This study investigated the effects of supplementing broiler drinking water with leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, and Cichorium intybus on growth performance, immune response, and carcass characteristics. Broilers given water supplemented with A. indica extract exhibited better growth, immunity, and some carcass traits compared to other groups. Specifically, A. indica supplemented broilers had higher weight gain, feed intake, antibody levels against diseases, dressing percentage, and breast meat yield. Therefore, the study concluded that A. indica leaf extract is an effective and inexpensive herbal growth promoter for broilers that improves performance without harmful residual effects.
The Effects of Different Levels Aqueous Extract of Fenugreek (Trigonella foen...Ali Olfati
This study examined the effects of different levels of fenugreek extract in drinking water on performance and immune response in laying hens. 240 laying hens were given 0, 5, 10, or 15 ml/L of fenugreek extract in their water for 6 weeks. Higher levels of fenugreek extract improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio. The 15 ml/L treatment significantly increased performance over other treatments. Fenugreek extract also enhanced immune response, with the highest antibody titer seen in hens given 15 ml/L. In conclusion, fenugreek extract supplementation of laying hen drinking water effectively improved both production performance and immune system functioning.
Effect of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) roots on small ruminants naturally inf...Innspub Net
Parasites pose a significant threat to the health of small ruminants. Natural products such as Adlai roots have anthelmintic potentials. The study aimed to determine the Anthelmintic potential to the small ruminants. A total of 12 goats and sheep regardless of sex and age were used in the study and randomly distributed into four (4) Treatments with Three (3) replications following Randomized Complete Block Design. There were four different levels of Treatments. Treatment 1 as the control, Treatment 2 (100ml of Adlai roots decoction), Treatment 3 (150ml of Adlai roots decoction), and Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Freshly excreted feces were collected and placed in plastic cups and immediately examined through Modified Mc Master Test to evaluate the Anthelmintic activity of the designated treatments. The evaluation criteria were based on the frequency counts of egg parasites and oocysts per 2 grams of feces under different treatments. Results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Tukey’s test was used to compare treatment means showing significant difference. Statistical results were non-significant among Treatment means in all of the parameters except for the strongylid counts for the month of April which showed significant difference among treatment mean at (P< 0.05) where sheep treated with Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Adlai roots decoction has anti-parasitic activity.
The effects of different levels of Chlorella microalgae on blood biochemical ...Ali Olfati
This document describes a study that investigated the effects of supplementing different levels of Chlorella microalgae on blood parameters and mineral concentrations in laying hens under heat stress conditions. The study found that supplementing 200-500 ppm of Chlorella microalgae decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in the hens, while HDL levels increased. Supplementing 300-500 ppm of Chlorella microalgae also increased plasma levels of manganese, iodine, and selenium in the hens. The results suggest that supplementing Chlorella microalgae at higher rates can benefit the blood parameters of laying hens reared under heat stress.
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
This study examined the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with ginger (Zingiber officinale L) and black pepper (Piper guineense Schum & Thonn) additives. A total of 240 day old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was the control with no additive, Treatment 2 had 0.5% ginger powder, Treatment 3 had 0.5% black pepper powder, while Treatment 4 had a mixture of 0.25% ginger and 0.25% black pepper. From the results obtained, the ginger, black pepper and their combination diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in weight gain from the control diet, with the ginger diet recording the highest value of 2299.09g per bird, as against 1821.77g per bird from the control. Average feed intake was highest in the ginger diet with 5130.14g as against the control diet that had the least with 4420.71g. The ginger and combination diets gave better feed conversion ratio of 2.23 and 2.28 respectively, which was also significantly different from the control. Mortality recorded in the control treatment was highest with 5.00% and significantly different from the other treatments. Plucked weight of experimental birds was highest in diet 2 with 2165.53g and least in the control diet with 1710.31g. It can be concluded that the addition of the natural plant additives improved the measured parameters in comparison to the control diet and thus suggest that they hold considerable potential as growth promoting agents in broiler production.
Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Monta...ijtsrd
Objective An in vitro study was carried out to determine the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus Acanthaceae leaves on the eggs and the third larval L3 stage of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Methods Four different concentrations of the extracts by serial dilution from 1,000 mg mL to 125 mg mL were compared with albendazole as the positive control serially diluted from the recommended dose of 15 mg mL to 1.875mg mL and distilled water serving as the negative control respectively, in the bioassay. The extract activity was dose dependent. Results At 250 mg mL, there was 100 inhibition of egg hatch comparable to albendazole at 7.5 mg mL. There was zero percent inhibition of eggs in the distilled water control culture. The activity of the extracts on the L3 larvae shows that at the concentration of 125 mg mL, the larvicidal effect was 100 , one hour post treatment compared to albendazole at 15 mg mL 97.51 . However, the negative control showed an increase in Larvicidal activity from 22.5 to 40 in one hour and fifteen hours respectively. Conclusion It was therefore, concluded that crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus leaf has significant ovicidal and larvicidal properties against Heligmosomoides bakeri egg and third larval stage. D. O. Oshadu | J. O. Ajanusi | P. N. Chiezey | M. S. Abubakar | M. Adamu | A. W. Adanu | G.A.I. Dogo "Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Montanus (Acanthaceae) on Heligmosomoides Bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/veterinary-medicine/43719/ovicidal-and-larvicidal-effects-of-crude-ethanolic-extracts-of-acanthus-montanus-acanthaceae-on-heligmosomoides-bakeri-nematoda-heligmosomatidae/d-o-oshadu
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes fr...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165gm, 33%) than egg shells (155gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
The Effects of Different Levels Aqueous Extract of Fenugreek (Trigonella foen...Ali Olfati
This study examined the effects of different levels of fenugreek extract in drinking water on performance and immune response in laying hens. 240 laying hens were given 0, 5, 10, or 15 ml/L of fenugreek extract in their water for 6 weeks. Higher levels of fenugreek extract improved egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio. The 15 ml/L treatment significantly increased performance over other treatments. Fenugreek extract also enhanced immune response, with the highest antibody titer seen in hens given 15 ml/L. In conclusion, fenugreek extract supplementation of laying hen drinking water effectively improved both production performance and immune system functioning.
Effect of Adlai (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) roots on small ruminants naturally inf...Innspub Net
Parasites pose a significant threat to the health of small ruminants. Natural products such as Adlai roots have anthelmintic potentials. The study aimed to determine the Anthelmintic potential to the small ruminants. A total of 12 goats and sheep regardless of sex and age were used in the study and randomly distributed into four (4) Treatments with Three (3) replications following Randomized Complete Block Design. There were four different levels of Treatments. Treatment 1 as the control, Treatment 2 (100ml of Adlai roots decoction), Treatment 3 (150ml of Adlai roots decoction), and Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Freshly excreted feces were collected and placed in plastic cups and immediately examined through Modified Mc Master Test to evaluate the Anthelmintic activity of the designated treatments. The evaluation criteria were based on the frequency counts of egg parasites and oocysts per 2 grams of feces under different treatments. Results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Tukey’s test was used to compare treatment means showing significant difference. Statistical results were non-significant among Treatment means in all of the parameters except for the strongylid counts for the month of April which showed significant difference among treatment mean at (P< 0.05) where sheep treated with Treatment 4 (200ml of Adlai roots decoction). Adlai roots decoction has anti-parasitic activity.
The effects of different levels of Chlorella microalgae on blood biochemical ...Ali Olfati
This document describes a study that investigated the effects of supplementing different levels of Chlorella microalgae on blood parameters and mineral concentrations in laying hens under heat stress conditions. The study found that supplementing 200-500 ppm of Chlorella microalgae decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in the hens, while HDL levels increased. Supplementing 300-500 ppm of Chlorella microalgae also increased plasma levels of manganese, iodine, and selenium in the hens. The results suggest that supplementing Chlorella microalgae at higher rates can benefit the blood parameters of laying hens reared under heat stress.
