The typical computer configuration includes a CPU, memory, and input/output devices. The CPU processes instructions and data stored in memory. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, and scanners, while common output devices are monitors and audio speakers. Memory can be either primary memory like RAM that is volatile, or secondary memory like hard disks that is non-volatile.
C language computer introduction to the computer hardwareNIKHIL KRISHNA
C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and therefore it has found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language, including operating systems, as well as various application software for computers ranging from supercomputers to embedded systems.
C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs,[5] and used to re-implement the Unix operating system.[6] It has since become one of the most widely used programming languages of all time,[7][8] with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems. C has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) since 1989 (see ANSI C) and subsequently by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
C language computer introduction to the computer hardwareNIKHIL KRISHNA
C (/ˈsiː/, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and therefore it has found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language, including operating systems, as well as various application software for computers ranging from supercomputers to embedded systems.
C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs,[5] and used to re-implement the Unix operating system.[6] It has since become one of the most widely used programming languages of all time,[7][8] with C compilers from various vendors available for the majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems. C has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) since 1989 (see ANSI C) and subsequently by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
A computer is an electronic device that takes data and instructions as input, processes the data and produces useful information as output.
First Calculating machine: Abacus means calculating board.
Mechanical device Napier Bones for the purpose of multiplication.
Slide rule for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Pascal’s adding and subtractory machine.
Leibniz’s multiplication and dividing machine.
Charles babbage’s analytical engine.
Mechanical and electrical calculator to perform all type of calculation.
Modern electronic calculator.
||||The compilation and execution process of C can be divided into multiple steps:|||
Preprocessing - Using a Preprocessor program to convert C source code in expanded source code. "#includes" and "#defines" statements will be processed and replaced actually source codes in this step.
Compilation - Using a Compiler program to convert C expanded source to assembly source code.
Assembly - Using a Assembler program to convert assembly source code to object code.
Linking - Using a Linker program to convert object code to executable code. Multiple units of object codes are linked to together in this step.
Loading - Using a Loader program to load the executable code into CPU for execution.
|||Steps to solve a Problem||||
Analyze the problem.
Divide the process used to solve the problem in a series of tasks.
Formulate the algorithm to solve the problem.
Convert the algorithm in computer program.
Write the program in computer.
Input the data.
Program operates on input data.
Result produced.
Send the generated result to output unit to display it to user.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Chapter 3:
Computer Hardware
Components:
CPU, Memory, and I/O
What is the typical configuration of a computer
sold today?
The Computer Continuum 1-1
2. Computer Hardware
Components
In this chapter:
• How did the computer become known as the stored-program
computer?
– Do they all have the same characteristics?
• Memory on chips and memory on magnetic media, how do
they differ?
• What do you look for when comparing memory devices?
• How is information moved around within the computer?
• How can you help your computer run better?
The Computer Continuum 3-2
3. Basic Concepts of
Computer Hardware
Primary Memory
Input CPU Output
Units (Central Processing Unit) Units
This model of the typical digital computer is often called the
von Neumann computer.
• Programs and data are stored in the same memory: primary
memory.
• The computer can only perform one instruction at a time.
The Computer Continuum 3-3
4. Basic Concepts of
Computer Hardware
Input/Output (I/O): Refers to the process of getting
information into and out of the computer.
• Input: Those parts of the computer receiving information to
programs.
• Output: Those parts of the computer that provide results of
computation to the person using the computer.
The Computer Continuum 3-4
5. Sources of Data
for the Computer
Two types of data stored within a computer:
• Original data or information: Data being introduced to a
computing system for the first time.
– Computers can deal directly with printed text, pictures,
sound, and other common types of information.
• Previously stored data or information: Data that has already
been processed by a computer and is being stored for later use.
– These are forms of binary data useful only to the computer.
– Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs.
The Computer Continuum 3-5
6. Input Devices
Two categories of input hardware:
• Those that deal with original data.
• Those that handle previously stored data.
The Computer Continuum 3-6
7. Input Devices
Input hardware: Those that deal with original data.
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Voice recognition hardware
• Scanner
• Digital camera
Digitizing: The process of taking a visual image, or
audio recording and converting it to a binary form for
the computer.
• Used as data for programs to display, play or manipulate the
digitized data.
