This study evaluated the effects of different levels of probiotic (Protexin) supplementation in broiler feed on blood parameters. 375 broilers were divided into 5 treatment groups that received either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 g/ton of probiotic in their feed. Blood samples were collected and analyzed. Results showed that hematological values, serum urea, creatinine, triglycerides, HDL, cholesterol and LDL were not affected by treatments. However, hemoglobin, serum glucose and total protein were significantly increased in birds receiving 100 g/ton probiotic compared to the control group. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation at different levels may improve some blood parameters of broilers.
This document provides guidelines for health and hygiene for ostriches farmed commercially. It discusses some common diseases that can affect ostriches, including Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, and clostridiosis. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination protocols and biosecurity measures to prevent disease outbreaks. Specific recommendations are provided for vaccination schedules and practices. Maintaining strict hygiene, isolating sick birds, and disinfecting equipment and facilities can help control the spread of pathogens. Further research is needed on diseases that may affect ostriches in Pakistan.
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent VaccineIOSR Journals
The document describes a study that investigated the efficacy of a Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. Shaver brown chickens were vaccinated and monitored over time. PHA antibody titers were measured in the vaccinated chickens at various time points post-vaccination and were found to increase after primary vaccination, booster dose, and pre-challenge. Chickens that received the bivalent vaccination withstood challenge with virulent S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, demonstrating the vaccine conferred protection. The results indicate the experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine was immunogenic and provided effective protection against challenge infection in chickens.
The paper reports on a study examining blood parasites in two dairy farms in Khartoum State, Sudan. Ninety-six cattle were examined, with 48.96% found to be positive for blood parasites. The most common parasites identified were Theileria species at 16.67% prevalence, followed by Anaplasma species at 13.54% and Babesia species at 3.13%. Some cattle showed mixed infections. Babesia bigemina infection was confirmed in 3 samples using PCR-RFLP analysis. The health of infected animals improved after treatment, and mortality in adult cows stopped. The study concludes that babesiosis and anaplasmosis should be considered causes of mortality and economic losses
This document summarizes a study that tested 128 broiler chicken meat samples from 6 countries on 4 continents for residues of antibiotics and hormones using ELISA. The study found varying levels of tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethazine, chloramphenicol, trenbolon, estradiol-17ß, and testosterone residues, with some averages and individual levels exceeding acceptable limits. While most residues were below limits, their presence still indicates a potential human health risk due to allergic reactions, development of antibiotic resistance, and endocrine disrupting effects of some hormones. The study demonstrates a need for monitoring antibiotic and hormone residues in meat to ensure food safety.
1) A serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to egg drop syndrome (EDS) virus in breeders and commercial layers in Mansehra district of Pakistan.
2) Blood samples were collected from 50 flocks total, including broiler breeders, layer breeders, and commercial layers. Samples were tested using the haemagglutination inhibition test.
3) The results showed that 40% of broiler breeder flocks, 30% of layer breeder flocks, and 20% of commercial layer flocks had antibodies to EDS virus, for an overall seroprevalence of 34.87% among the flocks sampled.
- An outbreak of aflatoxicosis occurred on a cattle farm in Pakistan, affecting 45 cattle that had been fed corn rich forage contaminated with high levels of aflatoxin B1 (33,500 ppb).
- Clinical signs in affected cattle included anorexia, depression, photosensitization, diarrhea, and 15 cattle died. Necropsy findings showed hemorrhages on viscera and liver lesions.
- The contaminated feed supported growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which produce aflatoxins. Supportive therapy including fluid therapy and antibiotics helped the remaining cattle recover.
This study evaluated the effects of different levels of probiotic (Protexin) supplementation in broiler feed on blood parameters. 375 broilers were divided into 5 treatment groups that received either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 g/ton of probiotic in their feed. Blood samples were collected and analyzed. Results showed that hematological values, serum urea, creatinine, triglycerides, HDL, cholesterol and LDL were not affected by treatments. However, hemoglobin, serum glucose and total protein were significantly increased in birds receiving 100 g/ton probiotic compared to the control group. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation at different levels may improve some blood parameters of broilers.
