The past decade has seen increasingly ambitious and successful methods for outsourcing computing. Approaches such as utility computing, on-demand computing, grid computing, software as a service, and cloud computing all seek to free computer applications from the limiting confines of a single computer. Software that thus runs "outside the box" can be more powerful (think Google, TeraGrid), dynamic (think Animoto, caBIG), and collaborative (think FaceBook, myExperiment). It can also be cheaper, due to economies of scale in hardware and software. The combination of new functionality and new economics inspires new applications, reduces barriers to entry for application providers, and in general disrupts the computing ecosystem. I discuss the new applications that outside-the-box computing enables, in both business and science, and the hardware and software architectures that make these new applications possible.

1. Ian Foster Computation Institute Argonne National Lab & University of Chicago

3. 1890

4. 1953

5. “ Computation may someday be organized as a public utility … The computing utility could become the basis for a new and important industry.” John McCarthy (1961)

11. I-WAY, 1995

13. Application Infrastructure

14. Application Infrastructure Service oriented infrastructure

15. Layered grid architecture Initially custom … later Web Services Application Fabric “ Controlling things locally”: Access to, & control of, resources Connectivity “ Talking to things”: communication (Internet protocols) & security Resource “ Sharing single resources”: negotiating access, controlling use Collective “ Managing multiple resources”: ubiquitous infrastructure services User “ Specialized services”: user- or appln-specific distributed services Internet Transport Application Link Internet Protocol Architecture

17. www.opensciencegrid.org

18. www.opensciencegrid.org

19. Bennett Berthenthal et al., www.sidgrid.org

20. Brian Tieman

21. Simplified example workflows Genome sequence analysis Physics data analysis Sloan digital sky survey www.opensciencegrid.org

22. “ Sine” workload, 2M tasks, 10MB:10ms ratio, 100 nodes, GCC policy, 50GB caches/node Ioan Raicu

23. Same scenario, but with dynamic resource provisioning

25. Application Infrastructure Service oriented infrastructure

26. Application Service oriented applications Infrastructure Service oriented infrastructure

29. As of Oct 19 , 2008: 122 participants 105 services 70 data 35 analytical

33. Why not leverage dynamic deployment capabilities? Physical machine Procure hardware VM VM Deploy virtual machine State exposed & access uniformly at all levels Provisioning, management, and monitoring at all levels JVM Deploy container DRS Deploy service GridFTP LRC VO Services GridFTP Hypervisor/OS Deploy hypervisor/OS

34. Maybe we need to specialize further … User D S1 S2 S3 Service Provider “ Provide access to data D at S1, S2, S3 with performance P” Resource Provider “ Provide storage with performance P1, network with P2, …” D S1 S2 S3 Replica catalog, User-level multicast, … D S1 S2 S3

35. Infrastructure Applications

36. Energy Progress of adoption

38. US$3

39. Credit: Werner Vogels

40. Credit: Werner Vogels

41. Animoto EC2 image usage Day 1 Day 8 0 4000

42. Software Platform Infrastructure Saleforce.com, Google, Animoto, …, …, … caBIG, TG gateways

43. Software Platform Infrastructure Saleforce.com, Google, Animoto, …, …, … caBIG, TG gateways Amazon, GoGrid, Sun, Microsoft, …

44. Software Platform Infrastructure Saleforce.com, Google, Animoto, …, …, … caBIG, TG gateways Amazon, GoGrid, Sun, Microsoft, … Amazon, Google, Microsoft, …

46. Technologies used in Dynamo Problem Technique Advantage Partitioning Consistent hashing Incremental scalability High Availability for writes Vector clocks with reconciliation during reads Version size is decoupled from update rates Handling temporary failures Sloppy quorum and hinted handoff Provides high availability and durability guarantee when some of the replicas are not available Recovering from permanent failures Anti-entropy using Merkle trees Synchronizes divergent replicas in the background Membership and failure detection Gossip-based membership protocol and failure detection. Preserves symmetry and avoids having a centralized registry for storing membership and node liveness information

47. Application Service oriented applications Infrastructure Service oriented infrastructure

48. Energy Internet The Shape of Grids to Come?

50. Using IaaS in biomedical informatics My servers Chicago Chicago handle.net BIRN Chicago IaaS provider Chicago BIRN Chicago

51. “ The computer revolution hasn’t happened yet.” Alan Kay, 1997

52. Time Connectivity (on log scale) Science Enterprise Consumer “ When the network is as fast as the computer's internal links, the machine disintegrates across the net into a set of special purpose appliances” (George Gilder, 2001) Grid Cloud ????

53. Thank you! Computation Institute www.ci.uchicago.edu