A study was conducted to determine if supplementing activated charcoal would increase intake of honey mesquite leaves by sheep. Twenty lambs were fed one of four levels of activated charcoal (0, 0.33, 0.67, 1 g/kg BW) along with low-quality hay and molasses. Lambs were given ad libitum access to honey mesquite leaves. Intake of mesquite leaves increased over time but did not differ between charcoal supplementation levels. Mesquite intake varied greatly among individual lambs. Hay intake and weight gain also did not differ between treatments. Supplementing activated charcoal did not increase mesquite leaf consumption in this study.
Metabolic and Exercise Performance Responses to Two Different Oral Doses of C...science journals
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors. .
Evaluation of Different Herbaceous Legume Hays As Protein Supplements for Gro...paperpublications3
Abstract: A study to evaluate the dry matter feed intake (DMI) and growth rate of local growing lambs supplemented different herbaceous forage legumes hay with teff straw (TS) ad libitum and sorghum crushed grain (SCG) based-diet was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC). The treatments were NCTR (TS + SCG 100 to 150 g/day head-1) and NCTR with supplementary (SUPP) protein sources VET (Vetch, Vicia dasycarpa), STY (Stylosanthes, Stylosanthes hamata), LAB (Lablab, Lablab purpureus), SIR (Siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum), DES (Desmodium, Desmodium unicinatum), SES (Sesbania, Sesbania sesban), LUC (Leucaena, Leucaena pallida) hay and PCTR (Noug cake, Guizotia abyssinica). Average initial body weight (IBW) (23.11± 0.3 kg) and feed conversion rate (FCR) 4.81 were same for all treatment groups. Final body weight (FBW) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were different (p<0.001) among treatment groups. Animals fed on NCTR plus LUC and LAB supplement had better FBW, ADG and dry matter supplement (SDMI) and total feed intakes (TDMI) than other treatment groups. Moreover, animals in supplemented treatment groups’ achieved a maximum ADG of 109.1 gm head-1 at 10th week of feeding period. The results indicated the possibility of increasing sheep production through supplementation of these forge legumes in areas while the production of these forage species are possible. Therefore, supplementation of growing lambs with LUC and LAB hay plus NCTR until 10 weeks (70 days) would give optimum body weight gain.
Metabolic and Exercise Performance Responses to Two Different Oral Doses of C...science journals
This opinion article aims to highlight the use of the Word Association technique (WA) as a food safety tool, as evidenced in the article by J.M. Latorres and coauthors. .
Evaluation of Different Herbaceous Legume Hays As Protein Supplements for Gro...paperpublications3
Abstract: A study to evaluate the dry matter feed intake (DMI) and growth rate of local growing lambs supplemented different herbaceous forage legumes hay with teff straw (TS) ad libitum and sorghum crushed grain (SCG) based-diet was conducted at Sirinka Agricultural Research Center (SARC). The treatments were NCTR (TS + SCG 100 to 150 g/day head-1) and NCTR with supplementary (SUPP) protein sources VET (Vetch, Vicia dasycarpa), STY (Stylosanthes, Stylosanthes hamata), LAB (Lablab, Lablab purpureus), SIR (Siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum), DES (Desmodium, Desmodium unicinatum), SES (Sesbania, Sesbania sesban), LUC (Leucaena, Leucaena pallida) hay and PCTR (Noug cake, Guizotia abyssinica). Average initial body weight (IBW) (23.11± 0.3 kg) and feed conversion rate (FCR) 4.81 were same for all treatment groups. Final body weight (FBW) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were different (p<0.001) among treatment groups. Animals fed on NCTR plus LUC and LAB supplement had better FBW, ADG and dry matter supplement (SDMI) and total feed intakes (TDMI) than other treatment groups. Moreover, animals in supplemented treatment groups’ achieved a maximum ADG of 109.1 gm head-1 at 10th week of feeding period. The results indicated the possibility of increasing sheep production through supplementation of these forge legumes in areas while the production of these forage species are possible. Therefore, supplementation of growing lambs with LUC and LAB hay plus NCTR until 10 weeks (70 days) would give optimum body weight gain.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth perfo...Pig Farm Solution
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs S. Y. Yoon, Y. X. Yang, P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, K. Yun, J. K. Jo, J.