This document provides guidelines for health and hygiene for ostriches farmed commercially. It discusses some common diseases that can affect ostriches, including Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, and clostridiosis. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination protocols and biosecurity measures to prevent disease outbreaks. Specific recommendations are provided for vaccination schedules and practices. Maintaining strict hygiene, isolating sick birds, and disinfecting equipment and facilities can help control the spread of pathogens. Further research is needed on diseases that may affect ostriches in Pakistan.
Investigation on the Efficacy of Salmonella Bivalent VaccineIOSR Journals
The document describes a study that investigated the efficacy of a Salmonella bivalent vaccine containing Salmonella gallinarum and Salmonella pullorum. Shaver brown chickens were vaccinated and monitored over time. PHA antibody titers were measured in the vaccinated chickens at various time points post-vaccination and were found to increase after primary vaccination, booster dose, and pre-challenge. Chickens that received the bivalent vaccination withstood challenge with virulent S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, demonstrating the vaccine conferred protection. The results indicate the experimental Salmonella bivalent vaccine was immunogenic and provided effective protection against challenge infection in chickens.
The paper reports on a study examining blood parasites in two dairy farms in Khartoum State, Sudan. Ninety-six cattle were examined, with 48.96% found to be positive for blood parasites. The most common parasites identified were Theileria species at 16.67% prevalence, followed by Anaplasma species at 13.54% and Babesia species at 3.13%. Some cattle showed mixed infections. Babesia bigemina infection was confirmed in 3 samples using PCR-RFLP analysis. The health of infected animals improved after treatment, and mortality in adult cows stopped. The study concludes that babesiosis and anaplasmosis should be considered causes of mortality and economic losses
This document summarizes a study that tested 128 broiler chicken meat samples from 6 countries on 4 continents for residues of antibiotics and hormones using ELISA. The study found varying levels of tetracycline, streptomycin, sulfamethazine, chloramphenicol, trenbolon, estradiol-17ß, and testosterone residues, with some averages and individual levels exceeding acceptable limits. While most residues were below limits, their presence still indicates a potential human health risk due to allergic reactions, development of antibiotic resistance, and endocrine disrupting effects of some hormones. The study demonstrates a need for monitoring antibiotic and hormone residues in meat to ensure food safety.
1) A serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to egg drop syndrome (EDS) virus in breeders and commercial layers in Mansehra district of Pakistan.
2) Blood samples were collected from 50 flocks total, including broiler breeders, layer breeders, and commercial layers. Samples were tested using the haemagglutination inhibition test.
3) The results showed that 40% of broiler breeder flocks, 30% of layer breeder flocks, and 20% of commercial layer flocks had antibodies to EDS virus, for an overall seroprevalence of 34.87% among the flocks sampled.
- An outbreak of aflatoxicosis occurred on a cattle farm in Pakistan, affecting 45 cattle that had been fed corn rich forage contaminated with high levels of aflatoxin B1 (33,500 ppb).
- Clinical signs in affected cattle included anorexia, depression, photosensitization, diarrhea, and 15 cattle died. Necropsy findings showed hemorrhages on viscera and liver lesions.
- The contaminated feed supported growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, which produce aflatoxins. Supportive therapy including fluid therapy and antibiotics helped the remaining cattle recover.
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
This document summarizes the diagnosis and prevention of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens in Japan. It describes how the disease spread throughout Japan in the 1960s following the development of the poultry industry. Diagnosis involves isolating M. gallisepticum through culture or detecting antibodies through agglutination or hemagglutination inhibition tests. Prevention efforts include using antibiotics like tylosin, implementing sanitary measures and eradication programs on farms, and developing clean breeding flocks free of the disease.
This research is carried out in order to improve the production of eggs in indigenous chicken by reducing the
inter-sequence stopped days through use of anti-prolactin agent (Bromocriptine) and serum from laying hen.