The Computer Continuum 3-7
8. Input Devices
Connecting Hardware to the computer:
• Hardware needs access through some general input/output
connection.
– Port: The pathway for data to go into and out of the
computer from external devices such as keyboards.
• There are many standard ports as well as custom
electronic ports designed for special purposes.
• Ports follow standards that define their use.
» SCSI, USB: Multiple peripheral devices (chain).
» RS-232, IDE: Individual peripheral devices.
– Peripheral device: A piece of hardware like a printer or
disk drive, that is outside the main computer.
The Computer Continuum 3-8
9. Input Devices
Connecting Hardware to the computer: (continued)
• Hardware needs software on the computer that can service the
device.
– Device driver: Software addition to the operating system
that will allow the computer to communicate with a
particular device.
The Computer Continuum 3-9
10. Input Devices
Common Basic Technologies for Storing Binary
Information:
• Electronic
• Magnetic
• Optical
The Computer Continuum 3-10
11. Input Devices
Electronic Circuits
• Most expensive of the three forms for storing binary
information.
• A flip-flop circuit has either one electronic status or the other.
It is said to flip-flop from one to the other.
• Electronic circuits come in two forms:
– Permanent
– Non-permanent
The Computer Continuum 3-11
12. Input Devices
Magnetic Technology
• Two parts to most of the magnetic forms of information
storage:
– The medium that stores the magnetic information.
• Example: Floppy disk. Tiny spots on the disk are
magnetized to represent 0s and 1s.
– The device that can “read” that information from the
medium.
• The drive spins the disk.
• It has a magnetic sensing arm that moves over the
disk.
• Performs nondestructive reading.
The Computer Continuum 3-12
13. Input Devices
Optical
• Uses lasers to “read” the binary information from the
medium, usually a disc.
– Millions of tiny holes are “burned” into the surface of the
disc.
– The holes are interpreted as 1s. The absence of holes are
interpreted as 0s.
The Computer Continuum 3-13
14. Input Devices
Secondary Memory Input Devices
• These input devices are used by a computer to store
information and then to retrieve that information as needed.
– External to the computer.
– Commonly consists of floppy disks, hard disk drives, or
CD-ROMs.
• Secondary memory uses binary.
– The usual measurement is the byte.
• A byte consists of 8 binary digits (bits). The byte is a
standard unit.
The Computer Continuum 3-14
15. Input Devices
The four most important characteristics of storage
devices:
• Speed and access time
• Cost / Removable versus non-removable
• Capacity
• Type of access
The Computer Continuum 3-15
16. Input Devices
Speed (Access time) - How fast information can be
taken from or stored onto the computer memory
device’s medium.
• Electronic circuits: Fastest to access.
– 40 billionths of a second.
• Floppy disks: Very slow in comparison.
– Takes up to 1/2 second to reach full speed before access is
even possible.
The Computer Continuum 3-16
17. Input Devices
Cost
• Megabyte: A Million bytes.
• Gigabyte: A billion bytes.
• Two parts to a removable secondary storage device:
– The cost of the medium. (Cheaper if bought in quantity)
– The cost of the drive.
Examples: Cost for drive Cost for medium
Floppy drive (1.4MB) 59.00 .50
Zip 100 (100 MB) 99.00 10.00
CD-WR (650 MB) 360.00 and up 1.00
The Computer Continuum 3-17
18. Input Devices
Capacity - The amount of information that can be
stored on the medium.
Unit Description Approximate Size
1 bit 1 binary digit
1 nibble 4 bits
1 byte 8 bits 1 character
1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes ≈1/2 page, double spaced
1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes ≈500,000 pages
1 million bytes
1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes ≈5 million pages
1 billion bytes
1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes ≈5 billion pages
The Computer Continuum 3-18
19. Input Devices
Type of Access
– Sequential - Obtained by proceeding through the storage
medium from the beginning until the designated area is
reached (as in magnetic tape).
– Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy and hard
disks).
The Computer Continuum 3-19
20. Primary Memory
Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and program that
are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use.
• Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and expensive.
• Two types:
– RAM (non-permanent)
• Programs and data can be stored here for the
computer’s use.
• Volatile: All information will be lost once the
computer shuts down.
