Fortnight effect-of-replacing-maize-gluten-32-40

Scholar’s Advances in Animal and Veterinary Research, 2(1): 32-40
ISSN (p): 2409-5281
ISSN (e): 2410-1540
http://www.mrscholar.com
Research Article
Fortnight Effect of Replacing Maize Gluten + Rice Bran (5:0) to
Maize Gluten + Rice Bran (1:4) Feed Supplement on
Physiochemical Characteristics of Water in Composite Culture System.
Nasir Ahmd , Iftikhar Ahmad , Seyyeda Umme Farwa Naqvi ,1 1 1
Ghulam Abbas , Syed Muhammad Adil Zafar , Khawar Hayat and Ishtiaq Ahmad2* 2 2 3
Department of Zoology and Fisheries UAF.1
Department of Poultry Science, UAF.2
Department of Statistics and Mathematics, UAF.3
Correspondance: ghulamabbas_hashmi@yahoo.com
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received: September 10, 2014
Revised: December 19, 2014
Accepted: February 05, 2015
Key Words:
Phsiochemical profile
Rice bran
Maize gluten,
Cirrihina mrigla,
Ctenophayrngon idella
Labeo rohita
A B S T R A C T
The research was conducted to envisage the fortnight effect of
replacing maize gluten + rice bran (5:0) to maize gluten + rice bran
(1:4) feed supplement on physiochemical characteristics of water in
composite culture system. 100 Labeo rohita, 50 Cirrihina mrigla
and 25 Ctenophayrngon idella were stocked in each of two earthen
ponds, each measuring 30m * 16m* 1.5m (length*width*depth)
named P1 and P2. Fishes in P1 was supplied maize gluten and rice
bran with a ratio 5:0 whilst that of pond P2 was provided maize
gluten and rice bran with a ratio 1:4. For the Limnological study,
water samples were collected from different depths of ponds on
fortnightly basis to measure phsiochemical profile of ponds. The
results of the present study revealed that fortnights and feed
supplements exerted significant influence on water temperature,
pH, total carbonates, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity and
planktonic biomass of both experimental ponds. maximum
Planktonic biomass was recorded at 5th fortnight (335 mg L )-1
during the month of July in p2. Dissolved oxygen content, light
penetration, total dissolved solids and total bicarbonates of both
32

Scholar’s Adv. Anim. Vet. Res., 2015, 2(1): 32-40.
the ponds showed significant variations
fortnightly however feed supplement showed no
effect on these parameters whilst total hardness, total
calcium and total magnesium contents of pond water
were not effected by either of fortnight or feed
supplement. Total alkalinity was higher in P1 which
supplied maize gluten and rice bran (1504) whilst
total carbonates and Planktonic biomass was higher
in P2 which was provided maize gluten and rice bran
(1:4).
All copyright reserved to Mr.Scholar
To Cite This Article: Ahmd, N., I. Ahmad, S.U.F. Naqvi, G. Abbas, S.M.A. Zafar, K. Hayat and I. Ahmad,
2015. Fortnight effect of replacing maize gluten + rice bran (5:0) to Maize gluten + rice bran (1:4) feed
supplement on Physiochemical characteristics of water in composite culture system. Scholar’s Adv. Anim.
Vet. Res., 2(1): 32-40.
INTRODUCTION
Fish meat is the cheapest and most easily
digestible animal protein of high biological value
which can be converted in to body tissues more
efficiently than meat of either of the farm animals
i.e. sheep, goat and cow. It can significantly
contribute in alleviating food Shortages of the world.