The relationship between progesterone and biochemical constituents of amnioti...Ali Olfati
Ali Olfati1, Gholamali Moghaddam1, Nasroallah Moradi Kor2*, Mitra Bakhtiari3
1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Reproduction Physiologies, Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Assessment of Ginger and Black Pepper as Feed Additives on Growth Performance...Premier Publishers
This study examined the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with ginger (Zingiber officinale L) and black pepper (Piper guineense Schum & Thonn) additives. A total of 240 day old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler chicks were allotted to four treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatment 1 was the control with no additive, Treatment 2 had 0.5% ginger powder, Treatment 3 had 0.5% black pepper powder, while Treatment 4 had a mixture of 0.25% ginger and 0.25% black pepper. From the results obtained, the ginger, black pepper and their combination diets were significantly different (p<0.05) in weight gain from the control diet, with the ginger diet recording the highest value of 2299.09g per bird, as against 1821.77g per bird from the control. Average feed intake was highest in the ginger diet with 5130.14g as against the control diet that had the least with 4420.71g. The ginger and combination diets gave better feed conversion ratio of 2.23 and 2.28 respectively, which was also significantly different from the control. Mortality recorded in the control treatment was highest with 5.00% and significantly different from the other treatments. Plucked weight of experimental birds was highest in diet 2 with 2165.53g and least in the control diet with 1710.31g. It can be concluded that the addition of the natural plant additives improved the measured parameters in comparison to the control diet and thus suggest that they hold considerable potential as growth promoting agents in broiler production.
Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Monta...ijtsrd
Objective An in vitro study was carried out to determine the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus Acanthaceae leaves on the eggs and the third larval L3 stage of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Methods Four different concentrations of the extracts by serial dilution from 1,000 mg mL to 125 mg mL were compared with albendazole as the positive control serially diluted from the recommended dose of 15 mg mL to 1.875mg mL and distilled water serving as the negative control respectively, in the bioassay. The extract activity was dose dependent. Results At 250 mg mL, there was 100 inhibition of egg hatch comparable to albendazole at 7.5 mg mL. There was zero percent inhibition of eggs in the distilled water control culture. The activity of the extracts on the L3 larvae shows that at the concentration of 125 mg mL, the larvicidal effect was 100 , one hour post treatment compared to albendazole at 15 mg mL 97.51 . However, the negative control showed an increase in Larvicidal activity from 22.5 to 40 in one hour and fifteen hours respectively. Conclusion It was therefore, concluded that crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus leaf has significant ovicidal and larvicidal properties against Heligmosomoides bakeri egg and third larval stage. D. O. Oshadu | J. O. Ajanusi | P. N. Chiezey | M. S. Abubakar | M. Adamu | A. W. Adanu | G.A.I. Dogo "Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Montanus (Acanthaceae) on Heligmosomoides Bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/veterinary-medicine/43719/ovicidal-and-larvicidal-effects-of-crude-ethanolic-extracts-of-acanthus-montanus-acanthaceae-on-heligmosomoides-bakeri-nematoda-heligmosomatidae/d-o-oshadu
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes fr...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165gm, 33%) than egg shells (155gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Effect of feeding root powder of withania somnifera (l.) dunal. (aswagandha) ...DrVinay Dwivedi
The study examined the effects of feeding broiler chicks root powder from Withania somnifera. Chicks were divided into four groups, with three treatment groups fed different concentrations of the root powder. Results showed no significant difference in weight gain between groups initially. However, at three weeks the lowest concentration treatment group had significantly higher weight gain than the control group. Feed consumption was lower in the treatment groups compared to controls. Mortality rate was lowest in the lowest concentration treatment group at 4% versus 12% in controls.
1) The study investigated the effects of supplementing the diet of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) with starch extracted from three cassava varieties on their behavior, reproduction, and oxidative status.
2) Results showed that flies fed diets supplemented with starch from two of the cassava varieties (TMS 30572 and local sweet cassava) had higher survival rates and faster recovery from chill-induced coma compared to flies fed normal diet or diet supplemented with starch from the third variety (TMS 92/0326).
3) Flies fed the starch-supplemented diets also had greater egg to adult viability and higher antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting the starch provided a protective effect against oxidative stress.
The document compares the efficacy of three commercial herbal products (Livol, Livotal, Hepatopromoter) on the performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Supplementation of the herbal products significantly improved weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and lowered mortality compared to the control group without supplementation. While the herbal products did not significantly affect organ weights, they did significantly improve antibody titers against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease viruses. Overall, supplementation with Hepatopromoter resulted in the highest broiler weight gain and profitability.
Organogenesis of Ammi Majus Via Callus Culture from LeafSandip Magdum
Ammi majus L. is an imperiled medicinal plant, which contains various medically important and uncommon extraordinary secondary metabolite compounds.. An efficient organogenesis protocol was established for Ammi majus through in vitro process of leaf callusing, shooting and rooting by using different combination of auxins and cytokinins. In vitro cultured juvenile leaf explants were used directly for callus formation on MS supplemented with different concentration of IAA, Kn and CH. Maximum percentage response for callus formation was 97.7 after 5 weeks of incubation on MS supplemented with 2 mg/l IAA, 2 mg/l Kn and 1000 mg/l CH. About 81% of calluses converted to shoot on callusing medium supplemented with 50 mg/l glutamine and 40 mg/l adenine, after 80 days of culture. Plantlets with shoot were transferred to half strength of MS with different concentration of IBA and glutamine. Maximum rooting of 75.96% was observed on half strength of MS supplemented with 0.2% of IBA and 100 mg/l glutamine. The present study gives reliable in vitro regeneration protocol for Ammi majus L. from leaf explants, which may be used for future commercial‐scale propagation and genetic study.
Evaluating pepper (capsicum annuum) and garlic(allium sativum) on performance...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of garlic powder and dried pepper supplementation on performance, egg traits, and serum parameters of old laying chickens. 90 laying hens were fed one of three diets: a control diet or diets with 4g/kg of garlic powder or dried pepper. Results showed garlic improved hen day production and egg quality as indicated by increased albumen index and haugh unit. Egg yolk cholesterol was lower in hens fed garlic. Serum total protein was higher and blood glucose and cholesterol were lower in garlic-fed hens. In conclusion, garlic supplementation improved performance and egg quality, and may increase egg shelf life in old laying hens.
This study compared the efficacy of a phytobiotic containing oregano essential oils and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin for treating Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in broiler chickens. 200 broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups: a non-challenged control group, a challenged non-treated group, a group treated with phytobiotic, a group treated with ciprofloxacin, and a group treated with both phytobiotic and ciprofloxacin. Results showed that treatment with either phytobiotic or ciprofloxacin alone improved performance and reduced mortality compared to the challenged non-treated group. The best results were seen in the group treated with both phyto
Anti mdrsa activity of rhizophora apiculata and avicennia marina – an in vitr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-bacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of two mangrove plants, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, against 100 multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) clinical isolates. Aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts were tested using agar well diffusion. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed high levels of anti-MDRSA activity against all isolates. The aqueous extracts showed low or minimal anti-MDRSA activity. The results suggest that ethanol and methanol are better solvents than water for extracting anti-bacterial compounds from the mangrove plant leaves against MDRSA.
A study was conducted to determine if supplementing activated charcoal would increase intake of honey mesquite leaves by sheep. Twenty lambs were fed one of four levels of activated charcoal (0, 0.33, 0.67, 1 g/kg BW) along with low-quality hay and molasses. Lambs were given ad libitum access to honey mesquite leaves. Intake of mesquite leaves increased over time but did not differ between charcoal supplementation levels. Mesquite intake varied greatly among individual lambs. Hay intake and weight gain also did not differ between treatments. Supplementing activated charcoal did not increase mesquite leaf consumption in this study.
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting cattle in Lucknow, India and the evaluation of plant extracts to control ticks. The key points are:
1) A total of 2150 cattle were examined, of which 1262 (58.6%) were infested with ticks. The most common ticks identified were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (68.69%) and Hemaphysalis bispinosa (31.30%).
2) Highest tick prevalence was found in calves less than 1 year old (77.1%), followed by cattle aged 1-4 years (64.66%), and lowest in cattle over 4 years (48
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This research is carried out in order to improve the production of eggs in indigenous chicken by reducing the
inter-sequence stopped days through use of anti-prolactin agent (Bromocriptine) and serum from laying hen.
Sixty-four indigenous (deshi) chickens of 20-22 weeks of age, were randomly assigned into four groups (i, j, k
and l) and each group consisting of 16 hens. Control was designated as Group I and Bromocriptine orally at a
dose of 641μg/bird/day was used to treat group j, group k was treated with serum of laying kadhaknath hen
serum at a dose of 1 ml intramuscularly/bird/day and group l was treated with both Kadhaknath serum and
Bromocriptine at doses given to group j and k for the period of 15 March, 2019 to 16 June, 2019 and egg
production, stopped days, prolactin level, hematological parameter and egg qualities were observed. A
significant increase (p<0.05) in Egg production was noticed in all treated groups in comparison to the groups
which were in non- treated control and group k showed the highest production. All treatment groups depicted a
significant decrease (p<0.05) in stopped days and prolactin levels and lowest were observed in hens of group l.
