This document provides an overview of computer fundamentals and hardware components. It defines a computer as a machine that processes data under a program's instructions. Key hardware components include the processor for carrying out instructions, memory for storing programs and data, and storage devices like hard drives, flash drives, and cloud storage. Input devices discussed are keyboards, mice, touchscreens, and scanners. Output devices covered are monitors in the forms of CRT and flat panels, and printers like inkjet, laser, and dot matrix. The document also distinguishes between data, information, and software applications.

1. Computer Fundamentals
& Internet Part 1

2. Computer
 machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical
calculations or electronic communication, under the
control of a set of instructions called a program.
 is an electronic device used to process data

3. Limitation of Computer
 A computer cannot generate information on its own. It must be told
what-to-do when to start, stop, compute and make the next move.
Computer is basically subject to human control.
 A computer can detect but generally cannot correct on its own in an
accurate entry. It cannot correct wrong instructions. It does not have
the “common sense” to correct the incorrect data or instructions but it
can inform you that there is an error.
 Computers need periodic maintenance support.
 A computer is subject to occasional breakdown normally due to power
failure or power fluctuations.

4. Data
 May be defined as the knowledge contained in the human
brain and in all electronic and written records.
 Definite knowledge acquired or supplied about something
or somebody
 The collected facts and data about a particular subject

5. Information
 information output by a sensing device or organ that
includes both useful and irrelevant or redundant
information and must be processed to be meaningful.
 often in the form of facts or figures obtained from
experiments or surveys, used as a basis for making
calculations or drawing conclusions.

6. Computer

7. Hardware
 refers to any part of the computer you can touch.
 Hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices
that you can use to control the computer’s operation,
input, and output.
 refers to the physical equipment of a computer
information system.

8. Hardware
 Processor
 Memory
 Storage Device
 Input and output Device

9. Processor
 The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information is called processing.
 To perform this transformation, the computer use two components: the processor and
memory.
 The processor is like the brain of the computer, the part that organizes and carries out
instructions that come from either the user or the software.

10. Memory
 is the computers electronic scratch pad.
 Programs are loaded into and run from memory.
 Data used by the program is also loaded into memory for fast access.

11. Storage Device
 Magnetic storage devices
 Optical storage devices
 Flash memory devices
 Online and Cloud

12. Magnetic Storage Devices
Today, magnetic storage is one of the most common types of storage used with
computers and is the technology that many computer hard drives use.
 Floppy diskette
 Hard drive
 Magnetic strip
 SuperDisk
 Tape cassette
 Zip diskette

13. Optical Storage Devices
Another common storage is optical storage, which uses lasers and lights as its
method of reading and writing data.
 Blu-Ray disc
 CD-ROM disc
 CD-R and CD-RW disc
 DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW disc

14. Flash Memory Devices
Flash memory has started to replace magnetic media as it becomes cheaper as it
is the more efficient and reliable solution.
 Jump drive or flash drive
 Memory card
 Memory stick
 SSD

15. Online and Cloud
Storing data online and in cloud storage is becoming popular as people need to
access their data from more than one device.
 Cloud storage
 Network media

16. Input Devices
 Primary Input Devices:
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Other Input Devices:
 Pens
 Touch Screen
 Barcode Readers
 Image Scanners and Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

17. Keyboard
 The keyboard is the primary input device for entering text and numbers.
 It is a relatively simple device, consisting of about 100 keys, each of which
sends a different character code to the CPU.
 It was one of the first peripherals to be used with PC’s, and it is still the most
common; you will find a keyboard either built into or attached to every PC.

18. Mouse
 Mouse is device used to control on-screen cursor for such actions as “pressing”
on-screen buttons in dialog boxes, choosing menu items, and selecting ranges
of cells in spreadsheets or groups of words in a document.

19. Pens
 Pens based system use an electronic pen as their primary input device.
 You hold the pen in your hand and write on a special pad or directly on the
screen.

20. Touch Screen
 Touch screen allows the user to point directly at the computer display, usually
to select from a menu of choices on the screen

21. Barcode Reader
 Barcode Readers are the most widely used input device after the keyboard and
mouse.
 The most common type of barcode reader is the flatbed model, which is
commonly found in supermarkets and department stores.

22. Image Scanner
 Image Scanner convert any image into electronic form by shining light onto the
image and sensing the intensity of the reflection at every point.

23. Output Device
Monitors
Printers

24. Monitor
 in computer science, device connected to a computer that displays
information on a screen.
 Modern computer monitors can display a wide variety of information, including
text, icons (pictures representing commands), photographs, computer
rendered graphics, video, and animation.

25. Types of Monitor
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)  Flat-Panel Display

26. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 an electron tube, or evacuated glass container, having at one end a cathode,
or negative electrode, and a device called an electron gun that projects a
beam of electrons against a luminescent screen at the opposite end of the
tube.

27. Flat – Panel Display
 There are several types of flat – panel monitors, but the most common is the
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor.

28. Printers
 A computer peripheral that puts text or a computer-generated image on paper
or on another medium.

29. Ink-Jet Printers
 A computer-controlled array of ink nozzles can produce images on a moving
sheet or a web of paper.
 Simple ink-jet printers are used routinely to print variable information such as
the expiration dates on food packages or address labels on direct mail pieces,
and are sometimes installed on the end of a conventional printing press.

30. Laser Printers
 are more expensive than ink – jet printers, their print quality is higher, and
most are faster.
 An electrophotographic printer that is based on the technology used by
photocopiers.
 A focused laser beam and a rotating mirror are used to draw an image of the
desired page on a photosensitive drum.

31. Dot Matrix Printer
 uses a print head that moves back-and-forth, or in an up-and-down motion, on
the page and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the
paper, much like the print mechanism on a typewriter

32. Software
 The programs that help people accomplish specific tasks are referred to as
application software.
 Application software has been written to do almost every task imaginable.
 Thousands of applications are available; however, some major categories you
are likely to encounter are:
 Word processing software
 Spreadsheet
 Database management software
 Graphics, multimedia, and presentation applications
 Entertainment and education software
 Utilities
 Communication software