dravidian languages
spoken by 24% of Indians.
The principal official language of the Republic of India is Standard Hindi, while
English is the secondary official language.
The constitution of India has recognized 22 languages and there are total 1,652
languages in India.
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CASTE SYSTEM:
∎ Caste is a form of social segmentation.
∎ It is hereditary way of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation,
status in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion.
∎ Caste system in India is the most prominent among the caste systems all
around the world.
∎ It had started in ancient times and it still continues in India.
∎ Although we can say the caste system in India is declining as a result of
urbanization and also the positive steps taken by the Government of
India.
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It is a social structure used to designate any social class of extreme rigidity.
It is composed of four varnas or classes, and from this, a rank-order of
different sub caste or jati was formed:
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Brahmins:
The first and the
highest class;
intellectuals of the
nations such as
landowners,
scholars, and
priests.
Kshatriyas:
A class directly
follows Brahmins;
mostly rulers,
nobles and
warriors. They
manage the land,
military service,
and administration
Vaishyas:
The third class
composed of
traders,
shopkeepers,
moneylenders,
farmers, and
artisans: Trading and
Banking.
Shudras:
The fourth class
composed of
labourers and
service
providers.
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∎Hampered the concept of national unity
∎Works against the concept of democracy
∎Resulted in suppression.
∎Hampered national development.
∎Resulted in betrayal.
∎Resulted in religious conversion.
∎Undermined the ability and aspirations of the
people.
∎Created a false sense of prestige among higher
castes
∎Resulted in introduction of untouchability.
∎Gave a lower status to women
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India has 17.50% of world population.
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Rank State/ Union Territory % of India’s population
1 Uttar Pradesh 16.5
2 Maharashtra 9.28
3 Bihar 8.6
Rank State/Union Territory % of India’s population
33 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0.03
34 Daman and Diu 0.02
35 Lakshadweep 0.01
State/ Union Territory With Highest Indian Population
State/ Union Territory With Lowest Indian Population
(Data as per Census Report of 2011)
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India is culturally diversified through religion
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Religious Group Population
(2011)%
Hinduism 79.80%
Islam 14.23%
Christianity 2.30%
Sikhism 1.72%
Buddhism 0.70%
Jainism 0.37%
Others/Religion not
specified
0.90%
Total 100.00%
Hinduism
Islam
Christianity
Sikhism
Buddhism
Jainism
Others/Religion
not specified
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It is believed that Hinduism is the oldest religion in the world.
Hinduism is world's third largest religion after Christianity and Islam.
India is home for Hinduism.
It is the largest religion in India, where Hindus form about 80% of the total
population.
Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, Vedas and the Upanishads are the holy books of the
Hindus.
They worship the idols or murtis which is considered as a reflection of God.
There are many Hindu festivals like Diwali, Holi, Bihu, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga
Puja and many more which are celebrated in the country.
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It is the second largest religion in the country and its followers
are known as Muslims.
They are divided into sub sections, most famous being Sunnis and
Shias.
India has third highest Muslim Population after Indonesia and Pakistan.
The holy book of the Muslims is the Quran.
They believe in Allah (One almighty) and follow the teachings
of Prophet Muhammad.
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It is the third largest religion in India.
Christian population can be found all over the country but majority of
the people who belong to this religious section lives in the parts of
South India, North-East and the Konkan Coast.
The Christians worship and believe in Jesus Christ.
Christmas is the major festival of Christians.
Good Friday, Easter are some other festivals celebrated by the
people of this religion in the country.
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Sikhism is a dominant religion in state of Punjab and it has a good
amount of population in Haryana, Delhi NCR, Rajasthan and
Uttarakhand.
Guru Nanak is the founder of the religion Sikhism in India.
Guru Granth Sahib is the holy book of the Sikhs which is a collection
of the writings of the Guru.
Gurpurab, Baisakhi, Nagar Kirtan, Hola Mohalla are some of the
festivals and events celebrated by the Sikhs.
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Buddhism was founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama,
also known as 'Buddha'.
Buddhists are concentrated in majorly in state of Maharashtra.
Buddhism believes in attaining enlightenment through love,
kindness and wisdom.