H. Lee, S. J. Ohh, I. K. Kwon and B. J. Chae J Anim Sci
published online Sep 11, 2009
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
Effects of Adding Different Levels of Phytase to Diet Containing Low Phosphor...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of addition of different levels of phytase containing low phosphorus diets on performance, eggshell quality and bone characteristics in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In the experiment, a total of 162 7-week-oldlaying Japanese quail were fed two different diets containing 0.33 % available phosphorus (AP, control) and 0.15 % AP supplemented with phytase 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 phytase unites/g feed. Each diet was feed to groups having three replicates, each cages nine quail, in completely randomized design. Feed and water supplied for ad-libitum. Light was provided 17 hours daily. Egg production, egg mass, average daily feed consumption, viability, fat-free dried tibia weight were improved, as phytase level increased in the diet. However, final live weight, carcass weight, body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash (%) and deformed egg ratio (%), some eggshell quality parameters measured in eggs collected at the end of the first period, were not affected by treatments. With regard to measured parameters, the responses of laying quail, to the increasing phytase levels, were not linear. The performance and bone parameters of the group fed with 1500 units were very close to that of the control group, even higher than the control group in some traits. Decreasing in shell weight of eggs collected at last three days of the experiment were not prevented any of the phytase levels. At the same period, shell thickness and breaking strength of the eggs of groups fed with 1500 and 2000 units phytase, were significantly lower than that of the control group. Manure ash percentage of phytase added groups were significantly lower than the control group.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter (0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k). At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth perfo...Pig Farm Solution
Effects of mannanase and distillers dried grain with solubles on growth performance nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs S. Y. Yoon, Y. X. Yang, P. L. Shinde, J. Y. Choi, J. S. Kim, Y. W. Kim, K. Yun, J. K. Jo, J.
H. Lee, S. J. Ohh, I. K. Kwon and B. J. Chae J Anim Sci
published online Sep 11, 2009
Digestibility level of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous m...AI Publications
Ruminant sheep from forage and legumes, which has linited avabiility due to the shift inproductive land for grass and legumes, which have been widely used for housing and business. Research purposes; To see the digestibility level of the fiber fraction from cacao waste fermented with indigenic microorganisms in sheep. Research hypothesis: Increased digestibility of cacao waste fiber fraction fermented with indigenous microorganisms. Benefits of Research: The results of this study can reduce the waste problem cacao can be used as the building blocks for livestock rations ruminant by breeders.Material and Methods: This study used sheep as much as 16 tails whose age 6-12 months, the sheep will be sorted by weight, ration treatment consisted of four, namely; A = Concentrate (40%) + forage (60%), B = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + Lives fermentation (LF) (30%), C = Concentrate (40%) + Grass (30%) + rind cocoa Fermentation(RCF)( 30%), D = Concentrate( 40%) + Grass (30%) + (15%) LF+ RCF (15%). Variable research is weight gain, consumption of fiber fraction and the fiber fraction Digest. The results of the study are incressing weight of sheep ranged from 56.052 to 71.315 g / head / day with MD consumtion ranged from 289.78 to 359.00, from 129.02 to 160.22 NDF, ADF -115.42 84.29 grams / head / day and digestibility of MD ranged from 59.16 to 60.62%, 34.187 to 55.67 NDF, ADF 26.00 to 48.46. Conclusion: The waste cacao fruit can promote the growth of sheep are seen in terms of the fiber fraction. Suggestion; Giving the Waste cacao fruit in the diet in order to be improved.