Basic fertility of the water body may be improved
provided with supplementary feeds (De-Silva and
Hasan, 2007). Fish farming in controlled or under
artificial conditions has become the easier way of
increasing the fish production. Fish intensification
by increasing stocking density is a suitable method
to increase fish yield. The developed technology in
form of composite fish culture is the most advanced
and innovative technique which enables to get
maximum fish production from a pond or tank
supplemented by artificial feed (Khattab et al.,
2004). Variations in fish growth depended on
various physiochemical parameters i.e. lectrical
conductivity, water temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen, total carbonates, total bicarbonates, total
magnesium, total solids, total dissolved solids,
planktonic biomass and light penetration,
phosphorus contents of rearing water (Ahmad et al.,
2008). Therefore the knowledge about
physiochemical relationship that exist in ponds are
essential to exploit aquaculture potential and
productivity of water (Ali, 1993). Aquaculture
production is correlated with increase of
phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass.
Phytoplankton are first link in food chains within
land waters and promote the growth of fish in a
composite fish culture.
It is crucial to understand the relationship
between planktonic biomass and other
physiochemical parameters in polyculture systems.
Water quality management usually involves
manipulation of nutrients to increase plankton
biomass for maximum production (Lane, 2000). In
the present study, the fortnight effect of maize gluten
and rice brane supplemented diet on
planktonbiomass and various physiochemical
parameters of water were evaluated in composite
fish culture in ecological conditions of Pakistan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental facilities: The experiment was
conducted in two earthen ponds, each measuring
30m * 16m* 1.5m (length*width*depth) located at
Fisheries Research Farm, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad. To disinfect these ponds liming was
33

done with calcium oxide (Hora and Pillay, 1962).
The inlets of ponds were screened with gauze of fine
mesh to avoid the entry of any intruder in to or exit
of fish from ponds. All the ponds were watered up to
a level of 1.5 m and this water level maintained
throughout the experimental period. Both ponds
were stocked with 100 Labeo rohita, 50 Cirrihina
mrigla and 25 Ctenophayrngon idella. Fishes in
treated ponds were supplied with rice bran and
maize gluten (30% CP) at a rate of 5:0 and 1:4 daily
from May 31, 2007 to November 02, 2007.
Estimation of physiochemical properties of
water: For the Limnological study, water samples
were collected from different depths of ponds on
fortnightly basis. The following parameters of the
physiochemical characteristics of pond water were
estimated.The temperature of water was recorded
by microprocessor dissolved oxygen meter
(HANNA-HI, 9143) fixing the temperature, factor at
“°C” . The penetration of sunlight in to the pond
water was measured the help of “ Secchi disc”
Chemical factor: To measure the pH the
microcomputer pH meter (HANNA-HI, 98107) was
used, after setting its range at ‘pH’ point.
Planktonicbiomass was indirectly measured from the
total solids and total dissolved solids by following
formula:
Planktonic biomass = Total solids - total dissolved solids
The dissolved oxygen was measured by the
Azide medications of the Wrinkler Techniques by
American public Health Association (A.P.H.A.
1971). A 50 ml sub-sample of water was taken in an
Erlenmeyer's flask, 0.1 ml methyl orange indicator
was added in it and titrated against 0.2 N standard
H2SO4 till the end point (light orange). Calculations
for estimation of total alkanity were made by using
the following formula:
Total alkalinity (mg L )= Volume of acid used x (N of acid) x 50,000-1
------------------------------------------------------
Volume of sample (mL)
To another 50 ml sub-sample of water in an
Erlenmeyer's flask, phenolphthalein (0.1 mL) was
2 4added as an indicator, then titrated against H S0
(0.02 N) until pink color disappeared. The
carbonates and bicarbonates were estimated by
following formula;
Carbonates (mg L ) = (Volume of acid used) x (N of acid) f 50,000)-1
---------------------------------------------------------
Volume of sample (mL)
Bicarbonates (mg L ) = Total Alkalinity - Carbonates-1
Another 50 mL sub-sample of water was taken
in an Erlenmeyer's flask and pH was maintained by
adding appropriate volume of the buffer. The
reaction mixture was stirred and 0.1 ml of
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator was added to
it and titrated with EDTA (0.01 N) to reach the end
point of blue color appearance. Total hardness was
calculated by using following formula;
Total hardness (mg L ) = Volume of EDTA used for titration x (A) x 1000-1
---------------------------------------------------------
Volume of the sample (mL)
3where A = mg CaCO equivalent to 0.1 mL EDTA
titrant at the Ca indicator end point.