Birthday of Buddha (also known as Vesak), Asalha Puja Day,
Magha Puja Day and Lo Krathong are some of the festivals
celebrated by the Buddhists.
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Most of Jains live in states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and Delhi NCR.
Jainism is believed to have originated in India in the 7th-5th
century BC and was founded by Lord Mahavir
The propagators of this religion are known as Thirthankar.
Mahavir Jayanti, Paryushan Parva, and Maun-agiyara are some
of the festivals celebrated the Jains.
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Though the total number of Zoroastrians in Indian population is very
less yet they continue to be one of the important religious
communities of India.
People who follow Zoroastrianism are known as Parsis.
Most of the Parsis (Zoroastrians) live in Maharashtra & Gujarat.
Zoroastrianism considers that humans are the helpers of God
Parsis worship in Dar-E-Mehr or The Fire Temple.
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According to Judaism, there exists a covenant relationship between
God and people.
Those who follow Judaism are called Jews.
Jews worship in holy places called synagogues and their
spiritual leaders are called rabbis.
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• Gender wise ratio is the ratio of the females to the males.
• Gender is a demographic factor which tells you about the
male/female composition in a particular region.
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SEX RATIO OVER THE YEARS IN INDIA
YEAR SEX RATIO
1991 921/1000
2001 933/1000
2011 940/1000
We can see from the above table, the number of males is higher than females and
It clearly shows the preference of Indian population towards males as compared to females.
The gender ratio is slowly and gradually improving as the government is
taking a lot of initiatives towards saving of the girl child.
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The main reasons for this gap in the
female to male ratio can be:
• Practices of female feticides due to the problem of dowry
• Most people in the Indian society had always preferred
male child over the female child.
• Since males are treated better than females, they face
the problem of malnourishment.
• Many cases of infanticide.
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• India has become a land of many tongues and has been called
"as a tower of veritable languages" or a "Museum of
languages".
• There is no national language as declared by the Constitution
of India. Hindi and English are used for official purposes such
as parliamentary proceedings, judiciary, communications
between the Central Government and a State Government.
• States within India have the liberty and powers to specify their
own official language through legislation and therefore there
are 22 officially recognized languages in India.
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Languages Language speakers as a
% of total population
Hindi 43.63%
Bengali 8.03%
Telugu 6.86%
Marathi 6.70%
Tamil 5.70%
Gujarati 4.58%
Urdu 4.19%
Kannada 3.61%
Oriya 3.10%
Malayalam 2.88%
Punjabi 2.74%
English 0.2%
Sanskrit 0.002%
Other
Languages
7.78%
Total 100%
Hindi
Bengali
Telegu
Marathi
Tamil
Gujarati
Urdu
Kannada
Oriya
Malayalam
Punjabi
English
Sanskrit
Others
(Data according to Census Report 2011)
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CLASSIFICATION OF
INDIAN LANGUAGES:
People of India speak a large number of languages which are
broadly divided into the following four families:
(1) Indo-European Family (Aryan),
(2) Dravidian Family (Dravida),
(3) Austric Family (Nishada), and
(4) Sino Tibetan Family (Kirata)
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(1) Indo-European Family (Aryan Languages)
This is the most important of all the families of languages spoken by 3/4th
of the Indian population.
The Aryan languages are divided into two main branches:
[1] The Dardic Aryan languages
[2] The Indo-Aryan languages
[1] The Dardic Aryan Languages:
-Spoken by Mountain Communities in Kashmir
The Dardic languages fall into 3 branches:
(a) Shina- Kashmiri, Shina proper and Kohistani
(b) Khowar or Chatran or Chitrali
(c) Kafuistan or Nuristani dialects.
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[2] The Indo-Aryan Languages
-Second sub-group of Aryan languages.
Based on regional distribution of the people speaking these languages are further grouped as:
(a) Northern Aryan Languages:
-Includes Nepali, Central Pahari and Western Pahari Aryan languages.
(b) North-Western Aryan languages:
-Khanda, Kachchi and Sindhi are well known North-Western Aryan languages.
(c) Southern Aryan Languages:
-includes Marathi and Konkani languages.
(d) Eastern Aryan Languages:
-includes Bihari, Oriya, Bengali and Assamese languages.