Sixty-four indigenous (deshi) chickens of 20-22 weeks of age, were randomly assigned into four groups (i, j, k
and l) and each group consisting of 16 hens. Control was designated as Group I and Bromocriptine orally at a
dose of 641μg/bird/day was used to treat group j, group k was treated with serum of laying kadhaknath hen
serum at a dose of 1 ml intramuscularly/bird/day and group l was treated with both Kadhaknath serum and
Bromocriptine at doses given to group j and k for the period of 15 March, 2019 to 16 June, 2019 and egg
production, stopped days, prolactin level, hematological parameter and egg qualities were observed. A
significant increase (p<0.05) in Egg production was noticed in all treated groups in comparison to the groups
which were in non- treated control and group k showed the highest production. All treatment groups depicted a
significant decrease (p<0.05) in stopped days and prolactin levels and lowest were observed in hens of group l.
In hematological values between the chicken group, no significant differences were noticed. The present study
reveals that combined treatment with Bromocriptine and serum from laying kadhaknath hen increases egg
production without affecting the health of indigenous chickens.
This study investigated antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples in Shiraz, Iran. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows and cultured if somatic cell count was over 100,000 cells/mL. The two most isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (37.61%) and Streptococcus spp. (36.69%). These bacteria showed the highest resistance to penicillin and cloxacillin. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests found Staphylococcus spp. were largely resistant to commonly used mastitis antibiotics like penicillin, tetracycline, and oxacillin at low concentrations. The study highlights the role of hygiene and prudent antibiotic use in mastitis control and prevention to
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
This document summarizes a study that compared the efficacy of an autogenous Salmonella Enteritidis bacterin and a probiotic preparation in preventing S. Enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups: a non-infected control group, an infected non-treated group, a group vaccinated with the autogenous bacterin and challenged, and a group treated with probiotic and challenged. Parameters measured included clinical signs, mortality, lesions, shedding of S. Enteritidis, and antibody titers. The results showed that both the bacterin and probiotic significantly reduced signs, mortality, shedding and increased antibody titers compared to the infected non
Emergence of antibiotic resistance in captive wildlifeBhoj Raj Singh
In this presentation antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) in captive wildlife has been compared with AMR in bacteria isolated from veterinary clinical cases. In captive wildlife bacteria resistant to carbapenems, all generations of cephalosporins, producing ESBL, MBL, and NDM were prevalent. In this study 36.7% bacterial isolates from captive wildlife were ESBL producers and about 45% were MDR type. In recent past not much increase in AMR in bacteria of captive wildlife was observed. Carvacrol was found to be the most effective herbal antimicrobial. About 67.5% bacteria from birds kept in zoo and >71% those from zoo carnivores had MDR. This was much more than in strains of wild herbivore origin (<30%). Herbal drugs resistance was more common in bacteria from herbivore captive wildlife in contrast to AMR for conventional antimicrobials in bacteria from carnivores. Bacteria from carnivores had higher levels of multidrug resistance than those from omnivores or herbivores. No such difference was evident in bacterial isolates from domesticated or pet herbivores and carnivores. Omnivore animals (pigs) and human isolates had almost similar levels of AMR but much higher than herbivores. Position in food chain and Food of the host play an important role in occurrence of AMR bacteria. The study revealed that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the major players in the propagation of AMR. And for maintenance or propagation of AMR Enterobacteriaceae members, wild carnivores are the major abode. The study indicated that AMR was common in bacteria of captive wildlife too as in other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. However, the level of AMR was much more aggravated than in domestic animals. It can be concluded that if we need to monitor the AMR in any locality it will be more informative to look for the AMR strains in wildlife and aquatic environment than in livestock. This might be due to the concentration of the AMR strains in wild carnivores having a specific niche in food chain. More long term studies on large number of isolates from wide variety of captive wildlife living in different geographical and climatological conditions are required for better understanding of AMR trends.