In hematological values between the chicken group, no significant differences were noticed. The present study
reveals that combined treatment with Bromocriptine and serum from laying kadhaknath hen increases egg
production without affecting the health of indigenous chickens.
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Effect of combining yam peels with cowpea husk on nitrogen metabolism and ser...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of combining different levels of yam peels and cowpea husk on nitrogen metabolism and serum biochemical parameters of West African dwarf goats fed guinea grass. Twenty-four male dwarf goats were fed one of three experimental diets containing varying combinations of yam peels and cowpea husk. Results showed diet III (55% yam peels, 20% cowpea husk) significantly improved nitrogen intake, absorption, retention, and digestibility compared to the other diets. Diet III also significantly increased total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose levels. In conclusion, combining yam peels and cowpea husk at the levels in diet III enhanced
The study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with coriander seeds on food intake and microbial populations in the ceca of Japanese quail. 360 female quail chicks were divided into 6 treatment groups with varying levels of coriander seed supplementation (0-4%) or an antibiotic control. Food intake was measured weekly for 5 weeks, and bacterial populations in the ceca were analyzed after 35 days. Results showed that groups with 1% and 2% coriander supplementation had the highest food intake in the first two weeks. Bacterial analysis found the 4% coriander group had the highest E. coli levels, while the antibiotic group had the lowest levels. The study suggests coriander seeds can increase early food intake
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent VaccineIOSR Journals
The document describes a study that investigated the efficacy of a Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. Shaver brown chickens were vaccinated and monitored over time. PHA antibody titers were measured in the vaccinated chickens at various time points post-vaccination and were found to increase after primary vaccination, booster dose, and pre-challenge. Chickens that received the bivalent vaccination withstood challenge with virulent S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, demonstrating the vaccine conferred protection. The results indicate the experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine was immunogenic and provided effective protection against challenge infection in chickens.
This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of soapnut shell powder on the performance and immune response of broiler breeders. Ninety-six female and twenty-four male broiler breeders aged 38 weeks were fed one of four diets: a control diet or the control diet supplemented with graded levels of soapnut shell powder equivalent to 0, 50, 75, or 150 ppm of saponin. Dry matter intake and serum protein levels were not significantly different between treatments. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were significantly higher in birds fed higher levels of soapnut shell powder supplementation compared to the control, indicating improved immunity. The results suggest that dietary supplementation of soapnut shell powder up to a level equivalent to 150
Effect of Herbal Medicine Supplementations (Arsilvon Super, Bedgen40 and Hepa-cure Herbal Medicines) on Growth Performance, Immunity and Haematological Profile in Broilers
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
Effect of feeding root powder of withania somnifera (l.) dunal. (aswagandha) ...DrVinay Dwivedi
The study examined the effects of feeding broiler chicks root powder from Withania somnifera. Chicks were divided into four groups, with three treatment groups fed different concentrations of the root powder. Results showed no significant difference in weight gain between groups initially. However, at three weeks the lowest concentration treatment group had significantly higher weight gain than the control group. Feed consumption was lower in the treatment groups compared to controls. Mortality rate was lowest in the lowest concentration treatment group at 4% versus 12% in controls.
1) The study investigated the effects of supplementing the diet of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) with starch extracted from three cassava varieties on their behavior, reproduction, and oxidative status.
2) Results showed that flies fed diets supplemented with starch from two of the cassava varieties (TMS 30572 and local sweet cassava) had higher survival rates and faster recovery from chill-induced coma compared to flies fed normal diet or diet supplemented with starch from the third variety (TMS 92/0326).
3) Flies fed the starch-supplemented diets also had greater egg to adult viability and higher antioxidant enzyme activities, suggesting the starch provided a protective effect against oxidative stress.
The document compares the efficacy of three commercial herbal products (Livol, Livotal, Hepatopromoter) on the performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Supplementation of the herbal products significantly improved weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and lowered mortality compared to the control group without supplementation. While the herbal products did not significantly affect organ weights, they did significantly improve antibody titers against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease viruses. Overall, supplementation with Hepatopromoter resulted in the highest broiler weight gain and profitability.
Organogenesis of Ammi Majus Via Callus Culture from LeafSandip Magdum
Ammi majus L. is an imperiled medicinal plant, which contains various medically important and uncommon extraordinary secondary metabolite compounds.. An efficient organogenesis protocol was established for Ammi majus through in vitro process of leaf callusing, shooting and rooting by using different combination of auxins and cytokinins. In vitro cultured juvenile leaf explants were used directly for callus formation on MS supplemented with different concentration of IAA, Kn and CH. Maximum percentage response for callus formation was 97.7 after 5 weeks of incubation on MS supplemented with 2 mg/l IAA, 2 mg/l Kn and 1000 mg/l CH. About 81% of calluses converted to shoot on callusing medium supplemented with 50 mg/l glutamine and 40 mg/l adenine, after 80 days of culture. Plantlets with shoot were transferred to half strength of MS with different concentration of IBA and glutamine. Maximum rooting of 75.96% was observed on half strength of MS supplemented with 0.2% of IBA and 100 mg/l glutamine. The present study gives reliable in vitro regeneration protocol for Ammi majus L. from leaf explants, which may be used for future commercial‐scale propagation and genetic study.
Evaluating pepper (capsicum annuum) and garlic(allium sativum) on performance...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of garlic powder and dried pepper supplementation on performance, egg traits, and serum parameters of old laying chickens. 90 laying hens were fed one of three diets: a control diet or diets with 4g/kg of garlic powder or dried pepper. Results showed garlic improved hen day production and egg quality as indicated by increased albumen index and haugh unit. Egg yolk cholesterol was lower in hens fed garlic. Serum total protein was higher and blood glucose and cholesterol were lower in garlic-fed hens. In conclusion, garlic supplementation improved performance and egg quality, and may increase egg shelf life in old laying hens.
This study compared the efficacy of a phytobiotic containing oregano essential oils and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin for treating Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in broiler chickens. 200 broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups: a non-challenged control group, a challenged non-treated group, a group treated with phytobiotic, a group treated with ciprofloxacin, and a group treated with both phytobiotic and ciprofloxacin. Results showed that treatment with either phytobiotic or ciprofloxacin alone improved performance and reduced mortality compared to the challenged non-treated group. The best results were seen in the group treated with both phyto
Anti mdrsa activity of rhizophora apiculata and avicennia marina – an in vitr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-bacterial activity of extracts from the leaves of two mangrove plants, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, against 100 multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) clinical isolates. Aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts were tested using agar well diffusion. The ethanol and methanol extracts showed high levels of anti-MDRSA activity against all isolates. The aqueous extracts showed low or minimal anti-MDRSA activity. The results suggest that ethanol and methanol are better solvents than water for extracting anti-bacterial compounds from the mangrove plant leaves against MDRSA.
A study was conducted to determine if supplementing activated charcoal would increase intake of honey mesquite leaves by sheep. Twenty lambs were fed one of four levels of activated charcoal (0, 0.33, 0.67, 1 g/kg BW) along with low-quality hay and molasses. Lambs were given ad libitum access to honey mesquite leaves. Intake of mesquite leaves increased over time but did not differ between charcoal supplementation levels. Mesquite intake varied greatly among individual lambs. Hay intake and weight gain also did not differ between treatments. Supplementing activated charcoal did not increase mesquite leaf consumption in this study.
Studies on Prevalence of Ixodid Ticks Infesting Cattle and Their Control by P...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting cattle in Lucknow, India and the evaluation of plant extracts to control ticks. The key points are:
1) A total of 2150 cattle were examined, of which 1262 (58.6%) were infested with ticks. The most common ticks identified were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (68.69%) and Hemaphysalis bispinosa (31.30%).
2) Highest tick prevalence was found in calves less than 1 year old (77.1%), followed by cattle aged 1-4 years (64.66%), and lowest in cattle over 4 years (48
A Comparative study of the Antimicrobial activities of five varieties of esse...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This research is carried out in order to improve the production of eggs in indigenous chicken by reducing the
inter-sequence stopped days through use of anti-prolactin agent (Bromocriptine) and serum from laying hen.
