This document discusses sentence comprehension and some of the key theories about how it works. It defines sentence comprehension as understanding the meaning derived from words based on linguistic structures and constraints. Some important factors in comprehension are grammatical roles, sentence structure, and identifying constituents. Sentence comprehension must deal with ambiguities. Theories discuss modular vs. interactive processing, serial vs. parallel construction of interpretations, and models like the Garden Path model and constraint-based models that integrate probabilistic information.
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Models of Parsing: Two-Stage Models
Models of Parsing: Constraint-Based Models
Story context effects
Subcategory frequency effects
Cross-linguistic frequency data
Semantic effects
Prosody
Visual context effects
Interim Summary
Argument Structure Hypothesis
Limitations, Criticisms, and Some Alternative Parsing Theories
Construal
Race-based parsing
Good-enough parsing
Parsing Long-Distance
Dependencies
Summary and Conclusions
Test Yourself
When people speak, they produce sequences of words. When people listen or read, they also deal with sequences of words. Speakers systematically organize those sequences of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
The study of syntax involves discovering the cues that languages provide that show how words in sentences relate to one another.
The study of syntactic parsing involves discovering how comprehenders use those cues to determine how words in sentences relate to one another during the process of interpreting sentence.
Parsing means to breaking down a sentence into its component parts so that the meaning of the sentence can be understood.
This can either be the category of words (Nouns, Pronouns, verbs, adjectives. Etc.)
Or other elements such as verbs tense (present, past, future)
In a phrase structure tree, the labels, like NP, VP, and S, are called nodes and the connections between the different nodes form branches.
The patterns of nodes and branches show how the words in the sentence are grouped together to form phrases and clauses.
Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a ProcessCRISALDO CORDURA
This is are 3 presenter presentation on the discussion of "Two Views of Discourse Structure: As a Product and As a Process"
Credit to
https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/8/8_2020_03_30!04_57_35_PM.pptx
and
The book from the school
Models of Parsing: Two-Stage Models
Models of Parsing: Constraint-Based Models
Story context effects
Subcategory frequency effects
Cross-linguistic frequency data
Semantic effects
Prosody
Visual context effects
Interim Summary
Argument Structure Hypothesis
Limitations, Criticisms, and Some Alternative Parsing Theories
Construal
Race-based parsing
Good-enough parsing
Parsing Long-Distance
Dependencies
Summary and Conclusions
Test Yourself
When people speak, they produce sequences of words. When people listen or read, they also deal with sequences of words. Speakers systematically organize those sequences of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
The study of syntax involves discovering the cues that languages provide that show how words in sentences relate to one another.
The study of syntactic parsing involves discovering how comprehenders use those cues to determine how words in sentences relate to one another during the process of interpreting sentence.
Parsing means to breaking down a sentence into its component parts so that the meaning of the sentence can be understood.
This can either be the category of words (Nouns, Pronouns, verbs, adjectives. Etc.)
Or other elements such as verbs tense (present, past, future)
In a phrase structure tree, the labels, like NP, VP, and S, are called nodes and the connections between the different nodes form branches.
The patterns of nodes and branches show how the words in the sentence are grouped together to form phrases and clauses.
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In recent years, great advances have been made in the speed, accuracy, and coverage of automatic word
sense disambiguator systems that, given a word appearing in a certain context, can identify the sense of
that word. In this paper we consider the problem of deciding whether same words contained in different
documents are related to the same meaning or are homonyms. Our goal is to improve the estimate of the
similarity of documents in which some words may be used with different meanings. We present three new
strategies for solving this problem, which are used to filter out homonyms from the similarity computation.
Two of them are intrinsically non-semantic, whereas the other one has a semantic flavor and can also be
applied to word sense disambiguation. The three strategies have been embedded in an article document
recommendation system that one of the most important Italian ad-serving companies offers to its customers
In recent years, great advances have been made in the speed, accuracy, and coverage of automatic word
sense disambiguator systems that, given a word appearing in a certain context, can identify the sense of
that word. In this paper we consider the problem of deciding whether same words contained in different
documents are related to the same meaning or are homonyms. Our goal is to improve the estimate of the
similarity of documents in which some words may be used with different meanings. We present three new
strategies for solving this problem, which are used to filter out homonyms from the similarity computation.