Achieving factual sustainability in fish farming needs the addition of most of the fish meal exploited as feed stuffs. The current experiment described two feeding trials, that resulted in the complete replacement of fish meal in the fingerling of Tilapia mossambicus. The initial trial was accompanied with three stages of fish meal replacement (50, 75 and 100% of dietary protein) viz., one level of soy protein and two levels of Lactat ® Probiotic (0 (or) 0.3% of the diet). Since probiotic has been reported to promote gut health, it was incorporated inorder to examine the growth enhancement and whether it would ease high levels of fish meal replacement in T. mossambicus. Lipids were provided by Cod liver oil. The better weight gain was observed in the treatments 50/50+ of fish meal replacement and 0/100+ of fish meal replacement. The optimum Specific Growth Rate, Food Conversion Ratio and Survival were also observed in 50/50+ fish meal replacement and 0/100+ fish meal replacement. The higher serum Acetyl Choline, Leucocytes, and Erythrocyte were observed in 50/50+ and 0/100 + than the other diets. The Lysozyme activity was higher in 0/100+ and 50/50+ than the other diets.
In the Second feeding trial, fish meal was replaced by various carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of the fingerlings of T. mossambicus. Five experimental diets were formulated to contain glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and control were maintained separately. The results indicated that the better weight gain, SGR, FCR and survival were also better in starch, dextrin and sucrose diet fed fish. There were significant differences in the total plasma, glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed with different carbohydrate sources. Plasma total protein, red blood cell, leucocytes and hemoglobin were significantly affected by various carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase, (G6PD), 6- Phospho fructokinase (PFK) and fructose 1, 6 – bisphosphatase (FBase) were significantly affected by these carbohydrate sources. While this two feeding trail indicated that the 50/50+ and 0/100+ of soy flour replacement with fish meal showed the optimum growth performance and in carbohydrate sources the corn starch, dextrose, and sucrose showed the better growth for tilapia fingerlings.
Effects of Adding Different Levels of Phytase to Diet Containing Low Phosphor...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of addition of different levels of phytase containing low phosphorus diets on performance, eggshell quality and bone characteristics in laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In the experiment, a total of 162 7-week-oldlaying Japanese quail were fed two different diets containing 0.33 % available phosphorus (AP, control) and 0.15 % AP supplemented with phytase 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 phytase unites/g feed. Each diet was feed to groups having three replicates, each cages nine quail, in completely randomized design. Feed and water supplied for ad-libitum. Light was provided 17 hours daily. Egg production, egg mass, average daily feed consumption, viability, fat-free dried tibia weight were improved, as phytase level increased in the diet. However, final live weight, carcass weight, body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash (%) and deformed egg ratio (%), some eggshell quality parameters measured in eggs collected at the end of the first period, were not affected by treatments. With regard to measured parameters, the responses of laying quail, to the increasing phytase levels, were not linear. The performance and bone parameters of the group fed with 1500 units were very close to that of the control group, even higher than the control group in some traits. Decreasing in shell weight of eggs collected at last three days of the experiment were not prevented any of the phytase levels. At the same period, shell thickness and breaking strength of the eggs of groups fed with 1500 and 2000 units phytase, were significantly lower than that of the control group. Manure ash percentage of phytase added groups were significantly lower than the control group.