Sixty-four indigenous (deshi) chickens of 20-22 weeks of age, were randomly assigned into four groups (i, j, k
and l) and each group consisting of 16 hens. Control was designated as Group I and Bromocriptine orally at a
dose of 641μg/bird/day was used to treat group j, group k was treated with serum of laying kadhaknath hen
serum at a dose of 1 ml intramuscularly/bird/day and group l was treated with both Kadhaknath serum and
Bromocriptine at doses given to group j and k for the period of 15 March, 2019 to 16 June, 2019 and egg
production, stopped days, prolactin level, hematological parameter and egg qualities were observed. A
significant increase (p<0.05) in Egg production was noticed in all treated groups in comparison to the groups
which were in non- treated control and group k showed the highest production. All treatment groups depicted a
significant decrease (p<0.05) in stopped days and prolactin levels and lowest were observed in hens of group l.
In hematological values between the chicken group, no significant differences were noticed. The present study
reveals that combined treatment with Bromocriptine and serum from laying kadhaknath hen increases egg
production without affecting the health of indigenous chickens.
Performance, Egg Qualities, and Blood Parameters of Layers Fed Diets Containi...BRNSS Publication Hub
A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the performance, egg qualities, and hematology of layers fed diets containing sun-dried sweet orange peel meal (SOPM). A total of 140 Isa brown point of lay birds, aged 20 weeks were used for the experiment. SOPM was incorporated to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% maize. The birds were randomly assigned to the diets in a Completely Randomized Design; each diet group had 28 birds and 4 replicates with each replicate having 7 birds. Observed results showed that SOPM did not significantly (NS) (p>0.05) affect final weight and egg number. However, weight change, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, cost of 1 kg feed, and cost of feed consumed were significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. Egg weight and egg length were significantly (P < 0.05) different, which ranged from 56.18 to 58.73 g and 3.74–4.17 cm, respectively. Shell thickness and egg width were NS (P > 0.05) influenced, and ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 2.63–2.71 cm, respectively. Internal egg parameters, i.e., yolk width, yolk height, albumin weight, albumin length, and yolk index were significantly (P < 0.05) affected. Hematological profile (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, white blood cell, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration, lymphocyte, and neutrophil) of birds showed significant differences (P < 0.05). The study revealed that SOPM did not have an adverse effect on the performance of layers even at 40% replacement of maize while in lay. Its inclusion decreased the cost of feed linearly, did not compromise external and internal qualities of eggs or the health of the birds.
Effect of combining yam peels with cowpea husk on nitrogen metabolism and ser...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of combining different levels of yam peels and cowpea husk on nitrogen metabolism and serum biochemical parameters of West African dwarf goats fed guinea grass. Twenty-four male dwarf goats were fed one of three experimental diets containing varying combinations of yam peels and cowpea husk. Results showed diet III (55% yam peels, 20% cowpea husk) significantly improved nitrogen intake, absorption, retention, and digestibility compared to the other diets. Diet III also significantly increased total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose levels. In conclusion, combining yam peels and cowpea husk at the levels in diet III enhanced
The study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with coriander seeds on food intake and microbial populations in the ceca of Japanese quail. 360 female quail chicks were divided into 6 treatment groups with varying levels of coriander seed supplementation (0-4%) or an antibiotic control. Food intake was measured weekly for 5 weeks, and bacterial populations in the ceca were analyzed after 35 days. Results showed that groups with 1% and 2% coriander supplementation had the highest food intake in the first two weeks. Bacterial analysis found the 4% coriander group had the highest E. coli levels, while the antibiotic group had the lowest levels. The study suggests coriander seeds can increase early food intake
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent VaccineIOSR Journals
The document describes a study that investigated the efficacy of a Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. Shaver brown chickens were vaccinated and monitored over time. PHA antibody titers were measured in the vaccinated chickens at various time points post-vaccination and were found to increase after primary vaccination, booster dose, and pre-challenge. Chickens that received the bivalent vaccination withstood challenge with virulent S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, demonstrating the vaccine conferred protection. The results indicate the experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine was immunogenic and provided effective protection against challenge infection in chickens.
This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of soapnut shell powder on the performance and immune response of broiler breeders. Ninety-six female and twenty-four male broiler breeders aged 38 weeks were fed one of four diets: a control diet or the control diet supplemented with graded levels of soapnut shell powder equivalent to 0, 50, 75, or 150 ppm of saponin. Dry matter intake and serum protein levels were not significantly different between treatments. Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were significantly higher in birds fed higher levels of soapnut shell powder supplementation compared to the control, indicating improved immunity. The results suggest that dietary supplementation of soapnut shell powder up to a level equivalent to 150
Effect of Herbal Medicine Supplementations (Arsilvon Super, Bedgen40 and Hepa-cure Herbal Medicines) on Growth Performance, Immunity and Haematological Profile in Broilers
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
Growth performance and nutrient utilization of clarias gariepinus fed moringa...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus (African catfish) fed different levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. 225 catfish fingerlings were fed one of five diets containing 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, or 12.5% Moringa leaf meal over 10 weeks. Growth parameters like weight gain, feed intake, and nutrient utilization were highest for fish fed the 12.5% Moringa diet. Specifically, fish on the 12.5% diet had the highest mean weight gain, percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio. The results suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf meal can replace up
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antifertility effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria in male albino rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two treatment groups that received either 150 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg of the P. cineraria extract daily for 35 days. Treatment resulted in decreased testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle weights as well as reduced sperm motility, viability and counts. Serum testosterone levels also declined in the treatment groups. However, after a 65 day recovery period without treatment, the fertility parameters increased toward normal levels, indicating the antifertility effects were reversible. The study suggests the P. c
Antifertility Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Prosopis cineraria in Male Al...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study evaluated the antifertility effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria in male albino rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two treatment groups that received either 150 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 35 days. The extract decreased testis and epididymis weight and sperm motility, viability, and count in a dose-dependent manner. It also reduced testosterone levels and caused abnormal sperm morphology. After 65 days without further treatment, fertility markers increased in the treated groups but did not return to control levels. The study suggests the leaf extract has antifertility properties in male rats.
A Study on Effect of Anti Toxic Nutrient (ATN) in productive and reproductive...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Comparative Study of Feeding Different Levels of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present work was aimed to determine the comparative effect of feeding different levels of black cumin
on growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of COBB-500 broiler. Three hundred and twenty, daysold straight run COBB-500 chicks from a lot of the same hatch were brooded in an electrically operated
battery brooder for a period of 7 days, where pre-experimental diet was offered. On the 8th day, chicks
having uniform body weight were randomly allocated into four dietary treatments with four replications
(20 chicks in each). The isoproteinous and isocaloric formulated standard starter (1–10 days), grower
(11–20 days), and finisher (21–42 days) diets were supplemented with different levels of black cumin of
T1 – control, T2 – 0.25% black cumin, T3 – 0.5% black cumin, and T4 – 0.75% black cumin, respectively.
The chicks were offered ad libitum treatment diets and clean drinking water. The desired data were
recorded weekly, which included live weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of
broiler birds. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis under completely randomized design
as per the methods of MSTAT. Final live weight of the birds was found highly significant (P < 0.01) for
all treatment groups. Highest final weight gain (2244.59 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Daily live weight of the birds was also found highly significant (P < 0.01) for all
treatment groups. Highest daily live weight gain (60.27 g) was found in birds fed ration supplemented
with 0.5% black cumin. Supplementation of black cumin in the broiler rations did not exhibit any
significant effect (P > 0.05) on the total feed consumption. Feed conversion ratio was found significantly
different (P < 0.01) for all treatment groups. It is, therefore, concluded that inclusion of black cumin in
the broiler rations could be economical and efficient production of broilers
Effects of fermented locust bean seed (pakia clapatoniana) as a replacement f...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated replacing full fat soybean meal with fermented locust bean seed in weaner rabbit diets. Twenty-four weaner rabbits were fed one of four experimental diets containing 0%, 25%, 50%, or 75% fermented locust bean seed replacement. Parameters measured included feed intake, weight gain, water intake, hematological parameters, and feed conversion ratio. Results showed that final weight, weight gain, feed intake, and water intake were significantly affected by diet. Feed conversion ratio and some hematological parameters were not significantly different. Diets with 25% and 50% replacement performed best, while over 75% replacement adversely affected performance. The study suggests fermented locust
PHYTOCHEMICALS: APPLICATIONS IN AQUACULTURESadiyaFarooq2
This document summarizes Ms. Sadiya Farooq's credit seminar on the applications of phytochemicals in aquaculture. It discusses how phytochemicals from plants, including flavonoids, monoterpenoids, saponins, alkaloids and others can be used as natural growth promoters in aquaculture to improve productivity. Several studies showing the effects of these phytochemicals on growth performance of different fish species when added to their diets are summarized. The document concludes that phytochemicals are valid alternatives to synthetic compounds as growth promoters but more research is still needed to determine ideal extraction methods and dosage regimes to ensure their safe use.