Effect of Ruta graveolens on pentylenetetrazol and electrically induced convu...pharmaindexing
Ruta graveolens is a plant traditionally used for children's epilepsy. This study tested Ruta graveolens extract against seizures induced in mice. Mice were given Ruta graveolens extract orally, then injected with pentylenetetrazol or electrically stimulated to induce seizures. The extract significantly inhibited behaviors associated with seizures like myoclonic jerks and protected against death from pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in a dose-dependent manner. It also increased the time before onset of tonic seizures from electrical stimulation and decreased death rates. The results suggest Ruta graveolens contains compounds that inhibit seizures.
Infectious bronchitis virus a major cause of respiratory diseaseAlexander Decker
- The study aimed to detect the presence of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in outbreaks of respiratory disease in chickens in Ghana using RT-PCR.
- Tracheal swabs were collected from 10 chicken farms and a total of 47 samples were analyzed.
- RT-PCR detected IBV in 30 of the 47 samples, indicating an overall prevalence of 64%.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics Used In Animals Raised for FoodJohn Blue
The document summarizes key points from a presentation given by Richard Raymond, M.D. at the National Institute for Animal Agriculture on November 12, 2013. Some of the main topics discussed include: a decrease in reported foodborne illnesses over the last decade despite increased media coverage of outbreaks; perceptions versus realities regarding antibiotic use and resistance on farms; the roles and oversight of the FDA regarding antibiotic use; and data from monitoring programs showing many important antibiotics remain effective treatments.
This study evaluated the efficacy of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and turmeric powder, individually and combined, to counteract the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broiler chickens. Five groups of 100 broiler chicks each were fed either an uncontaminated diet, an aflatoxin-contaminated diet, or an aflatoxin-contaminated diet supplemented with HSCAS, turmeric powder, or both. Treatment with HSCAS or turmeric powder alone improved performance and reduced organ damage compared to the untreated contaminated group. Both additives also improved immune response and biochemical parameters in contaminated birds. The study concludes that adding HSC
Prevalence of Moraxella ovis Infection in Goats under the Ladang Angkat Progr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
— The product based on fluralaner, brand name Bravecto was launched worldwide in 2014 in the form of a chewable tablet whose action on fleas and ticks lasts around three months. Presented by MSD ANIMAL HEALTH as an innovative product, highly safe, and can be ingested by dogs, including puppies, breeders, pregnant and lactating bitches and Collie dogs. In addition, it is indicated as part of the strategy to control allergic dermatitis and reduce the risk of transmitting fatal diseases transmitted by ticks. However, after its launch, numerous cases of development of pathologies and deaths of dogs of various races and ages, coinciding with the intake of the product began to be reported. Later on, the owners whose dogs had adverse effects on the product were organizing and forwarding reports to the manufacturer and entities responsible for product regulation and marketing and consumer support worldwide such as the CVM's Adverse Drug Event (ADE) EMA (European Medicines Agency), various sites on the pathologies developed in different breeds and the signs presented by the animals in the period of product administration. All this data which have become a database available for consultation. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) in July 2017 had requested the company to investigate all relevant reports related to various disorders such as neurological, skin and appendage diseases, hypersensitivity or immune-mediated reactions and liver diseases, some of which were fatal. The present review aims to summarize the information and provide a scenario in which, despite the efficacy of the product in the control of ectoparasites, has coincided in the period after its application, with the incidence of several pathologies and even deaths of the canine species
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
Brucellosis a negative modulator of reproductionBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellsis is an important disease of reproductive system in dairy animals and other livestock. Though it not causes any apparent illness, it causes infertility in both sexes and adult male cattle may develop orchitis, hygromas involving leg joints are a common manifestation of Brucellosis in calves. Once infected, the animal remain lifelong carrier and continue disseminate the disease to susceptible animals and humans. The pathology and pathogenesis of brucellosis though not very apparent is complex as involves modulation of several cytokines in the process of infection and disease progression. The important cytokines affected in brucellosis pathogenesis and persistence include interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. All the modulated cytokines are also associated with one or other aspect of normal reproduction physiology as increased levels of IFNγ had strong association with infertility, the TNF-α act as key regulators of endometrial IL-13 and IL-15 expression regulating endometrial immune responses and endometriosis. Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, sVCAM-1 induces infertility, the IL-1 have a role in ovulation and may be involved in several ovulation-associated dysfunctions, the IL-2 has a significant negative correlation with sperm count, motility, and morphology in males and repeated abortions in females, the increased levels of IL-4 have been associated with infertility, normalcy in serum levels of the IL-6 important for normal fertility and pregnancy maintenance and increased level of IL-10 and IFN-γ has been associated with reproductive failure.