Electronic commerce (ecommerce) is a type of business model, or segment of a larger business model, that enables a firm or individual to conduct business over an electronic network, typically the internet
Study of Intake, Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Growing Bulls Fed Forages...IJEAB
The study was conducted to rank Napier, jumbo, maize and rice straw on the basis of their yield, production cost, nutritional value and productivity of native growing bulls. Thirty native bulls (Bos indicus) of 135 (+28/-28) kg live weight (LW) were randomly allocated to five treatments in a completely randomized design and fed silage of maize (Zea mays; Hybrid, PG-1000), jumbo (Sorghum bicolor; Hybrid Sugar graze), Napier (Pennisetum perpureum; hybrid) and urea molasses straw of whole straw (UMS-WS) and UMS of stover (UMS-S) for a period of 90 days. The dry matter (DM) intake of Napier, jumbo, maize, UMS-WS and UMS-S was 2.08, 1.79, 2.01, 1.92 and 2.08 % LW, respectively which differed significantly (P<0.01).><0.01)><0.01) in bulls fed maize silage (273.3 g/d) followed by Napier silage (81.4 g/d), UMS-S (75.3 g/d), jumbo silage (39.9 g/d) and UMS-WS (39.6 g/d). Considering the cost of beef production, maize may be ranked on the top followed by Napier, jumbo, UMS-S and UMS-WS, respectively which may be taken in profitable beef production system.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
A study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value and enzyme
supplementation of different sources of energy in broiler diets on the growth
performance and heamatological parameters of broiler chickens supplemented with
Mazigrain® enzyme within the treated groups. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets
less (23.17 % CP; 2831 Kcal/ME and 21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/ME) for the broiler starter
(0 - a month) and finisher phases (5–8 months) respectively were formulated. Diet 1
(maize based diet) served in as the control while diets 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
supplemented with sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets
separately. A sum of 225 day-old NAPRI X broiler chicks were haphazardly distributed
to the five treatments. Every treatment comprised of 45 broilers with three repeats of
fifteen birds each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The general linear model
protocol of S.A.S. 9.0. was used to analyze the collected data. Among the dietary
groups significant changes (P<0.05) was found utilizing a Tukey test. Enzyme along
with various energy sources have noteworthy (P<0.05) changes on every one of the
parameters (final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water intake, water
to feed ratio and feed cost per kilogram weight gain) except for death rate at the
starter phase. Broilers that had sorghum based diet had the best performance at
starter stage (final weight; 627 g, weight gain; 576.85 g, feed cost/kg gain; ^ 187.95 k).
At the finisher stage, sorghum supplemented with enzyme had the best feed
conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The optimal performance
characteristics were recorded for sorghum based diets. Feed cost / kg gain was the
cheapest on birds fed sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation which was
comparable with those fed the maize based diet. However, the use of enzyme
enhanced the performance of birds at both the starter and finisher phases.
Effect of dietary phytate on phosphorus digestibility in dairy cows
ac
1. 7
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine if intake
of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) leaves by
sheep could be increased by supplementing four levels of
activated charcoal supplemental (0.0, 0.33, 0.67 and 1.00
g/kg of BW). Twenty wether lambs (36.6 ± 0.6 kg) were
randomly assigned to the 4 treatment levels. Lambs were
fed 2.0% of body weight of low-quality Sudan-grass hay
(Sorghum bicolor) and 80 g/d of molasses for 7 days, and then
for following 16 days lambs were fed 1.9% of body weight
of low-quality Sudan-grass hay and 80 g /day of molasses
mixed with the assigned level of activated charcoal. After
the 7-d acclimation period, lambs were also given ad libitum
access to honey mesquite leaves that had been thawed before
feeding. Repeated measures analyses were used to determine
if level of activated charcoal fed to lambs affected daily intake
of mesquite leaves. No differences (P = 0.52) in the intake
of mesquite leaves were detected. Mean intake of mesquite
leaves was 20.7 ± 3.7, 23.8 ± 3.8, 20.2 ± 3.7, and 27.3 ±
3.7 g/day for the 0.0, 0.33, 0.67 and 1.0 levels, respectively.
Consumption of mesquite leaves varied greatly among lambs,
ranging from 1.24 to 6.25% of the diet. Differences in hay
intake (P = 0.23) and lamb weight gain (P = 0.58) were not
detected among supplemental charcoal treatments. Future
studies examining the consumption of honey mesquite leaves
by sheep should consider the potential variability in intake
among individual animals.
Key words: activated charcoal, honey mesquite, molasses,
Sudan-grass hay, wethers.
Introduction
Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) is a highly
invasive species found throughout the Southwest. It
outcompetes other plant species in search for water, light and
nutrients, and reduces amount of desirable foraging species.