This presentation was made in Sept 2010 at Manila during the Poultry show. Target audience were nutritionists , poultry consultants and feed manufacturers
This study examined the effects of including hempseed at different levels (5%, 10%, 20%) in the diets of Japanese quail on performance, carcass traits, and antioxidant activity in blood. Body weight was not significantly different between groups at 7 and 21 days, but was lower in the 20% hempseed group at 42 days. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among groups. Carcass, organ weights, and their percentages to carcass weight were significantly different between treatment groups. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (MDA, NO) decreased in blood serum with hempseed supplementation, while antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) increased, indicating higher antioxidant activity
The effect of different physical form feeds (pellet and mash) and stocking density on the growth performance characteristics of carcass and immunity of Ross-308 broiler chicks were studied. A total of 1800 one day-old ross-308 mixed-sex broilers were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replicates of 75 birds each. They were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design: two feed forms (mash and pellet) and three stocking density (10, 14 and 18 bird/m2). Live body Weight (LW), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were measured periodically (0-10, 11-24 and 25-42 days). Carcass components and litter quality were recorded at the end of the trial (day 45). Also antibody titer against SRBC, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were measured in 45 day of age. The highest body weight in grower period was observed in the pellet diet form (p<0.05). Also the highest Body Weight (BW) and Body Weight Gain (BWG) in the starter period was observed in the lowest stocking density treatment (10 bird/m2) (p<0.05). Physical form of diet had no significant effect on feed intake, BW and FCR throughout the periods. However the broiler feed intake was significantly influenced by stocking density and a decrease in the high stocking density group (18 bird/m2). Different types of feed and stocking density had no significant effect on carcass characteristics, antibody titer and H:L ratio. Use of pellet form diet and high stocking density treatment (18 bird/m2) significantly increased broiler litter moisture (P<0.05).
The effect of different physical form feeds (pellet and mash) and stocking
density on the growth performance characteristics of carcass and immunity of Ross-
308 broiler chicks were studied. A total of 1800 one day-old ross-308 mixed-sex
broilers were used in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four
replicates of 75 birds each. They were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design: two feed
forms (mash and pellet) and three stocking density (10, 14 and 18 bird/m2). Live body
Weight (LW), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Intake (FI) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
were measured periodically (0-10, 11-24 and 25-42 days). Carcass components and
litter quality were recorded at the end of the trial (day 45). Also antibody titer against
SRBC, and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were measured in 45 day of age. The highest
body weight in grower period was observed in the pellet diet form (p<0.05). Also the
highest Body Weight (BW) and Body Weight Gain (BWG) in the starter period was
observed in the lowest stocking density treatment (10 bird/m2) (p<0.05). Physical form
of diet had no significant effect on feed intake, BW and FCR throughout the periods.
However the broiler feed intake was significantly influenced by stocking density and a
decrease in the high stocking density group (18 bird/m2). Different types of feed and
stocking density had no significant effect on carcass characteristics, antibody titer and
H:L ratio. Use of pellet form diet and high stocking density treatment (18 bird/m2)
significantly increased broiler litter moisture (P<0.05).
Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Asparagus Racemosus Willd–A Medici...IJSTA
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of Asparagus racemosus Willd, a medicinal plant, against various bacteria and fungi. Crude extracts were obtained from the plant's leaves using solvents like petroleum ether, methanol, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and water. The effect of these extracts was tested on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Pseudomonas), and the yeast Candida utilis using an agar well diffusion method. The methanol extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. The study supports the traditional use of the whole plant as a
This study investigated the antifeedant activity of Gomphrena serrata extracts on sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil). The extracts were obtained from the plant using cold maceration. Dilution methods were used to test different concentrations of the extract and standard on rice weevils. The 1:5 concentration of the G. serrata extract showed the highest antifeedant activity after 6 hours, equal to the standard. This simple, cost-effective extraction and testing method demonstrates the antifeedant potential of G. serrata extracts as a natural pesticide alternative.
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on parameters related to aphrodisiac properties in mice. 30 male mice were divided into groups receiving various doses of the extract or saline by oral gavage for 21 days. Sexual behavior was observed by introducing females and recording mounts and intromissions. Offspring number, sex ratio, and pregnancy rate were measured. Blood was collected to measure testosterone. Results showed the 50 mg/kg dose increased mounts initially, while the 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg doses increased offspring number but did not affect other parameters compared to controls. The study suggests the extract may increase breeding rate but not have strong aphrodis
This study investigated the effects of different levels of grape pomace on broiler chicken performance.
- 450 broiler chicks were fed either a control diet or diets with 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, or 15% grape pomace. Intake, weight gain, and feed conversion were measured during starter, grower, and finisher phases.
- Intake was not significantly affected by grape pomace except at the starter phase. Weight gain was highest for 3% pomace at the starter phase.
- Feed conversion was significantly better for the control and 3% pomace diets across phases. The 15% pomace diet had the worst feed conversion.
- In conclusion, low
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against ...ijtsrd
The some plants have been good source of drugs for microbial resistance. The research for newer source of antibiotics is a global challenges in pharmaceutical companies. Present time plants are being extensively explored for harboring medicinal properties. Phytochemical are naturally occurring compounds present in the medicinal plants such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic compounds. Psidium guajava is a phototherapeutic plant used in folk medicine and is believed to have active components that helps in treatment and management of various disease such as wounds, ulcers, etc. Guava extract has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. This study investigates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Psidium guajava leaf extracts. Antibacterial activity at the plant extract were determined against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli. Psidium guajava leaf extracts provided scientific evidence for the rational use of P. juajava leaves in prevention of disorders due to Presence of some useful phytochemicals and in the treatment of disease caused by some bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, B. cereus, K. pneumonae, E. coli. The present work demonstrates the antimicrobial potential of Psidium guajava leaves extracts by using various solvents. Pooja Soudawat | Anand Verma "Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Psidium Guajava against Some Clinical Pathogens" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29134.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29134/phytochemical-analysis-and-antibacterial-activity-of-psidium-guajava-against-some-clinical-pathogens/pooja-soudawat
This document summarizes a research article that evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of crude protein extract from taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms on hematopoietic cells in mice. The crude taro extract stimulated in vitro proliferation of splenocytes from two mouse strains. When administered intraperitoneally to mice, the extract induced splenomegaly and proliferation of total spleen and bone marrow cells. It also promoted in vivo proliferation of B220+ splenocytes and affected levels of mature and immature B cells in bone marrow. The extract represents a source of immunostimulatory proteins with potential applications as food or pharmaceutical additives.
Similar to Comparative effect-of-azadirachta-indica-moringa-oleifera-and-cichorium-intybus-leaf-extracts-60-65 (20)
This study evaluated the effects of different levels of probiotic (Protexin) supplementation in broiler feed on blood parameters. 375 broilers were divided into 5 treatment groups that received either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 g/ton of probiotic in their feed. Blood samples were collected and analyzed. Results showed that hematological values, serum urea, creatinine, triglycerides, HDL, cholesterol and LDL were not affected by treatments. However, hemoglobin, serum glucose and total protein were significantly increased in birds receiving 100 g/ton probiotic compared to the control group. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation at different levels may improve some blood parameters of broilers.
This document summarizes a study that compared three techniques for treating auricular hematoma in dogs: conventional suturing, skin staples, and surgical glue. Fifteen dogs were divided into three groups and treated with one of the three techniques. The techniques were compared based on closure time, cosmetic appearance, and healing time. Surgical glue had the fastest closure time, the best cosmetic appearance results, and the shortest healing time, making it the most effective technique according to this study.
