About Computine

1. Introduction to Computing
By: Roll #:
Ali Raza 24
Sana Shabir 11
Faiza Naeem 40
Arqam Saleem 41

2. CONTENTS
 Computer definition.
 Characteristics of Computer.
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Computer.
 Data & Information.
 Comparison between Data & information.
 ComputerTypes ( Analog, Digital ,Hybrid )
 Software & Hardware.
 Digital Machine.

3. Computer
Definition
Meaning of Computer
Derived from Latin word “Computare”
The word “compute” means to calculate
This word was firstly used by mathematicians
Primary Definition
Computer is an electronic machine and has its own
memory
Accept input data
Manipulates input data according to specified rules
Produces results/output
Stores the results/output for further use
Mathematician’s Definition
A problem solving machine

4. Characteristics:
No human being can compete to solving complex computation- faster than
computer.
Work for hours-without break creating error.
Perform completely different type work at same time.
Remember data.
No Response without instruction.
No Feelings.
Speed
Diligence
Versatility
Power of Remembering
No IQ.
No Feeling

5. Advantages
IN EDUCATION
Access to information
Research Capabilities
Easiness
Makes education enjoyable
IN BUSINESS
Self-Sufficiency
Cost-Effective
Better Information
Cheaper Research and Development
Higher Sales
Faster Operations

6. DISADVANTAGES
 Unemployment
 Wastage of time and energy
 Data Security
 Computer Crimes
 Privacy violation
 Health risks
 Impact on Environment

7. Data and Information
Data
Information
Comparison Between Data & Information.

8. DATA
 Latin word.
 Raw facts and figures.
 Raw mean un-processed, un-organized without manipulation.
 Data is huge, input and meaning-less.
 Independent.

9. Information:
• Processed data.
• Meaning-full
• Organized , Output.
• Depends on Data.
• Short in volume.
• Its Classified data which has some
meaningful values for the receiver.
Data Data Data
Processing
Information

10. COMPARISON:
Data Information
Input Output
Un-processed Processed form
Doesn’t carry a Meaning Carry a logical Meaning
Raw material Product
Not Specific Specific

11. COMPUTER TYPES
Computer
Analog Digital Hybrid

12. ANALOG COMPUTER
• An analog computer is uses the continuously
changeable aspects of physical phenomena
• Such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities
to model the problem being solved
• Analog computers were widely used in scientific and
industrial applications
• Analog computers largely obsolete in 1960 because of
digital computer
• They remain only in use in specific applications, like
the flight computer in aircraft, and for teaching control
systems in universities

13. EXAMPLES
• Antikythera mechanism, dating between 150 to 100 BC
• A slide rule
• Heathkit EC-1 educational analog computer

14. Software:
 Instructions given to computer to solve a problem.
 Easier Component.
 Flexibility to change.
 Logical Components.
 Intangible Component.

15. TYPES OF SOFTWARE:
 System Software.
 Application Software.

16. System Software:
 Operating System
 Device Driver
 Language Translator
 Utility Software

17. OPERATING SYSTEM:
 An essential component.
 Manage Hardware & Software resources.
 Provide common services.
 Use in every Purpose.
 Perform Basic Tasks

18. Device Deriver:
Commonly known as a driver.
Control particular device- attaché computer.
Enable interaction with hardware device.
Usually communicates with hardware-means of the communications subsystem , computer bus-
which hardware connected.

19. Language Translator:
 Convert programming source code into language -computer understands.
 Programming source code has various structures-commands, but
computer-understand machine language.
 Types: compilers, assemblers, and interpreters.

20. Utility Software:
• Design to help analyze-Configure-Optimizes and maintain.
• Usually focuses on how the computer infrastructure
(including the computer hardware, operating system, software and
data storage)

21. Application Software
Custom-built
Packages software

22. CUSTOM-BUILT:

23. Packages Software:
 Term used describe software-bunched together making-complete
set.
 Microsoft Office is package software.
 Include many software programs-used in the office-Microsoft Excel.

24. Hardware
 Physical parts of computer.
 Difficult to change.
 TangibleComponent.
 Devices that are required to store and execute (run) the software.
 Example:CPU , Printer , Mouse etc.

25. COMPUTER AS DIGITAL MACHINE
 Digital machine is a machine in which only two (Binary) states of voltage. That is “ON”
or “OFF”.
 Computer is also a digital electronic machine.
 Computer based on binary digits (1,0).
 The smallest switch in the computer is called “Bit”.
 The word “Bit” come from the term “Binary Digits”.
 Bi from Binary and it from digits, so it makes a new word/term Bit.
 Actually the binary digits 1 and 0, each are called a bit4 bit is equal to one nibble.
And this 4 bit system is commonly used in simple calculators.
 Normally 1 character in a computer is equal to 1 byte (8 bits).