(e) East Central Aryan Languages:
-includes Avadhi, Bugheli and Chhatisgarhi are their languages.
(f) Central Aryan Languages:
-includes Hindi, Punjabi, Rajasthani and Alawari languages.
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(2) Dravidian Languages:
Dravidian languages are older than the Aryan Languages.
The Dravidian Languages fall into several groups. Two major groups are as under:
(a) The North Dravidian Languages:
(b)South Dravidian Languages:
(a) The North Dravidian Languages:
-Includes Telugu, Gondi dialects, Kuruth or Oraon, Maler or Malpahariya, Kui or Kandh, Parji and Kolami.
(b)South Dravidian Languages:
-Includes Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam, Tulu, Kota, Kurgi or Kedagu and Toda.
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(3) Austric Languages:
Sub-divided into two branches:
(a)Munda
(b)Mon-Khmer
(a)Munda Tribe:
Munda languages are the largest of Austric group of languages.
They consist 14 tribal languages.
The Kherwari is the major group which is current in Eastern India
(b)Mon-Khmer Languages:
It has two sub-groups:
[1]Khasi- spoken by Khasi tribal people of Meghalaya
[2]Nicobari- are spoken by the tribal people of Nicobar Islands.
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(4) Sino- Tibetan Languages:
- Spoken by variety of people.
- Includes Chamba, Lahauli, Kannauri, Lepcha, Tibetan, Balti, Ladakhi,
Sherpa, Sikkim Bhutia, Aka, Dafta, Abor, Miri, Mishnil Naga, Kukichin,
Burmese etc. languages
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• ‘Unity In Diversity’ is a fundamental characteristic of India.
• The growth pattern of Indian Economy has reflected in various dimensions
of social, economic, political, geographical, religious, cultural and linguistic
diversities.
• Indian Economy has been experiencing the annual average growth rate of
around 6.02% from 1951-2015, which is quite a good performance as
compared to another developed and developing economy.
• In India, the rate of socio-economic development is commendable, but the
benefits of this kind of development were not distributed among different
states or regions, which enlarge the socio-economic disparities among
them.
• In the next few slides, we will learn about the regional variation in India.
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(1)Natural Resources:
Most important reason for regional disparity is that India’s different regions are endowed
with different natural and human- based resources.
Some states like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh etc are endowed with
better minerals while Punjab and Haryana have better irrigation facilities .
(2)Differences in Literacy Rate:
India’s Literacy Rate is at 74.04%.
Kerala- Most Literate State (93.91%)
Bihar- Least Literate State (63.82%)
There is a wide gender disparity in literacy in
India. Literacy rates 2011 were 82.14% for men
and 65.46% for women.
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Literacy Rate in India Over The
Years
Years Literacy Rate
1991 39%
2001 47%
2011 63.8%
2018 74.04%
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(3)Degree of Urbanisation:
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Population residing in Urban Areas in India over the years
Years Population residing in Urban Areas in India
2001 28.53%
2011 31.16%
States having higher degree of urbanisation-
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal
States having lower degree of urbanization-
Himachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh
(4)Per Capita Consumption of Electricity:
States like Punjab, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra etc., having higher degree of industrialization
and mechanization of agriculture, have recorded a higher per capita consumption of electricity.
The economically backward states like Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh
and Uttar Pradesh have lower per capita consumption of electricity.
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(5) Employment Pattern:
States attaining higher degree of industrialization are maintaining a
higher proportion of industrial workers to total population.
It is found that industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Haryana, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal are maintaining a higher average daily
employment of factory workers as compared to that lower average maintained in
industrially backward states like Assam, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan etc.
(6)Industrialization:
Before Independence, West Bengal and Maharashtra were two industrialized states of
India.
But after independence, Gujarat, Punjab and Tamil Nadu have developed the industrial
sector considerably by developing industrial units of all different sizes.
On the other hand, states like Assam, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh
have been lagging behind in industrial development.
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(7) Population living below Poverty Line:
The percentage of Population living below Poverty Line for the whole country was
12.4% in 2015.
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh are the states which have the
highest percentage of population living below Poverty Line.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Karnataka and Punjab have the
lowest percentage of population living below Poverty Line.