Another 50 mL sub-sample of water was
taken and its pH was raised (12-13) by adding
appropriate volume of NaOH (IN). The sample was
stirred and then one drop of mercuric oxide as a
indicator was added to it. The reaction mixture
was then titrated against Ethylene Diamine Tctra
acetate (EDTA) (0.01 N), which was added
slowly with continuous stirring till the end point,
purple color was obtained. The following formula
was used to calculate the calcium content of the
sample:
34

Calcium (mg L ) = Volume of EDTA used for tititration x 400-1
-----------------------------------------------------
Volume of sample used (mL)
The magnesium was measured after analysis of
calcium and total hardness by the following formula;
A-B = C, M agnesium = C/4, W here A = Total hardness B = Calcium x 2.5.
Total solids were estimated by evaporation
method. A 100 mL of water sample was taken in a
pre- weighed beaker and evaporation in an oven at
103°C. After evaporation, beaker was again weighed
and the total solids were calculated by following
formula.
Total solids (mg L ) = Increase in weight x 10,00,000-1
Statistical analysis: The data recorded was checked
for assumptions for analysis of variance. The data
was then analyzed by using steel et al., (1996)
through a Micro Computer IM-PC. The comparison
of mean If significant (p<0.05) differences were
found in the ANOVA test were compared using
Duncan’s multiple range test with repeated
sampling.
RESULTS
The overall range of water temperature was
24-35°C and 23-35°C in pond 1 and pond 2,
respectively (Table 1). Mean values of ponds were
2computed to be 28.41 and 28.41°C in Pi and P ,
respectively. The overall range of Secchi's disc
visibility observed was 10-20 cm and 11-21 cm in
2P1 and P , respectiveiy (Table 2). Mean values of
1ponds were computed to be 15.08 and 15.83cm in P
2and P , respectively. The pH values ranged from
28.9-9.6 in Pi and 8.8-9.8 in P (Table 3). Mean
values of ponds were computed to be 9.33 and
29.33 in Pj and P , respectively. Fortnightly
observations of the dissolved oxygen are given in
Table 4 which remained 4.2-8.9 mg L in both-1
Table 1: Fortnight observations on water temperature (°C) in pond 1
and 2.
1 2Fortnight P P Mean
31-5-2007 30 31 30.5B
14-6-2007 31 30 30.5B
28-6-2007 34 35 34.50A
11-7-2007 35 35 35A
25-7-2007 33 34 33.5A
8-8-2007 29 28 28.5C
22-8-2007 26 25 25.5D
8-9--2007 25 26 25.5D
22-9-2007 24 24 24DE
5-10-2007 25 26 25.5D
19-10-007 24 23 23.5E
2-11-2007 25 24 24.5DE
Mean 28.417 28.417
Table 2: Fortnight observations on light penetration in pond 1 and 2
31-5-2007 15 14 14.5BCDE
14-6-2007 14 14 14.00CDE
28-6-2007 12 13 12.50DE
11-7-2007 13 11 12.00DE
25-7-2007 10 12 11.00E
8-8-2007 11 19 15.0BCDE
22-8-2007 20 18 19.0AB
8-9--2007 16 17 16.50ABCD
22-9-2007 19 21 20.00A
5-10-2007 15 18 16.50ABCD
19-10-007 17 16 16.50ABCD
2-11-2007 19 17 18.0ABC
Mean 15.08 15.83
Table:3 Fortnight observations on pH in pond 1 and 2
31-5-2007 9.2 9.5 9.35BCD
14-6-2007 9.4 9.3 9.35BCD
28-6-2007 9.1 9.2 9.1DEF
11-7-2007 9.6 9.4 9.5ABC