The impact of internal parasites on flock healthSusan Schoenian
This document discusses the impact of internal parasites on flock health and productivity in sheep. It notes that internal parasites are a primary health problem for sheep raised in warm, moist climates and that anthelmintic resistance has developed on farms around the world due to overuse of deworming drugs. Several types of internal parasites that can infect sheep are described, including nematodes, trematodes, and protozoa. The document also discusses tests for detecting anthelmintic resistance and the costs of resistance in terms of reduced animal performance and profits.
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
The study found an overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation of 11.14% among goats in the Toba Tek Singh district of Pakistan. Ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasite, followed by lice, fleas, mites, and flies. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites was found during the winter months for lice, fleas, and mites, while ticks and flies were most common in summer and spring, respectively. Non-cemented flooring was associated with higher prevalence of ectoparasites compared to cemented flooring. Host characteristics like age, sex, and breed did not influence prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation.
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
Antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of opuntia ficus indicaAlexander Decker
This study evaluated the antiplasmodial efficacy of fruit extracts and cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica. In vitro tests found the ethyl acetate extract of cladodes had activity against Plasmodium berghei, with lower parasitemia compared to controls. In vivo tests in mice found treatment with the cladode extract resulted in lower parasitemia than the control group on days 5, 8, and 10, though parasitemia was higher than the chloroquine group. However, some mice treated with the extract died between days 7-9, while no deaths occurred in the chloroquine group. The study presents an evaluation of antiplasmodial effects of O
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Pesticides toxicity assessment in occupational workers in Dir Lower, Khyber P...Innspub Net
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control insects and weeds to enhance food and crops productivity. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of pesticides on health status of dealers and farmers in district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected from different groups viz: farmers, dealers (exposed to pesticides), and control (not exposed to pesticides) and the history was recorded on a questioner. For Blood Profiling and Serum Biomarkers analysis, Sysmex Kx-21 (Japan) and Shiamadzu Double Beam Spectrophotometer 1700 Pharma (Japan) were used. Upon pesticides exposure the blood cholesterol, Triglyceride, Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Uric Acid, Total Lipid, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Platelets and White Blood Cells count were increased in dealers and farmers as compared to control group. While, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cells, hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Lymphocytes and Neutrophils counts decreased in farmers and dealers as compared to control. The present findings suggest that pesticides exposure adversely affect dealers and farmers health status by significantly altering their liver and kidney functions as well as blood biochemistry and hematology.
This document summarizes the diagnosis and prevention of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens in Japan. It describes how the disease spread throughout Japan in the 1960s following the development of the poultry industry. Diagnosis involves isolating M. gallisepticum through culture or detecting antibodies through agglutination or hemagglutination inhibition tests. Prevention efforts include using antibiotics like tylosin, implementing sanitary measures and eradication programs on farms, and developing clean breeding flocks free of the disease.
This research is carried out in order to improve the production of eggs in indigenous chicken by reducing the
inter-sequence stopped days through use of anti-prolactin agent (Bromocriptine) and serum from laying hen.
Sixty-four indigenous (deshi) chickens of 20-22 weeks of age, were randomly assigned into four groups (i, j, k
and l) and each group consisting of 16 hens. Control was designated as Group I and Bromocriptine orally at a
dose of 641μg/bird/day was used to treat group j, group k was treated with serum of laying kadhaknath hen
serum at a dose of 1 ml intramuscularly/bird/day and group l was treated with both Kadhaknath serum and
Bromocriptine at doses given to group j and k for the period of 15 March, 2019 to 16 June, 2019 and egg
production, stopped days, prolactin level, hematological parameter and egg qualities were observed. A
significant increase (p<0.05) in Egg production was noticed in all treated groups in comparison to the groups
which were in non- treated control and group k showed the highest production. All treatment groups depicted a
significant decrease (p<0.05) in stopped days and prolactin levels and lowest were observed in hens of group l.