Control methods such as mechanical and chemical removal
are often not cost-effective. Therefore, using mesquite as a
forage resource in southwestern rangelands could increase
the sustainability of livestock operations (Witmore, 2009).
Potentially, mesquite could be a valuable forage resource,
because its crude protein content and fiber levels are similar to
moderate quality alfalfa hay. However, phenolic compounds
in its leaves can be detrimental for ruminant animals (Lyon
et al., 1988). Poage et al. (2000) used activated charcoal to
increase intake of bitterweed, which contains sesquiterpenes.
Proceeding, Western Section, American Society for Animal Science
Vol. 63, 2012
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING ACTIVATED CHARCOAL ON THE INTAKE OF HONEY MESQUITE BY LAMBS
P.E. Mayagoitia-González1
, D.W. Bailey1
, and R.E. Estell2
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces1
; and USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM2
Authors suggested activated charcoal reduced toxicosis and
ultimately increased bitterweed consumption. Witmore
(2009) also indicated supplementation of activated charcoal
might enhance intake of mesquite leaves by livestock.
The objective of this study was to evaluate free choice
consumption of mesquite leaves by sheep with activated
charcoal supplementation. We hypothesized that there would
be a non-linear relationship between intake of activated
charcoal (medicine) and mesquite leaves (source of toxins).
Materials and Methods
The New Mexico State University Animal and Use
Committee approved the research protocol.
Feeding Trials. Our study was conducted during the
winter of 2012 (mid-January to early February) and lasted 24
days. Twenty yearling Rambouillet wether lambs (36.6 ± 0.6
kg) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments in a completely
randomized design. Treatments consisted of 4 levels of daily
supplementation of activated charcoal: 0, 0.33, 0.67 and 1g/
kg of BW. Lambs were kept in individual pens and fed daily
at 0800 and 1700 h. Lambs were weighed before and after
the study. During a 7-d adjustment period, lambs were fed
Sudan grass hay (Sorghum bicolor) at 2.0% of BW (DMB)
and 80 g of molasses. Following the acclimation period,
a 17-d feeding trial was conducted. Lambs were fed low
quality hay at 1.9% of BW (DMB) and a mixture of molasses
(80 g) plus activated charcoal each day. The mixture of
molasses and activated charcoal was placed on top of the hay
in a rubber pan. Mesquite leaves were offered ad libitum in
a separate pan. Mesquite leaves were harvested by hand at
the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center located
35 km north of Las Cruces, NM and placed in a cooler with
ice for a maximum of 3 h and then frozen and stored until
the trial. About 2/3 of the mesquite leaves were harvested on
June 15 2011 and remaining leaves were harvested on June
29 2009. All lambs were fed leaves from each harvest date
an equal number of days. Mesquite leaves were thawed in a
refrigerator the night before feeding. Based on intake levels
observed by Witmore (2009), we initially placed 11 g DM
of mesquite leaves in each feeder during the morning when
hay and molasses were fed. In the evening (1700 h), feeders
were monitored and more mesquite was placed in the feeder
if 75% of the mesquite leaves were consumed. During the
first 4 days, all lambs received the same amount of leaves
unless 75% of the leaves were consumed in the morning meal.
2. 8
After 4 days, an additional 11 g DM of mesquite leaves were
offered per meal if lambs consumed all leaves the previous
day. The amount of leaves was reduced if lambs consumed
less than 50% of the leaves the previous day. Our approach
was to ensure lambs had ad libitum access to mesquite leaves
without feeding excessive amounts of harvested mesquite
leaves.
Hay and mesquite orts were collected each morning.
Orts were weighed daily and stored until the end of the trial.
Hay and mesquite orts were dried at 50°C for 48 h and ground
in a Wiley mill to pass a 1-mm screen. Hay, mesquite leaves,
and orts were composited across days and analyzed for CP,
NDF, and ADF (SDK Labs, Hutchison, KS) using standard
analytical procedures. All intakes and nutrient concentrations
are expressed on a DM basis.