25-7-2007 8.9 8.8 8.85F
8-8-2007 9.3 9.2 9.25CDE
22-8-2007 8.9 9.1 9.0EF
8-9--2007 9.8 9.6 9.7A
22-9-2007 9.5 9.7 9.6AB
5-10-2007 9.6 9.8 9.7AD
19-10-007 9.4 9.2 9.3BCDE
2-11-2007 9.3 9.1 9,2CDE
Mean 9.33 9.33
ponds. The minimum concentration of dissolved
1 2oxygen was 3.50 mg L and 4.20 mg L in P and P-1 -1
respectively. The maximum concentration of
2dissolved oxygen in Pi and P were 8.9 mg L . Mean-1
35

Table 4: Fortnight observations on dissolved oxygen in pond 1 and 2
17-5-2007 6.2 5.2 5.7E
31-5-2007 6.3 6.4 6.35DE
14-6-2007 6.0 6.8 6.4DE
28-6-2007 6.8 7.3 7.05CD
11-7-2007 8.9 7.8 8.35BC
25-7-2007 7.9 8.5 8.2AB
8-8-2007 8.7 8.9 8.8A
22-8-2007 8.1 8.2 8.15AB
8-9--2007 7.4 8.2 7.8AB
22-9-2007 6.2 7,6 6.9CD
5-10-2007 4.4 4.2 4.3E
19-10-007 3.5 4.4 4.95E
Mean 6.7 6.95
Table 5: Fortnight observations on total alkanity (mg L ) in pond 1-1
and 2
17-5-2007 610 600 605D
31-5-2007 710 730 720ABC
14-6-2007 750 720 735A
28-6-2007 670 780 725AB
11-7-2007 720 670 695ABCD
25-7-2007 630 620 625CD
8-8-2007 650 610 630BCD
22-8-2007 640 620 630BCD
8-9--2007 780 970 725AB
22-9-2007 710 680 965ABCD
5-10-2007 650 590 620D
19-10-007 700 610 655ABCD
Mean 685.00 658.3
26.95 mg L in Pi and P , respectively (Table 4). The-1
1range of total alkaluiity was 610-780 mg L ifi P-1
and 590-970 mg L .-1
The range of calcium was recorded to be 22-123
1 2and 26-70 mg L in P and P , respectively. Mean-1
1 247.25 mg L in P and P , respectively (Table 5).-1
Calcium concentration, Magnesium concentration,
Total dissolved solids and hardness of pond water
not affected by fortnight or feed supplementation.
Planktonic biomass ranged from 15-255 and
1 235-335 mg L for P and P , respectively-1
(Table 8). Mean values of ponds were computed to
1 2be 97.75 and 152.92 mg L in P and P ,-1
respectively. The range of carbonates throughout
Table 6: Fortnight observations on total carbonates (mg L ) in pond 1-1
and 2
17-5-2007 110 120 115D
31-5-2007 100 110 105ABC
14-6-2007 80 115 97.5A
28-6-2007 130 140 135AB
11-7-2007 200 190 195ABCD
25-7-2007 100 80 90CD
8-8-2007 110 100 105ABC
22-8-2007 130 150 140BCD
8-9--2007 120 90 105ABC
22-9-2007 170 160 165ABCD
5-10-2007 90 112 101D
19-10-007 120 114 117ABCD
Mean 121.67 123.42
Table 7: Fortnight observations on total bicarbonates (mg L ) in pond-1
1 and 2
17-5-2007 670 580 625A
31-5-2007 510 470 490C
14-6-2007 530 520 525ABC
28-6-2007 500 550 525ABC
11-7-2007 540 530 535ABC
25-7-2007 520 540 530ABC
8-8-2007 550 510 530ABC
22-8-2007 630 565 597BC
8-9--2007 580 560 570BC
22-9-2007 610 630 620AB
5-10-2007 560 540 550AB
19-10-007 600 580 590AB
Mean 566.67 547.92
the experiment remained at a level of 80-200 mg L-1
1 2in P while 80-190 mg L in P . The range of-1
1bicarbonates was 500-670 mg L in P and-1
2510-630 mg L in P (Table 6). Mean values of-1
ponds for carbonates were computed to be 121.67
1 2and 123.42 mg L in P and P , respectively whilst-1
Mean values of ponds, for bicarbonates were
1computed to be 566.47 and 547.92 mg L in P and-1
2P , respectively (Table 7).