This document provides guidelines for health and hygiene for ostriches farmed commercially. It discusses some common diseases that can affect ostriches, including Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, and clostridiosis. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination protocols and biosecurity measures to prevent disease outbreaks. Specific recommendations are provided for vaccination schedules and practices. Maintaining strict hygiene, isolating sick birds, and disinfecting equipment and facilities can help control the spread of pathogens. Further research is needed on diseases that may affect ostriches in Pakistan.
Gross Examination, Selection, Collection and Fixation of Specimen ghulam abbas
The document discusses the gross examination, selection, collection and fixation of specimens in pathology. It covers identifying and labeling specimens, performing a gross examination, selecting relevant portions for microscopic examination, and principles of proper fixation. Fixation preserves tissue morphology and prevents autolysis and contamination. Common fixatives include 10% neutral buffered formalin, Bouin's solution, B5, and Zenker's solution. Proper handling and fixation are important for accurate laboratory diagnosis.
Feasibility report for 25 ostriche by dr. ghulam abbasghulam abbas
This feasibility report analyzes starting an ostrich farm with 25 ostriches on 4 kanals of land. It finds that the project has an 18.5% internal rate of return and 5.5 year payback period. Total project costs are Rs. 34.85 lakhs, including Rs. 1.25 lakhs for ostriches. Revenue of Rs. 12.25 lakhs is expected annually from selling 70 kg birds at Rs. 700/kg. The annual gross profit is Rs. 6.45 lakhs. Space, infrastructure like shelters and fencing, equipment, labor and feeding costs are also considered. Rearing involves housing chicks indoors for 3 months and then outdoors until 12 months
1) The document provides a feasibility report for starting a business rearing 1000 layers (egg-laying chickens) in a shed.
2) It estimates the total start-up costs will be Rs. 1084250 which includes expenses for equipment, day old chicks, feed, medical supplies, labor, and electricity.
3) It estimates that with 300,000 eggs produced in a year at Rs. 9 per egg, the total revenue will be Rs. 2700000, providing a gross profit of Rs. 1615750.
This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.
This document discusses ostrich farming as a new development in the poultry industry of Pakistan. It provides details on ostrich biology, including that ostriches are the largest birds in the world, can reach over 6 feet tall, and are capable of running up to 65 km/hr. Ostrich meat is described as healthy and similar to beef. The document outlines ostrich anatomy, physiology, breeding behaviors such as mating displays, and farming practices like egg incubation which typically lasts 42-44 days. Ostrich farming is presented as an emerging industry with potential in Pakistan.
This document discusses the future prospects of ostrich farming in Pakistan. It notes that ostrich farming is a new emerging industry globally and that Pakistan has potential to be a leader in ostrich farming due to its cheap labor and feed. However, currently ostrich producers in Pakistan are only meeting 10% of customer demand. The document recommends that more research is needed on ostrich welfare in Pakistan's climate and that academia and livestock departments should promote ostrich farming to help Pakistan capture a larger share of the local and international markets for ostrich meat, feathers and other products.
This study compared the efficacy of three hemostatic agents in controlling bleeding during canine liver surgery: Surgical gauze, Surgicel Snow, and Surgicel Fibrillar. Hemostasis time was shortest with Surgicel Snow at 31.5 seconds on average, followed by Surgicel Fibrillar at 44.5 seconds, and longest with Surgical gauze at 201 seconds. Liver function tests showed some significant differences between groups after surgery but returned to normal by 14 days. Ultrasound found no abnormalities in any group at 7 and 14 days post-op. Surgicel Snow was the most effective hemostatic agent with minimum blood loss and least impact on
This document discusses the potential for ostrich farming in Pakistan as a new opportunity within the poultry industry. It notes that ostriches are well-suited to Pakistan's climate and can be raised on marginal lands. Ostrich meat and other products like oil, leather, and feathers have economic value. The document argues that ostrich farming could provide an alternative for livestock production and benefit farmers through high profitability and low costs compared to other livestock. However, it notes that awareness and support are needed to encourage more farmers to adopt this new approach scientifically.
This document provides information on ostriches and ostrich farming. It discusses ostriches' evolutionary history and taxonomy, physical characteristics, breeding behaviors, and farming for their meat and leather. Key points include:
- Ostriches are the largest living birds and can run up to 70 km/hr. They live in Africa and have existed for over 40 million years.
- Males are mostly black while females are brownish-gray. Males have red skin on their beaks and legs due to testosterone.
- Ostriches reach sexual maturity at 2-4 years. A male mates with 2-3 females. Females lay cream-colored eggs every other day during breeding season.
- Their meat and
This study evaluated the effects of replacing maize gluten with rice bran as a feed supplement on fish growth in a composite culture system. Two earthen ponds were stocked with three fish species and provided different feed ratios: Pond 1 received maize gluten and rice bran at a 5:0 ratio, while Pond 2 received a 1:4 ratio. Fish growth was measured in terms of weight gain, fork length, and total length. Results showed that all growth measures were significantly higher for fish in Pond 2 that received the 1:4 maize gluten to rice bran ratio, indicating it is a more effective supplemental feed for improved fish yields compared to maize gluten alone.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of salicylic acid on salt tolerance in wheat. It finds that salt stress decreases plant growth by reducing chlorophyll content and potassium concentration. Salicylic acid improves plant growth under saline and non-saline conditions. It enhances parameters like biomass, root length, sodium and potassium concentrations, chlorophyll content, protein levels, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Saline conditions increase sodium uptake and decrease potassium uptake, while salicylic acid reverses this by moderating sodium accumulation. The study suggests that salicylic acid helps wheat plants tolerate salt stress by improving various physiological and biochemical processes.
Fortnight effect-of-replacing-maize-gluten-32-40ghulam abbas
This study examined the fortnight effect of replacing a maize gluten and rice bran feed supplement ratio of 5:0 with a ratio of 1:4 on the physiochemical characteristics of water in a composite fish culture system over a 6-month period. Water samples were collected every two weeks from two earthen ponds stocked with three fish species and fed the different supplement ratios. The results showed that fortnight and feed supplement significantly impacted several water parameters, including temperature, pH, carbonates, dissolved solids, and plankton biomass. Plankton biomass peaked at the fifth fortnight in the pond receiving the 1:4 supplement ratio. However, total hardness, calcium and magnesium were unaffected.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated various fungicidal chemicals for controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber. First, chemicals were tested in the lab against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, where Redomil and Score showed the greatest inhibition of fungal mycelial growth. These two chemicals were then applied to cucumber plants in the field. Redomil and Score both significantly reduced disease incidence compared to the untreated control, with Redomil showing the lowest incidence of 47.5%. Overall, the study found that Redomil and Score have potential for effectively managing Fusarium wilt of cucumber under both laboratory and field conditions.
This study analyzed genetic variation among seven sheep breeds in Punjab, Pakistan (Thalli, Lohi, Salt Range, Kajli, Sipli, Buchi, Hissardale) using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Blood samples were collected and genomic DNA extracted and amplified using 21 random primers. 16 primers produced scorable bands, revealing 30.19% polymorphism among breeds. Genetic similarity ranged from 74.42-94.29% with the highest between Thalli and Lohi. Nei's genetic distance was low at 0.0588-0.2954 with the highest between Lohi and Hissardale. Cluster analysis
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
1. Scholar’s Advances in Animal and Veterinary Research, 3(2): 60-65
ISSN(p): 2409-5281
ISSN(e): 2410-1540
http://www.mrscholar.com
Research Article
Comparative Effect of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and
Cichorium intybus Leaf Extracts on Growth Performance, Immune Response and
Carcass Characteristics of Broilers
Khawar Hayat, Sultan Mahmood, Muhammad Yousaf and Ghulam Abbas*
Department of Poultry Science, University of agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: ghulamabbas_hashmi@yahoo.com
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received: April 20, 2016
Revised: May 10, 2016
Accepted: May 29, 2016
Key Words:
Broiler
Immune response
Azadirachta indica
Moringa oleifera
Cichorium intybus
A B S T R A C T
The intent of this study was to investigate the comparative effect of
Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Cichorium intybus leaf
extracts on growth performance, immune response and carcass
characteristics of broilers. In this study 180, day old broiler chicks
were taken and raised together for a week as adaptation period. At
8th
day, 120 birds having middle weight range were selected for the
experiment. These birds were randomly divided into four
experimental groups A, B, C and D. Each group was further divided
into three replicates (10 chicks/ replicate). Group A was offered
drinking water without any supplementation (control). Whereas
groups B, C and D were offered drinking water supplemented
with leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and
Cichorium intybus @ 50 mL L!1
, 30 mL L!1
and 10 mL L!1
,
respectively. Results of the study showed that the birds given water
supplemented with Azadirachta indica leaf extract (group B)
exhibited better performance, immune response and some carcass
characteristics along with increased profit margin when compared to
all other treated or control groups. Therefore, it was concluded that
All copyright reserved to Mr.Scholar
To Cite This Article:Mahmood, S., K. Hayat, M. Yousaf, G. Abbas*
and A. Rehman, 2016. Comparative
effect of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Cichorium intybus leaf extracts on growth performance,
immune response and carcass characteristics of broilers. Scholar’s Adv. Anim. Vet. Res., 3(2): 60-65.