In hematological values between the chicken group, no significant differences were noticed. The present study
reveals that combined treatment with Bromocriptine and serum from laying kadhaknath hen increases egg
production without affecting the health of indigenous chickens.
This study investigated antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples in Shiraz, Iran. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows and cultured if somatic cell count was over 100,000 cells/mL. The two most isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (37.61%) and Streptococcus spp. (36.69%). These bacteria showed the highest resistance to penicillin and cloxacillin. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests found Staphylococcus spp. were largely resistant to commonly used mastitis antibiotics like penicillin, tetracycline, and oxacillin at low concentrations. The study highlights the role of hygiene and prudent antibiotic use in mastitis control and prevention to
Epidemiologial study of bovine brucellosis in three selected agro-ecologies o...ILRI
Presented by Tujuba Jergefa Oncho at a workshop on an integrated approach to controlling brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 29-31 January 2013.
This document summarizes a study that compared the efficacy of an autogenous Salmonella Enteritidis bacterin and a probiotic preparation in preventing S. Enteritidis infection in broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into four groups: a non-infected control group, an infected non-treated group, a group vaccinated with the autogenous bacterin and challenged, and a group treated with probiotic and challenged. Parameters measured included clinical signs, mortality, lesions, shedding of S. Enteritidis, and antibody titers. The results showed that both the bacterin and probiotic significantly reduced signs, mortality, shedding and increased antibody titers compared to the infected non
Emergence of antibiotic resistance in captive wildlifeBhoj Raj Singh
In this presentation antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR) in captive wildlife has been compared with AMR in bacteria isolated from veterinary clinical cases. In captive wildlife bacteria resistant to carbapenems, all generations of cephalosporins, producing ESBL, MBL, and NDM were prevalent. In this study 36.7% bacterial isolates from captive wildlife were ESBL producers and about 45% were MDR type. In recent past not much increase in AMR in bacteria of captive wildlife was observed. Carvacrol was found to be the most effective herbal antimicrobial. About 67.5% bacteria from birds kept in zoo and >71% those from zoo carnivores had MDR. This was much more than in strains of wild herbivore origin (<30%). Herbal drugs resistance was more common in bacteria from herbivore captive wildlife in contrast to AMR for conventional antimicrobials in bacteria from carnivores. Bacteria from carnivores had higher levels of multidrug resistance than those from omnivores or herbivores. No such difference was evident in bacterial isolates from domesticated or pet herbivores and carnivores. Omnivore animals (pigs) and human isolates had almost similar levels of AMR but much higher than herbivores. Position in food chain and Food of the host play an important role in occurrence of AMR bacteria. The study revealed that members of Enterobacteriaceae are the major players in the propagation of AMR. And for maintenance or propagation of AMR Enterobacteriaceae members, wild carnivores are the major abode. The study indicated that AMR was common in bacteria of captive wildlife too as in other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. However, the level of AMR was much more aggravated than in domestic animals. It can be concluded that if we need to monitor the AMR in any locality it will be more informative to look for the AMR strains in wildlife and aquatic environment than in livestock. This might be due to the concentration of the AMR strains in wild carnivores having a specific niche in food chain. More long term studies on large number of isolates from wide variety of captive wildlife living in different geographical and climatological conditions are required for better understanding of AMR trends.
Effect of Ruta graveolens on pentylenetetrazol and electrically induced convu...pharmaindexing
Ruta graveolens is a plant traditionally used for children's epilepsy. This study tested Ruta graveolens extract against seizures induced in mice. Mice were given Ruta graveolens extract orally, then injected with pentylenetetrazol or electrically stimulated to induce seizures. The extract significantly inhibited behaviors associated with seizures like myoclonic jerks and protected against death from pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in a dose-dependent manner. It also increased the time before onset of tonic seizures from electrical stimulation and decreased death rates. The results suggest Ruta graveolens contains compounds that inhibit seizures.