Statistical Analysis. Intake of mesquite leaves was
analyzed using the repeated measure of PROC MIXED (SAS
Inst. Inc., Cary NC). The model included treatment (level of
activated charcoal supplementation), day, and treatment by
day interaction. Lamb was used as the subject and covariance
between repeated records was modeled using autoregressive
order1, compound symmetry, and unstructured covariance
structures (Littell et al., 1996). Of the three covariance
structures evaluated, the structure resulting in the lowest
Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) value was selected.
Mean mesquite and hay intake after the acclimation period
was evaluated with PROC MIXED using a model that
contained treatment.
Results and Discussion
Chemical Analyses. The Sudan grass hay used in
this study was low quality with a relative feed value of 78.
Crude protein concentration was 10.51%. The NDF and
ADF values were 63.57% and 45.80%, respectively. In
contrast, the relative feed value of mesquite leaves (143) was
equivalent of moderate quality alfalfa hay. The crude protein
concentration of mesquite leaves was 16.10% and NDF and
ADF levels were 40.73 and 33.65%, respectively. Regarding
crude protein content, our results differ with those of Lyon et
al. (1988), where nutritive values of 6 mesquite species were
compared with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L); the lowest CP
content was for Prosopis alba with 15%. Conversely, NDF
and ADF values reported by Lyon et al. (1988) were similar
to those in our study (35.5 and 43.3% for P. nigra and P.
alba). Similarly, Witmore (2009) reported similar NDF and
ADF values for small (40.9 and 27.2%) and large mesquite
leaves (36.4 and 29.2%), but CP concentrations in that study
for small and large leaves (21.3 and 20.7%, respectively)
were greater than those observed in this study. Crude protein
values in this study are similar to those obtained by Riveros
(1992) for Prosopis tamarugo leaves.
Mean Intake. No differences (P = 0.23) in hay intake
were detected among treatments (Table 1). Similarly, no
differences among treatments (P = 0.61) were detected in
mean mesquite leaf intake. When expressed as a percentage
of the diet, mesquite intake averaged 3.65% and varied from
1.24 to 6.25% of the diet. During the first half of the trial
(first 8 d), mesquite intake varied from 0.06 to 7.42% of the
diet. During the second half of the study (d 9 to 16), mesquite
leaves comprised 1.44 to 7.58% of the diet. Negative post-
ingestive feedback has been reported with inclusions of
more than 5% of the diet as honey mesquite (Witmore, 2009;
Baptista and Launchbaugh, 2001). However, a 6-mo study
conducted by Abedelnoor et al. (2009) feeding P. juliflora
leaves at varying levels (5 to 15%) with silage to sheep
revealed that organic matter digestibility was improved when
mesquite was added to the diet at 5 and 10%. Moreover, they
suggested sheep could tolerate this species with silage at up
to 15% of the diet. Abedelnoor et al. (2009) indicate that if
appropriately mixed with other forages, mesquite is a viable
feeding source during dry seasons.
No differences in lamb weight gain were detected (P =
0.58). Overall lambs lost 2.32 ± 0.62 kg during the study.
Daily Intake. No differences in daily intake of mesquite
leaves were detected (P = 0.52). Intake of mesquite leaves
changed (P < 0.001) during the course of the study. Lambs
consumed more mesquite as the study progressed (Figure 1).
Intake of mesquite leaves followed a cubic function of day
of study:
Intake (g/d) = -6.62 + 8.87*day – 0.94*day2
+ 0.04*day3
Intake of mesquite leaves varied greatly among lambs
during the study (Figure 2). Mesquite intake often followed
cyclical patterns. Periods of high intake were often followed
by periods where lambs consumed few, if any, mesquite
leaves. Witmore (2009) reported a similar trend in which
intake of mesquite leaves varied cyclically.
