The document provides an introduction to basic computer organization, including: - The history and evolution of computers from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation focusing on artificial intelligence. - The basic components of a computer including the central processing unit, main memory, input/output devices, and secondary storage. - How the CPU fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from main memory to perform operations like data movement, arithmetic, and program control. - Classifications of computers based on operating principles, application area, size, and capability.

1. INTRODUCTION
to
Basic Computer Organization
By: Prof. Ganesh Ingle

2. Module 1 objective
Introduction
Characteristic's of Computer
Evolution of Computer
Computer Generations
Classification of Computers
Basic Computer Organization

3. CHLP module 1 as per IMU syllabus

4. Computer is an electronic device.
Can store large amounts of data.
Can performing operations on data.
Performing given function on the data & displays the result as
output.
Process data whenever needed.
Known from ‘to compute’
1.1 What is Computer ?

5. Characteristic's of Computer
1.1 Computer:
Computer is an electronic device which is used to store the data, as per given instructions it
gives results quickly and accurately.
Data :
Data is a raw material of information.
Information :
Proper collection of the data is called information.
1.2 Characteristics of Computer
1. SPEED : In general, no human being can compete to solving the complex computation, faster than computer.
2. ACCURACY : Highest accuracy
3. AUTOMATIC (SPONTANEOUS)
4. DILIGENCE (ENDURANCE) : Computer can work for hours without any break and creating error.
5. ADAPTABILITY
6. VERSATILITY : We can use computer to perform completely different type of work at the same time.
7. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: AI/ML/DL/Soft AI/Hard AI
8. STORAGE :Huge Storage
9. NO IQ : Computer does not work without instruction.
10. ARITHMETICAL AND LOGICAL OPERATIONS
11. RELIABILITY

6. AI
Hard AI Soft AI
Artificial Intelligence

7. Computer works on data as per program is called process.
Processing means operations like…..
 Calculations,
 Logical decision making,
 Outputting data,
 Communicating with others computer etc.
What is Process?

8. 1.3 History and Evolution of Computers
Abacus
Napier ’s Bones
Pascaline
Punched Card System
Tabulator
Transistors

9. 1.3 History and Evolution of Computers

10. 1.4 Generations of Computers
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956) :
Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963):
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971):
Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present):
Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond):
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956) :
The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first computers
generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming
language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one
problem at a time. It would take operators days or even weeks to set-up a new problem.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

11. 1.4 Generations of Computers
Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963):
The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of
computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.
The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-
generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat
that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum
tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and
printouts for output.
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971):
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.

12. 1.4 Generations of Computers
Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present):
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation
filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,
developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond):
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality.
Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the
face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization.

13. 1.4 Generations of Computers Summary

14. Classification based on Operating
Principles
◦ A. Digital Computers
◦ B. Analog Computers
◦ C. Hybrid Computers
Classification based on Area of
Application
◦ A. Special Purpose Computers
A. B. General Purpose Computers
Classification based on Size and
Capability
◦ A. Microcomputers(Personal Computer)
i. Desktops
ii. Portables
B. Minicomputer
C. Mainframe computers
D. Supercomputer
1.5 Classification digital Computer
 Classification based on Number of
Microprocessors
i. a. Sequential computers and
ii. Parallel computers
 Classification based on Word Length and
Number of Users
i. Single User
ii. Multi User
iii. Network

15. Classification based on Size and Capability
Personal computer
A single-user computer
Can be useful at School, Home, etc.
Known as Micro Computer
Laptop, Desktop
Workstation
A powerful, single-user computer.
A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a
more powerful microprocessor
higher-quality monitor.
Can be found in companies etc.
Minicomputer
A multi-user computer
Capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
Can be found in banks, government departments etc.
1.5 Classification based on Size & Capability
Mainframe
 A powerful multi-user computer
 Capable of supporting hundreds or thousands
of users simultaneously.
Supercomputer
 An extremely fast computer
 Can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second
 Weather, scientific research can be done by
these types of computer.

16. Computer Hardware
Parts of computer, which can be touch is called hardware.
(Physical Parts)
 Monitor
 CPU
 Key Board
 Mouse
 Speaker
Computer Software
Parts of computer, which can not be touch is called software.
Operating System Software : Windows, MAC, Linux
Application Software : MS Office, Photoshop, Media Player
Internet Browser Software : Internet Explorer, Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, etc.
1.6 Hardware/Software

17. 1.6 Basic Computer Organization
Important Points
The basics of computer system organization
The stored program concept
How computer’s main memory is organized
Types of instructions for a typical processor
Scale and performance factors
based on stored program design
processor system
CPU
memory
input/output system
input/output devices
secondary storage