60
2. Scholar’s Adv. Anim. Vet. Res., 2016, 3(2): 60-65.
Azadirachta indica leaf extract was an inexpensive
but efficient herbal growth promoter to improve
broiler performance without any residual or harmful
effects.
INTRODUCTION
Broiler meat is a good source of animal protein
and is available at cheaper rate in our country.
However, its availability is being affected due to
rapid increase in human population, prevalence of
diseases, poor feed quality, price issues and
management problems, which are putting brakes on
the production performance of broilers. This
situation can be improved either by increasing the
number of birds or by improving their production
performance. Poultry farmers are using antibiotics
growth promoters to improve production efficiency
of broilers. However, indiscriminate use of
antibiotics is exerting negative effects on birds such
as bacterial resistance and drug toxicity due to their
residual effects (Hernandez et al., 2006). That’s why
the use of antibiotics in poultry feed has been
already banned by the European Union since 2006
(Anonymous, 2011). Consequently animal scientists
are trying to replace antibiotic with herbal medicinal
plants as growth promoters (Ogbe and Affiku,
2013).
Many herbal plants are being used in poultry
feeds as growth promoters, antibacterial, anti-
parasitic, anti-coocidial, anti-fungal, anti-tumor and
immune-booster in poultry diets (Subapriya and
Nagini, 2005). These plants include Allium sativum,
Zingiber officinale, Mentha piperita, Azadirachta
indica, Moringa oleifera and Cichorium intybus
(Ansari et al., 2008 and Nidullah et al., 2010).
Among these plants Azadirachta indica (neem),
Moringa oleifera (moringa) and Cichorium intybus
(Chicory) have been used in poultry feed as
supplements. These plants have numerous
medicinal properties such as anti-bacterial and
growth promoters. Azadirachta indica stimulate
immune system and also has antibacterial, antiviral,
anti-microbial and antifungal properties
(Subapriya and Nagini, 2005).
Moringa Oleifera is being used as growth
promoter to improve broiler performance because of
its good nutritional profile (Portugaliza and
Fernandez, 2011). It can also be used as immuno-
stimulant, antimicrobial and as an antibiotic
replacer.
Cichorium intybus also has valuable ingredients
such as mucilage and resins (Kalantari and
Rastmanesh, 2009). Chicorium intybus plant
especially its leaves have many medicinal properties
such as antibacterial, antifungal and immune-
stimulant (Nandagopal and Rangita, 2007).
Based upon the information mentioned in the
text above Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and
Cichorium intybus are potential candidates as
growth promoter to replace antibiotics. However,
scientific information regarding their comparative
effect on broiler performance is still scanty.
Therefore, a research project was planned to assess
the comparative effect of Azadirachta indica,
Moringa oleifera and Cichorium intybus leaf
extracts on growth performance, immune response
and carcass characteristics of broilers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Extractspreparation:Azadirachtaindica,Moringa
oleifera and Cichorium intybus leaves were
collected, dried under shade and sliced without
washing for making leaf powder. After that, the leaf
powder was added into distilled water @ 4 g, 6 g
and 2 g 100 mL!1
, respectively and extracted at
80°C for 3 h at pH 7. Prepared extract was filtered
and then cooled to room temperature in 48 h.
Plan of work: The research project was executed at
Dr. Raja Muhammad Akram Animal Nutrition
61
3. Scholar’s Adv. Anim. Vet. Res., 2016, 3(2): 60-65.
Research Center, Institute of Animal Nutrition and
Feed Technology, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad. Experimental room was thoroughly
cleaned, white washed, disinfected and fumigated
before arrival of chicks. The birds in each replicate
were reared in separate pens measuring 4×3 sq.ft.
All birds were kept under the same managemental
conditions like temperature, relative humidity,
ventilation, light and floor space, throughout the
experiment.
One hundred eighty, day old broiler chicks were
purchased from a local hatchery and raised together
for a week as adaptation period. After adaptation
period all the birds were weighed individually
and 120 birds having middle weight range were
selected for experiment. These birds were randomly
divided into four experimental groups designated as
A, B, C and D. There will be 30 chicks in each
group which were further divided into three
replicates (10 chicks/replicate). Group A were
offered drinking water without any supplementation
(control). Whereas, group B, C and D were offered
water supplemented with the herbal extracts of
Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and
Cichorium intybus (extracted separately in distilled
water at pH 7) @ 50, 30 and 10 mL L!1
,
respectively. Two commercial rations were
prepared and offered to the chicks (starter 0-3 and
finisher 4-5 weeks of age) ad libitum (Table 1).
The birds were vaccinated against Newcastle
disease (ND) at the age of day 5 and then at day 22
and Infectious Bursal disease at day 10 and again at
day 18.
Performance data on initial body weight, weekly
body weight, weekly feed consumption and
mortality, if any, were collected. The data collected
were used to calculate the weight gain and feed
conversion ratio of the birds. Blood samples were
taken (2 birds/replicate) at 28th
and 32nd
days of age
to determine antibodytiters against Infectious Bursal
disease and Newcastle disease, respectively (MAFF,
1984).
Table 1: Proportion and chemical compositions of ingredients used in
experimental rations
Ingredients Starter Ration (%) Finisher Ration (%)
Maize 36 35
Wheat 10 10
Rice polish 5 5
Rice broken 5 8
Wheat bran 3 6
Guar meal 3 2
S.F.M 6 5
C.G 60% 6 5
S.B.M 10 10
Fish meal 8 6
Soya oil 3 3
Molasses 3 3
Lime stone 1.16 1.16
DCP 0.167 0.167
Pre-mix 0.5 0.5
Salt 0.173 0.173
Total 100 100
Chemical composition
C.P 22% 20%
M.E 3100 Kcal Kg!1
3000 Kcal Kg!1
C.F 4.18% 4.55%
At the end of trial 2 birds/replicate were
slaughtered for their carcass characteristics i.e. live
weight, dressed weight, breast weight, thigh weight,
organ weight (liver, heart and gizzard) and weight of
abdominal fat.
Statistical analysis: Data collected was subjected to
statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance
Technique under Completely Randomized Design.
Treatment means were compared by Least
Significant Difference (Steel et al., 1997) test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Growth performance: Statistical analysis of the
data revealed improved growth performance of
broilers due to the addition of Azadirachta indica,
Moringa oleifera and Cichorium intybus leaf
extracts in drinking water (Table 2). The highest
feed consumption and body weight gain was
observed in the birds of group B followed by those
of group C, D and A (control). The data regarding
feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed that the most
62
4. Scholar’s Adv. Anim. Vet. Res., 2016, 3(2): 60-65.
Table 2: Effect of supplementing Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera
and Cichorium intybus leaf extracts in water on body weight,
feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of broilers
Treatment
----------------------------------------------------
Variables A B C D S.E
Initial body weight (g)` 188 184 185 186
Final body weight (g) 1837b
2034a
1972a
1951ab
41.30
Weight gain (g) 1632b
1858a
1786a
1764a
40.91
Feed consumption (g) 3394b
3578a
3475ab
3415b
41.24
Feed conversion ratio 1.85b
1.74a
1.78a
1.75a
0.24
Values within the same row which have different superscripts are
significantly different (P<0.05)
efficient FCR was observed in the birds of treatment
group B followed by those of group D, C and A
(control). These findings are compatible with those
observed by Nidaullah et al. (2010), Portugaliza and
Fernandez (2012) and Sarwar (2013) who reported
improved growth performance of broilers offered
drinking water supplemented with Azadirachta
indica Moringa oleifera and Cichorium intybus leaf
extracts, respectively and contrasting with those
observed by Wanker et al. (2009) who reported non-
significant improvement in growth performance of
broilersoffered feed supplemented with Azadirachta
indica leaf powder.