In contrast to this study, intake of forages with plant
secondary metabolites has been enhanced by supplementation
in other studies. Banner et al. (2000) conducted 3 experiments
to determine the effect of activated charcoal and barley on
sagebrush intake by lambs. In the first experiment, activated
charcoal and barley increased sagebrush intake significantly
(304 g) compared with the treatment with just barley (248
g). However, Banner et al. (2000) suggested barley had a
pivotal role on sagebrush consumption because it has sulfur-
containing amino acids that facilitate detoxification. Witmore
(2009) observed increased intake of honey mesquite leaves
with supplementation of activated charcoal. That study
utilized a crossover design with lambs as their own control
and a shorter feeding period (Witmore, 2009).
Implications
Honey mesquite is a shrub found extensively throughout
the Southwest that has a relatively high nutrient content
compared with grasses during late spring and early summer.
Little research has been conducted to assess its effects on
livestock or on mechanisms to increase intake. Further
studies are needed to understand how honey mesquite affects
livestock and how it can serve as a forage to enhance the
sustainability of livestock grazing in the southwestern United
States and arid regions around the world.
3. 9
Literature cited
Abedelnoor, T. M., N. H. Talib, A. A. Mabrouk, M.
A. Mohammed, M. I. El-Mahi, H. H. Abu-Eisa,
Z. Fre, and H. Bokrezion. 2009. The use of
alternativeanimalfeedstoenhancefoodsecurity
and environmental protection in Sudan. In:
Zeremarian Fre (ed). Final Report: Pastoral
and Environmental Network in the Horn
of Africa and Animal Production Research
Center. PENHA-APRC. www.penhanetwork.
org
Baptista, R., and K. L. Launchgaugh. 2001. Nutritive
value and aversion of honey mesquite leaves to
sheep. J. Range Manage. 54:82–88.
Banner, R.E., J. Rogosic, E. A. Burritt, and F. D.
Provenza. 2000. Supplemental barley and
charcoal increase intake of sagebrush (Artemisia
tridentata subsp. vaseyana) by lambs. J. Range
Manage. 53: 415–420.
Littell, R. C., G. A. Milliken, W. W. Stroup, and
R. D. Wolfinger. 1996. SAS sytem for mixed
models. 6th
ed. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Lyon, C. K., M. R. Gumbmann, and R. Becker.
1988. Value of mesquite leaves as a forage.
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
44: 111-117.
Poage III, G. W., C. B. Scott, M. G. Bisson, and F. S.
Hartmann. 2000. Activated charcoal attenuates
bitterweed toxicosis in sheep. J. Range Manage.
53: 73.
Riveros, F. 1992. The genus Prosopis and its
potential to improve livestock production in
arid and semi-arid regions. p. 257-276 In:
Speedy, A. and Pugilese (eds). Legume trees
and other fodder trees as protein sources for
livestock. FAO Animal and Production Health
Paper, FAO, Rome, Italy.
Witmore, B. K. 2009. Potential of biological control
of honey mesquite and its use as a forage
resource for livestock. Thesis, New Mexico
State University, Las Cruces.
Figure 1. Daily intake of honey mesquite leaves by lambs
supplemented with activated charcoal at 0.00, 0.33, 0.67, or 1.00
g/kg BW.
Figure 2. Examples of daily intake of mesquite leaves by individual
lambs supplemented with 0.00, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.00 g/kg BW of
activated charcoal.
Table 1. Mean intake of Sudan hay and honey mesquite leaves of lambs supplemented with four levels of activated
charcoal
Level of Activated Charcoal
Supplementation
Sudan Hay, g/d Mesquite Leaves, g/d Mesquite Leaves in Diet, %
Item Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE
0.00 g/kg BW 612.4 33.4 20.8 4.3 3.00 0.66
0.33 g/kg BW 540.8 33.4 24.8 4.3 4.02 0.66
0.67 g/kg BW 563.0 33.4 20.2 4.3 3.18 0.66
1.00 g/ kg BW 512.0 33.4 27.3 4.3 4.41 0.66