18. 1.6 Basic Computer Organization

19. 1.6 Basic Computer Organization
Central Processing Unit
◦ Manages the instruction-execution cycle
◦ FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE
◦ Coordinates the activities of other devices
Main Memory
(fast access) storage device for preserving binary data and instructions
memory is divided into units or words
each is usually a standard size or fixed-length
each memory word has a unique address for random access
Random Access Memory (RAM) : Readable,Writeable,usually volatile (e.g., Dynamic
RAM or DRAM) ,general storage
Read Only Memory (ROM) :Readable,Permanent,Nonvolatile,Special-purpose storage
for data and instructions

20. 1.6 Basic Computer Organization
The CPU and Main Memory

21. 1.6 Basic Computer Organization
Inside the CPU
memory
address
register
instruction
register
memory
data
register
program
counter
accumulator
(work
register)
arithmetic
logic unitsystem
clock

22. 1.6 Basic Computer Organization
Types of Processor Operations
Data Movement Operations
 Moving data from memory to the CPU
 Moving data from memory to memory
 Input and output
Arithmetic and Logical Operations
 Integer arithmetic
 Comparing two quantities
 Shifting, rotating bits in a quantity
 Testing, comparing, and converting bits
Program Control
 starting a program
 halting a program
 skipping to other instructions
 testing data to decide whether to skip over some instructions

23. 1.8 Applications of Computer
 Science research
 Education
 Business applications
 Banking
 Office Automation
 Desktop publishing
 Management aids
 Engineering designing
 Road traffic control
 Railway
 Medicine
 Information services
Applications

24. 1.9 Computer Memory

25. 1.9 Computer Memory
 Primary memory:
 Primary memory is the only type of memory which is directly accessed by the CPU. The
CPU continuously reads instructions stored in the primary memory and executes them.
Any data that has to be operated by the CPU is also stored. The information is transferred
to various locations through the BUS. Primary memories are of two types. They are:
 RAM
 ROM
 RAM: It stands for Random Access Memory. Here data can be stored temporarily, so this
type of memory is called as temporary memory or volatile memory because when power
fails the data from RAM will be erased. The information stored in the RAM is basically
loaded from the computer’s disk and includes information related to the operating system
and applications that are currently executed by the processor. RAM is considered random
access because any memory cell can be directly accessed if its address is known. RAM is of
distinct types like SRAM, DRAM, and VRAM.
 ROM: It stands for Read Only Memory. In this, the data will be furnished by the
manufacturers regarding the system, so this information can simply be read by the user
but cannot add new data or it cannot be modified. ROMs are of distinct types:
 PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory
 EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
 EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

26. 1.9 Computer Memory
 Secondary memory:
 Secondary memory or auxiliary memory consists of slower and less expensive device that
communicates indirectly with CPU via main memory. The secondary memory stores the
data and keeps it even when the power fails. It is used to store or save large data or
programs or other information. The secondary storage devices are explained below:
 Magnetic disks, Magnetic tape, Optical disk,USB flash drive
 Mass storage devices
 1.Magnetic disks: Magnetic disks are made of rigid metals or synthetic plastic material.
The disk platter is coated on both the surfaces with magnetic material and both the
surfaces can be used for storage. The magnetic disk furnishes direct access and is for both
small and large computer systems. The magnetic disk comes in two forms:
 Floppy disks
 Hard disks
 2. Magnetic tape: magnetic tape is serial access storage medium and it can store a large
volume of data at low costs. The conventional magnetic tape is in reels of up to 3600 feet
made of Mylar plastic tape. The tape is one-half inch in width and is coated with magnetic
material on one side. The reel of tape is loaded on a magnetic tape drive unit. During any
read/write operation, the tape is moved from one spool to another in the same way as in
the audiocassette tape recorder. The magnetic tape is densely packed with magnetic spots
in frames across its width.

27. 1.9 Computer Memory
 3. Optical drives: optical drives are a storage medium from which data is read and to
which it is written by lasers. Optical disks can store much more data up to 6GB. Optical
store devices are the most widely used and reliable storage devices. The most widely used
type of optical storage devices are explained below:
 CD – ROM,DVD – ROM,CD – RECORDABLE,CD – REWRITABLE,PHOTO – CD
 4. USB flash drives: USB flash drives are removable, rewritable and are physically much
smaller drives, which have the weight of less than 30g. In the year of 2010, the storage
capacity of the USB flash drives was as large as 256GB. Such devices are a good substitute
for floppy disks and CD – ROMs as they are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more
capacity, and are more durable and reliable. Until 2005, most desktop and laptop
computers had floppy disk drives, but nowadays floppy disk drives have been abandoned
in favor of USB ports. The USB connector is often protected inside a removable cap,
although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. USB flash drives draw power from
the computer through external USB connection.
 5. Mass storage devices: Mass storage devices refer to the saving of huge data in a
persistent manner. Mass storage machines can store up to several trillion bytes of data and
hence are used to store or save large databases, such as the information of customers of a
big retail chain and library transactions of students in a college. Some of the commonly
used mass storage devices are explained below:
 Disk array, Automated tape, CD – ROM jukebox

28. THANK YOU
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