DISCUSSION
The surroundings are consisted of several
physiochical and biological components which
affected the life of an organism in several ways. The
36

Table 8: Fortnight observations on Planktonic biomass (mg L ) in-1
pond 1 and 2
17-5-2007 15 35 25C
31-5-2007 35 40 37.5C
14-6-2007 86 215 150.5ABC
28-6-2007 102 112 107ABC
11-7-2007 102 335 218.5AB
25-7-2007 63 175 119ABC
8-8-2007 255 217 236A
22-8-2007 35 125 94BC
8-9--2007 105 83 80BC
22-9-2007 55 173 114ABC
5-10-2007 100 120 110ABC
19-10-007 220 205 212.5AB
Mean 97.75 152.92
most important influencing factor in aquatic
ecosystem on growth of organisms is feeding.
Supplementary feeding nourishes fish with the
additional proteins and good carbohydrates, which
results in better weight gain (Jena et al., 2002).
Major physiochemical parameters measured during
the trial were in the favorable range for fish culture
(Boyd, 1990). During June to August the pond water
temperature ranged between 26°C and 33°C might
be suitable for the growth of Labeo rohita and
Cirrhinus mrigala. At these temperatures fish fed
extensively on natural and supplementary feeds
(Bettoli et al., 1985). Similar results are also
reported by Rashid (1985) that fish activities
including growth and development greatly depends
on temperature. Production of aquaculture is
influenced by various physico-chemical conditions
of water and presence of different types of biotic
flora and fauna. Quality of water can be determined
by ecological parameters. Crucial ecological
parameters are temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen,
total carbonates, total bicarbonates, total hardness,
total calcium, total magnesium, total solids, total
dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, planktonic
biomass and light penetration. An optimum range of
these ecological factors is required for fish culture.
In the Present research these parameters were
recorded fortnightly intervals.
It is obvious from the results that water
temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total carbonates,
planktonic biomass and light penetration of both
ponds varied significant throughout experimental
period whilst total calcium, total magnesium, total
solids, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity,
total bicarbonates and total hardness varied non
significantly. Ahmad et al. (2008) observed that
planktonic biomass depend on water temperature.
Alliot et al. (1983) reprted that fish activities greatly
depend upon water temperature. Dewan (1973)
recorded temperature range of 19.0-35.0 °C from a
pond situated at Mymensingh. Okpokwasiti and
Obah (1991) investigated significant seasonal
variations in water temperature, electrical
conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and
light penetration of ponds. The results of the present
study revealed that fortnights exerted significant
influence on water temperature, pH, dissolved
oxygen, total carbonates, total bicarbonates, total
magnesium, total solids, total dissolved solids,
electrical conductivity, planktonic biomass and light
penetration of both experimental ponds.
In the present study, pH ranges fronm 8.8-9.8
fortnightly in both ponds. Fortnight and diet
supplements influenced the pH of water
significantly. Water pH plays significan role in
maintaning the homeostasis in aquatic organism.
Fish can sustain a pH range of 5-6 whereas 6.5-9.0
range of water pH is usually consider optimum for
fish culture however optimum range may differ for
different species of fish. In present study pH varied
from of 8.8-9.7 which may be considered an
optimum range. These higher values of pH
might be due to the decrease of carbondioxide
3and precipitation of CaCO due to increased
photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton.
Afzal et al. (2008) reported that pH in the range of
6.88-8.61 was optimum for all fish species considerd
in their study. Visual clarity in water helps fishes for
feeding and predation rapidly. Limnologists used the
37

Secchi disc to measure water transperancy. The
light penetration ranged from 10 to 20 cm
throughout the experimental period (Table 2).