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(1) Size of the Community:
The village communities are smaller in area than the urban communities.
As the village communities are small, the population is also low.
(2) Intimate Relationship:
As the density of population is low, the people have intimate relationships and
face-to-face contacts with each other. In a village, everyone knows everyone.
(3) Agriculture is the Main Occupation:
Agriculture is the fundamental occupation of the rural people and forms the basis of
rural economy.
A farmer has to perform various agricultural activities for which he needs the
cooperation of other members. Usually, these members are from his family. Thus,
the members of the entire family share agricultural activities.
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(4) Close Contact with Nature:
The rural people are in close contact with nature as most of their daily activities
revolve around the natural environment.
This is the reason why rural people are more influenced by nature than an urban
people.
The villagers consider land as their real mother as they depend on it for their food,
clothing and shelter.
(5) Homogeneity of Population:
The village communities are homogenous in nature. Most of their population is
connected with agriculture and its allied occupations, though there are people
belonging to different castes, religions and classes.
(6) Social Stratification:
In rural society, social stratification is a traditional characteristic, based on caste.
The rural society is divided into various strata on the basis of caste.
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URBAN
CHARACTERISTICS:
An urban area is the region surrounding a city.
Most population of urban areas has non-agricultural jobs.
Urban areas are very developed.
There is a density of human structures such as houses commercial
buildings, roads, bridges, and railways.
"Urban area" can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs.
In the next few slides, we will learn about
the characteristics of Urban Lifestyle.
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54. P
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(1) Size:
The size of an urban community is much larger than that of a rural community.
(2) Density of Population:
Density of population in urban areas is greater than in rural communities. Urbanity and
density are positively correlated.
(3) Family:
So far as urban community is concerned, greater importance is attached to the
individual than to the family, Nuclear families are more popular in urban areas.
(4) Marriage:
In case of urban community there is a preponderance of love marriages and inter-caste
marriages. One also comes across a greater number of divorces. Sons and daughters
enjoy considerable freedom in choosing their life partners.
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(5) Occupation:
In the urban areas, the major occupations are industrial, administrative and professional
in nature.
Divisions of labor and occupational specialization are very much common in cities.
(6)Class Extremes:
A town and a city house the richest as well as the poorest of people.
In a city, the slums of the poor exist alongside the palatial bungalows of the rich, amidst
the apartments of the middle class members. The most civilized modes of behavior as
well as the worst racketeering are found in the cities.
(7) Social Heterogeneity:
Cities symbolize cultural heterogeneity.
The cities are characterized by diverse peoples, races and cultures.
There is a great variety in regard to the food habits, dress habits, living conditions,
religious beliefs, cultural outlook, customs and traditions of the urban people.
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(9) Mobility:
The most important feature of urban community is its social mobility.
In urban areas the social status of an individual is determined not by heredity or birth
but by his merit, capacity and intelligence.
(10) Materialism:
In urban area status of individual depends upon what he has.
Urban society gives lots of important to income, wealth, financial assets, salaries, costly
home, and material possessions
(11) Individualism:
The urbanites attach supreme importance to their own welfare and happiness.
They hesitate to think or act for the good of others.
(12) Rationality:
In urban community there is emphasis on rationality. Their relationship with others is based
on gain or loss. Relationship takes place on a contractual basis. Once the contract is over,
human relationship automatically comes to a close
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TRIBAL
CHARACTERISTICS:
Tribal is a group of people, often of related families, who live
together, sharing the same language, culture, and history.
A tribe is a group of distinct people, dependent on their land for their
livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient, and not integrated into the
national society.
In the next few slides, we will learn about
the characteristics of Indian tribes.
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58. P
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(1)Definite Common Geographical Area:
Tribal people live within a definite common geographical area and it is a common place for
all the members of a particular tribe occupying that region.
(2)Common Name:
Each tribe has a distinct name of its own through which it is distinguished from others.
For example in India name of tribe caste are Gond, Bhil, Garo, Munda, Kota, Meena, Naga,
etc.
(3) Common Language:
Members of one tribe speak the same language.
Each tribe has its own language, if not the script.
Members of a tribe exchange their views in a common dialect.