Two of them are intrinsically non-semantic, whereas the other one has a semantic flavor and can also be
applied to word sense disambiguation. The three strategies have been embedded in an article document
recommendation system that one of the most important Italian ad-serving companies offers to its customers.
Metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon, the study of metaphor is a complicated task, and the exploration of metaphor is still going on. This present paper attempts to interpret metaphor from pragmaticapproaches from the perspectives of Indirect Speech Act Theory, Conversational Implicature Theory and Relevance Theory respectively, aiming at making a contrastive study of these three interpretations and finding features including similarities and differences and limitations among them.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Definition
Sentence comprehension refers to the ability to
understand the meaning derived from a string of
words, guided by a set of linguistic structures and
constraints
Sentence comprehension processes involve more than
combining the meaning of individual words in a
sensible fashion
The grammatical roles that nouns play (e.g., subject vs
object) and sentence structure (e.g., active vs passive)
play a role in determining sentence meaning. Most
models of sentence comprehension assume that in
order to understand a sentence, the constituents (e.g.,
noun phrase, verb phrase, and prepositional phrase) of
a sentence must be identified and related to each other
structurally.
3. Ambiguity and
Sentence
Comprehensio
n
Sentence comprehension has to deal with ambiguity in
spoken and written utterances, for example lexical,
structural, and semantic ambiguities.
For example, the sentenceTime flies like an arrow
has (at least) the interpretationTime moves as
quickly as an arrow. A special kind of fly, called time
fly, likes arrows and measures the speed of flies like
you would measure the speed of an arrow.
Instances of ambiguity can be classified as local or
global ambiguities.
4. A sentence is globally ambiguous if it has two distinct interpretations.
Examples are sentences like Someone shot the servant of the actress who
was on the balcony. (was it the servant or the actress who was on the
balcony?) orThe cop chased the criminal with a fast car. (did the cop or the
criminal have a fast car?). Comprehenders may have a preferential
interpretation for either of these cases, but syntactically and semantically,
neither of the possible interpretations can be ruled out.
Local ambiguities persist only for a short amount of time as an utterance is
heard or writtenand are resolved during the course of the utterance, so that
the complete utterance has only one interpretation. Examples include
sentences likeThe critic wrote the interview was enlightening, which is
ambiguous whenThe critic wrote the book has been encountered, but was
enlightening remains to be processed. At this point, the sentence could
either end, stating that the critic is the author of the book, or it could go on
to clarify that the critic wrote something about a book.The ambiguity ends
as enlightening, which determines that the second alternative is correct.
6. Architectural Issues
Modular vs Interactive
A modular view of sentence processing assumes that each factor involved in sentence processing is
computed in its own module, which has limited means of communication with the other modules. For
example, syntactic analysis creation takes place without input from semantic analysis or context-
dependent information, which are processed separately.
Interactive accounts assume that all available information is processed at the same time and can
immediately influence the computation of the final analysis.
Serial vs. Parallel
Serial accounts assume that humans construct only one of the possible interpretations at first, and try
another only if the first one turns out to be wrong. Parallel accounts assume the construction of multiple
interpretations at the same time.To explain why comprehenders are usually only aware of one possible
analysis of what they hear, models can assume that all analyses ranked, and the highest-ranking one is
entertained.
7. Models
Garden Path Model
The Garden Path Model (Frazier 1987) is a serial modular parsing model. It
proposes that a single parse is constructed by a syntactic module. Contextual
and semantic factors influence processing at a later stage and can induce re-
analysis of the syntactic parse. Re-analysis is costly and leads to an observable
slowdown in reading. When the parser encounters an ambiguity, it is guided by
two principles: Late Closure and Minimal Attachment.
Constraint-based model
Constraint-based theories of language comprehension [1] emphasize how
people make use of the vast amount of probabilistic information available in
the linguistic signal.Through statistical learning,[2] we pick up on the
frequencies and distribution of events in our linguistic environments, which
inform language comprehension.As such, language users are said to arrive at a
particular interpretation over another during the comprehension of an
ambiguous sentence by rapidly integrating these probabilistic constraints.