Results revealed significant effect of fortnight on
light penetration however feed supplement showed
no effect on light penetration. Water transperacy
might be effected by many factors, e.g. silting,
microscopic organism, suspended organic matter,
latitude, season, observer, time of the day, angle and
intensity of entering light, and weather during the
experimental period (Ried and Wood, 1976).
Rahman (1992) also reported clarity of water varied
fortnightly.
In the present study, dissolved oxygen content
of both the ponds showed significant variations
fortnightly and during the 7th fortnight (August)
both the experimental ponds showed higher values
of dissolved oxygen content whilst feed supplement
exerted no effect on dissolve oxygen contents of
ponds (Table 4). Alikunhi (1957) reported dissolved
oxygen ranging from 5 to 7 ppm for optimum
production. Ali et al. (1982) observed dissolved
oxygen content of 7.2-10.5 mg L throughout the-1
experimental period. Benerjea (1967) considered
5.0 to 7.0 mg L dissolved oxygen content of water-1
to be fair whereas Rahman et al. (1982) measured
dissolved oxygen content of water 0.40-8.8 mg L .-1
It is said that major portion of artificial feed is lost as
unutilized feed and feces. Lost artificial feed in the
aquatic system has pronounced effect on water
quality through decomposition (Poxton and Lloyd,
1989). Starch and proteins have a decomposition
2rate of about 0.8 day-responsible for greater CO
concentration and lowering dissolved oxygen
concentration (Van Keulen and Seligman, 1987).
Ganapati (1943) observed high quality of dissolved
oxygen during northeast monsoon and south-west
monsoon weather. The higher value of dissolved
oxygen in might be due to greater use of oxygen in
decomposition of the organic matter and suspended
substances carried by the rain water. Average lower
1values of dissolved oxygen content in P which
might be due to decomposition of unused
supplementary feeds. However Coche (1967)
reported an increase in dissolved oxygen content
with the decrease of temperature. Total alkalinity of
water was affected by supplementary feeds as well
as by fortnights (Table 5). Similarly total Carbonates
of water was affected by supplementary feeds as
well as by fortnights (Table 6). Whilst total
bicarbonates were effected between fortnight only
(Table 7).
The titrable bases in water, as equivalent to
3CaC0 are referred to as total alkalinity. In the
present study, alkalinity was recorded in the
range of 605-780 mg L . Higher values of alkalinity-1
(>300 mg L ) is responsible for eutrophication-1
(Pant et al., 1979). Total alkalinity of pond 1
was significant higher (685 mg L ) as compared-1
2to P (658.33 mg L ) however total alkalinity of-1
both the ponds at each fortnight was within
theoptimum range. Comparatively non-significant
1 2values of hardness in the pond P and pond P
might be due to water internal quality however
lower fortnight mean values of total hardness in
August (330.5 mg L ) might be due to its dilution-1
by rain water. Similar results are reported by
Lakshmanan et al. (1967).
Total dissolved solids differese was significant
fortnightly however it was not affected by feed
supplements (Table 8). Planktonic biomass showed
significant variations among feed supplementation
and fortnightly in both ponds (Table 9). The
maximum Planktonic biomass was recorded at 5th
fortnight (335 mg L ) during the month of july in-1
2P . The minimum Planktonic biomass observed at 1st
1fortnight in P (15 mg L ). Total average of-1
planktonic biomass for all fortnights was
1 2(97.75 mg L ) and (152.92 mg L ) in P and P ,-1 -1
lrespectively. Lower concentration of P anktonic
biomass in both ponds was found at first fortnight
and more or less higher amount was observed in
ponds at 7th fortnight. The abundance of planktonic
biomass was higher in maize gluten and rice brane
38

2(1:4) treated ponds (P ). Ghosh (1973) found higher
phytoplankton biomass in ponds supplemented with
urea. During the present investigation higher values
of plankton mass were found in August. It might be
due to accelrated decomposition of organic matter at
high temperature. Islam et al. (1978) reported
maximum phytoplankton concentration during June,
July and October.
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