Immune response: Leaf extracts of Azadirachta
indica, Moringa oleifera and Cichorium intybus
when supplemented in drinking water showed better
antibody titer against ND and IBD in broilers of all
treated groups when compared to those of control
group (Table 3). The highest antibody titer against
ND and IBD observed in the birds of treatment
group B, D, C and A. The higher level of antibody
titer against ND and IBD in birds of group B may
probably be due to antiviral properties of
Azadirachta indica (Subapriya and Nagini, 2005)
which might have reduced the pathogenic load and
immune stress because of reduction in pathogens
and thus helped in boosting immunity. These
findings are in line with those observed by
Durrani et al. (2008) and Nidaullah et al. (2010)
who reported that better antibody titer against
Table 3: Effect of supplementing Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera
and Cichorium intybus leaf extracts in drinking water on
geometric mean values of the antibody titers against
Newcastle disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal disease (IBD)
of broilers
Treatment
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Variables A B C D S.E
ND 106.67b
234.67a
160ab
213.33a
17.816
IBD 45b
106.67a
85.33ab
96a
8.996
Values within the same row which have different superscripts are
significantly different (P<0.05)
Table 4: Dressing percentage, breast meat yield, thigh meat yield,
relative weight of giblets (liver, heart and gizzard) and
abdominal fat of broilers offered drinking water supplemented
with Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Cichorium
intybus leaf extracts
Treatment
-----------------------------------------------------------
Variables A B C D S.E
Dressing (%) 64.79b
68.76a
64.94b
67.15ab
0.605
Breast (%) 21.74b
25.42a
21.88b
22.48b
0.536
Thigh (%) 20.20 22.17 19.34 20.37 0.545
Liver 2.39 2.97 2.83 2.42 0.114
Heart 0.45 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.022
Gizzard 1.50b
1.74a
1.76a
1.56b
0.039
Abdominal fat (%) 3.17 3.14 3.09 2.92 0.040
Values within the same row which have different superscripts are
significantly different (P<0.05)
ND and IBD in the birds offered drinking water
supplemented with Azadirachta indica leaf extract
and contrasting with Landy et al. (2011) who
reported that there was a non-significant difference
in antibody titer against Newcastle disease in birds
offered diet supplemented with Azadirachta indica
fruit powder.
Carcass characteristics: Supplementation of
Azadirachtaindica,MoringaoleiferaandCichorium
intybus leaf extracts in drinking water showed better
effect on dressing percentage, breast meat yield and
relative weight of gizzard. However a no marked
improvement was observed regarding relative
weights of thigh meat, giblets (liver, heart and
gizzard) and abdominal fat (Table 4). The higher
dressing percentage may be due to high body weight
63
5. Scholar’s Adv. Anim. Vet. Res., 2016, 3(2): 60-65.
gain, higher breast meat yield may be due to more
muscle deposition at breast region and high
relative liver weight may be due to more feed
consumption which might be responsible for
increase in size and weight of gizzard. These
findings are compatible with those observed by
Zanu et al. (2011) who observed better dressing
percentage in broilers by using Azadirachta indica
decoction (Zanu et al., 2001) and contrasting with
Ayssiwede (2011) who found non-significant
difference regarding dressing percentage in the
birds using Moringa oleifera leaf meal in feed
(Ayssiwede et al., 2011).
CONCLUSIONS
The use of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera
and Cichorium intybus leaf extracts in drinking
water revealed better performance in broilers in
respect of feed consumption, body weight gain and
efficiency of feed utilization, better immune
response and carcass characteristic including
dressing %, breast meat yield and relative gizzard
weight. All these factors are specifically involved in
fetching better profit margin.
REFERENCES
Anonymous, (2011). Ban on antibiotic as growth
promoters in animal feed enters into effect.
http:HYPERLINK“http://europa.eu/rapid/press
ReleasesAction.do”//HYPERLINK”http://euro
pa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do”europa.eu
/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/0
5/1687&formate=HTML&aged=0&language=
EN. (Accessed on 14.11.2013.)
Ansari, J.Z., A. Haq, M. Yousaf, T. Ahmad and
S. Khan (2008). Evaluation of different
medicinal plants as growth promoters for broiler
chicks. Sarhad J. Agri., 24: 323-329.
Ayssiwede, S.B., J.C. Zanmenou, Y. Issa,
M.B. Hane, A. Dieng, C.A.A.M. Chrysostome,
M.R. Houinato, J.L. Hornick and A. Missohou
(2011). Nutrient composition of some
unconventional and local feed resources
available in Senegal and recoverable in
indigenous chickens or animal feeding. Pak. J.
Nutr., 10: 707-717.
Durrani, F.R., N. Chand, M. Jan, A. Sultan,
Z. Durrani and S. Akhtar (2008).
Immunomodulatory and growth promoting
effect of Azadirachta indica leaves infusion in
broiler chicks. Sarhad J. Agri., 24: 655-659.
Hernanadez, F., V. Garcia, J. Madrid, J. Orengo,
P. Catala, M.D. Megias (2006). Effect of
formic acid on performance, digestibility,
intestinal histomorphology and plasma
metabolite levels of broiler chickens. Br. J.
Poult. Sci., 47: 50-56.
Kalantari, H. and M. Rastmanesh (2009). Protective
properties of Cichorium intybus in CCl4
induced liver damage in mice. Arch Iran Med.,
3: 46-47.
Landy, N., G.G.M. Toghiani and F.F. Yazdi (2011).
Humoral immune responses of broiler chickens
fed with antibiotic and Azadirachta indica fruit
powder as feed additive supplemented diet. Inter
Conf. Life Sci. Technol., 3: 153-155.
MAFF/ADAS (1984). In: Manual of Veterinary
Investigation. Vol. 2. Third Ed. Reference Book,
Her Majestye Stationary Office, London.
Nandagopal, S. and B.D. Rangita (2007).
Phytochemical and antibacterial studies of
chicory (Cichorium Intybus L.) a multipurpose
medicinal plant. J. Adv. Biol. Res., 2: 17-21.
Nidaullah, H., F.R. Durrani and S. Gul (2010).
Aqueous extract from different medicinal plants
as anticoccidial, growth promotive and
immunostimulant in broilers. ARPN J. Agri.
Bio. Sci., 5: 53-59.
64
6. Scholar’s Adv. Anim. Vet. Res., 2016, 3(2): 60-65.
Ogbe, A. O., J. P. Affiku. (2013). Effect of
Polyherbal Aqueous Extracts(Moringa oleifera,
Gum arabic and wild Ganoderma lucidum) in
comparison with antibiotic on growth
performance and haematological parameters of
broiler chickens. Res J Recent Sci, 1: 10-18.
Portugaliza, H.P., T.J. Fernandez (2011). Growth
performance of cobb broilers given varying
concentrations of malunggay (Moringa oleifera
Lam.) aqueous leaf extract. Online J. Ani. Feed
Res., 2: 465-469.
Sarwar, M. S. (2013). Effect of chicory (Cichorium
intybus) leaves extract on growth, nutrient
digestibility, hematology and immune response
of broilers.Thesis: M.Sc. (Hons.) Department of
Poultry Science, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.
Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie and D.A. Dickey (1997).
In: Principles and Procedures of Statistical
Biometrial Approach. Second Ed. Mcgraw Hill
Book CO. Inc. New York.
Subapriya, R. and S. Nagini (2005). Medicinal
properties of Azadirachta indica leaves: A
Review. Asian Pacific J. Cancer, Prev., 6:
515-520.
Wanker, A.K., R.N. Shirbhate, K.B. Bahiram,
S.A. Dhenge and R.A. Jasutkar (2009). Effect of
Azadirachta indica leaf powder
supplementation on growth in broilers. Vet.
World, 2(10): 396-397.
Zanu,H.K.,J.K.Kagya-Agyemang, W.K.J. Kwenin,
F.R.K. Bonsu, E. Antwi and S. Ateni (2011).
Physiological response of broiler chickens to
Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Akakapenpen
(Rauvolfia vomitoria) decoctions: Performance
and Carcass Characteristics. Int. J. Poul. Sci.,
10: 730-733.
65