This element further strengthens their sense of unity.
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(4)Common Culture:
Each tribe has its own common culture.
Each tribe has prescribed patterns of behavior, festivals, dances, songs, and way to
worship.
Common culture produces homogeneity among the tribals.
(5)Sense of Unity:
Sense of unity is necessity for a true tribal life.
The existence of a tribe depends upon the tribal's sense of unity during the times of
peace and war.
(6)Marry within Group:
Tribal people generally do not marry outside their tribe and marriage within the tribe
is highly appreciated and much applauded.
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(7) Ties of Blood-relationship:
Blood-relation is the greatest bond and most powerful force inculcating
sense of unity among the tribal.
(8) Occupation:
Majority of tribal workers are engaged in agriculture. Apart from agriculture
tribal's engaged in forestry, hunting, food-gathering, etc.
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(9) Political Authority:
Tribal people need protection for this a single political authority is established and all
the powers are in the hand of this authority.
The tribal chief is helped by a tribal committee, in the events of contingencies.
Tribe is divided into a number of small groups and each group is headed by its own
leader.
The chief of a group work according to the directives received by him from the
tribal chief.
(10) Democratic Values:
The tribal social organization is based on the democratic principle.
Thus there are no institutionalized inequalities like the caste system or sex based
inequalities.
Thus men and women enjoyed equal status and freedom.
However some degrees of social inequality may be found in case of tribal chiefs or
tribal kings who enjoy a higher social status, exercise political power and possess
wealth.
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Diversity as Difference:
"Indian" culture is actually an amalgamation of very diverse, radically different cultures.
Unity in diversity focuses on the existence of unity even after lots of differences of
cultural, social, physical, linguistic, religious, political, ideological, psychological, etc.
In the next few slides, we will learn about the positive aspects of India's diversity.
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(1) Sense of togetherness:
Culturally speaking, there has been an emphasis on living a happy life
instead of a hard one.
All of our scriptures and practices seek togetherness. In us there is a sense of belonging.
We celebrate different festivals and respect their cultures.
(2)Knowing ones neighbor :
Unlike most western countries, we still know our neighbors
We might not love them but we know them, we help each other, some even half-heartedly
thinking that someday in an emergency we'll at least have someone close by.
(3) Emphasis on unity through education:
There is a pro active role on the part of government to introduce
in school and colleges inter-religious education that
can promote communal harmony.
The curriculum material always tries to show a more balanced view of religious history,
as well as promote respect for all religious traditions.
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(4)Harmonious co-existence of multiple religions:
India is a country where it is very clear to see unity in diversity because
people of many religion, race, culture and tradition live together without
affecting each other's feelings and believes to their religion.
People in India are highly spiritual and God fearing in nature so they give
respect to everyone's religion.
(5)Harmonious co-existence of multiple languages:
India is a well-known country of oldest civilization in the world where people
of many ethnic groups live together for years.
India is a country of diverse civilization where people use almost 1652
spoken languages and dialects according to their religion and choice.
In spite of being related from different cultures, traditions, religions and
languages; people here respect each other and live together with lots of
love and feeling of brotherhood.
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(6)Religious Tolerance:
Indian people have power of religious tolerance. Indians belonging to
different religions accept and respect each other's religious practices.
(7) Workplace Harmony:
Unity in diversity boosts morale of people at workplace, organization, and
community. It helps in enhancing esprit de corps, relationships, teamwork
among people thus improve performance, quality of work,
productivity and lifestyle
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8) Co-existence of various lifestyles:
People belonging to various cultures give rise to the various lifestyles on
the basis of their interest and belief.
Within India we find people from different communities preparing each
other's delicacies cuisines.
E.g.: Punjabi cooking dosa for his breakfast.
Our clothing has also been influenced by the co-existence
of multiple religions and races.
(9)Influence of multicultural in Arts:
Every ethnic group is unique and rich with its own cultural heritage.
The state has been responsible in protecting and preserving the historical
and cultural legacies, and promoting arts.
Areas like music, fine arts, drama, dance (classical, folk, etc.), theatre,
sculpture, etc. have been greatly influenced by the co-existence
of multiple ethnic groups and their cultures.
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