– ROM (permanent)
• Contents do not change.
The Computer Continuum 3-20
21. The Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit ( CPU)
• Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer.
• Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system.
• The three major components of the CPU are:
1. Arithmetic Unit (Computations performed)
Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)
2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept)
Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis)
Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?)
3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)
• Motherboard: The place where most of the electronics
including the CPU are mounted.
The Computer Continuum 3-21
22. Output Devices
Output units store and display information (calculated
results and other messages) for us to see and use.
• Floppy disk drives and Hard disk drives.
• Display monitors: Hi-resolution monitors come in two types:
– Cathode ray tube (CRT) - Streams of electrons make
phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube.
– Liquid crystal display (LCD) - A flat panel display that
uses crystals to let varying amounts of different colored
light to pass through it.
• Developed primarily for portable computers.
The Computer Continuum 3-22
23. Output Devices
Audio Output Devices
• Windows machines need special audio card for audio output.
• Macintosh has audio playback built in.
• Audio output is useful for:
– Music
• CD player is a computer.
• Most personal computers have CD players that can
access both music CDs and CD-ROMs.
– Voice synthesis (becoming more human sounding.)
– Multimedia
– Specialized tasks (i.e.: elevator’s floor announcements)
The Computer Continuum 3-23
24. Output Devices
Optical Disks: CD-ROM and DVD
• CD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory)
– By its definition, CD-ROM is Read Only.
– Special CD drives “burn” information into blank CDs.
• Burn: A laser is used to “burn” craters into the
surface to represent a binary 1.
• Two main types of CDs:
» CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)
» CD-WR (Compact Disk - ReWritable)
– It takes longer to write to a CD-R than a hard drive.
– Special software is needed to record.
The Computer Continuum 3-24
25. Output Devices
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
• Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB to 17 GB).
• Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.
• The four versions of the DVD:
The Computer Continuum 3-25
26. Output Devices
Storage Requirements: How much storage capacity is
needed for…
• One keystroke on a keyboard. 1 byte (8 bits)
• One page single-spaced document. 4.0 K
• Nineteen pages formatted text. 75 K
• One second of high-fidelity sound. 95-110 K
• Complete word processing program. 8.4 MG
Storage Capacity: How much data can be stored on…
• One inch of 1/2 in. wide magnetic tape. 4K
• One 3 1/2” floppy disk, high density. 1.4 MG
• One Compact Disk. 650 MG
• One DVD. up to 17 GB
The Computer Continuum 3-26
27. Moving Information
Within the Computer
How do binary numerals move into, out of, and within
the computer?
• Information is moved about in bytes, or multiple bytes called
words.
– Words are the fundamental units of information.
– The number of bits per word may vary per computer.
– A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits:
The Computer Continuum 3-27
28. Moving Information
Within the Computer
Bits that compose a word are
passed in parallel from place
to place.
• Ribbon cables:
– Consist of several
wires, molded together.
– One wire for each bit of
the word or byte.
– Additional wires
coordinate the activity
of moving information.
– Each wire sends
information in the form
of a voltage pulse.
The Computer Continuum 3-28
29. Moving Information
Within the Computer
Example of sending
the word WOW over
the ribbon cable
• Voltage pulses
corresponding to
the ASCII codes
would pass
through the cable.
The Computer Continuum 3-29
30. Packaging the Computer
Fast Expensive Complex Large
The many physical forms of the
general purpose computer: Super Computers
• All follow general
Mainframe Computers
organization:
– Primary memory
Minicomputers
– Input units
– Output units Microcomputer
– Central Processing Unit
Palmtop Computer
• Grouped according to speed,
cost, size, and complexity.
Calculator
Slow Cheap Simple Small
The Computer Continuum 3-30
31. Software Tools for Maintaining
Your Computer Hardware
Utility Programs exist that can help diagnose and solve
computer hardware problems.
• Four major problem areas where utility programs are helpful:
– Finding and fixing problems.
• Testing Input/Output peripherals.
• Testing RAM, motherboard, video cards.
• Recovering deleted files or fixing damaged disks.
– Improving computer performance.
• De-fragmenting a disk (Packs all files closer together).
– Preventative maintenance.
– Troubleshooting.
• Locates incompatible programs.
The Computer Continuum 3-31