Infectious bronchitis virus a major cause of respiratory diseaseAlexander Decker
- The study aimed to detect the presence of Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in outbreaks of respiratory disease in chickens in Ghana using RT-PCR.
- Tracheal swabs were collected from 10 chicken farms and a total of 47 samples were analyzed.
- RT-PCR detected IBV in 30 of the 47 samples, indicating an overall prevalence of 64%.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics Used In Animals Raised for FoodJohn Blue
The document summarizes key points from a presentation given by Richard Raymond, M.D. at the National Institute for Animal Agriculture on November 12, 2013. Some of the main topics discussed include: a decrease in reported foodborne illnesses over the last decade despite increased media coverage of outbreaks; perceptions versus realities regarding antibiotic use and resistance on farms; the roles and oversight of the FDA regarding antibiotic use; and data from monitoring programs showing many important antibiotics remain effective treatments.
This study evaluated the efficacy of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and turmeric powder, individually and combined, to counteract the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broiler chickens. Five groups of 100 broiler chicks each were fed either an uncontaminated diet, an aflatoxin-contaminated diet, or an aflatoxin-contaminated diet supplemented with HSCAS, turmeric powder, or both. Treatment with HSCAS or turmeric powder alone improved performance and reduced organ damage compared to the untreated contaminated group. Both additives also improved immune response and biochemical parameters in contaminated birds. The study concludes that adding HSC
Prevalence of Moraxella ovis Infection in Goats under the Ladang Angkat Progr...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
— The product based on fluralaner, brand name Bravecto was launched worldwide in 2014 in the form of a chewable tablet whose action on fleas and ticks lasts around three months. Presented by MSD ANIMAL HEALTH as an innovative product, highly safe, and can be ingested by dogs, including puppies, breeders, pregnant and lactating bitches and Collie dogs. In addition, it is indicated as part of the strategy to control allergic dermatitis and reduce the risk of transmitting fatal diseases transmitted by ticks. However, after its launch, numerous cases of development of pathologies and deaths of dogs of various races and ages, coinciding with the intake of the product began to be reported. Later on, the owners whose dogs had adverse effects on the product were organizing and forwarding reports to the manufacturer and entities responsible for product regulation and marketing and consumer support worldwide such as the CVM's Adverse Drug Event (ADE) EMA (European Medicines Agency), various sites on the pathologies developed in different breeds and the signs presented by the animals in the period of product administration. All this data which have become a database available for consultation. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) in July 2017 had requested the company to investigate all relevant reports related to various disorders such as neurological, skin and appendage diseases, hypersensitivity or immune-mediated reactions and liver diseases, some of which were fatal. The present review aims to summarize the information and provide a scenario in which, despite the efficacy of the product in the control of ectoparasites, has coincided in the period after its application, with the incidence of several pathologies and even deaths of the canine species
Antimicrobial drug resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from cases of abor...Bhoj Raj Singh
Most common causes of abortion and miscarriages include genetic abnormalities in embryo, congenital malformations, immune causes, hormonal causes and infections.
Infections are the least responsible but the most important being extrinsic cause of abortions and thus treatable.
Among the causes of reproductive tract infections commonest are bacteria followed by virus and parasites.
Bacterial infections affect prospective mother right from implantation of the zygote till the postpartum period. Important bacteria are Mycoplasma, Listeria, Salmonella, Brucella and E. coli etc. To treat the bacterial infections antibiotics are the final weapons but proving futile day by day with the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria.
A total of 516 bacterial strains (91 Gram positive and 425 Gram –ve) isolated from cases of abortion (buffaloes 63, cattle 408, goats 14, mares 5, sows 5 and bitches 2) and metritis (bitches 17, buffaloes 2) in animals were tested for sensitivity to:
15 herbal antimicrobials (essential oils of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Thyme, lemon grass, sandal wood, ajowan, betel leaf, guggul, cinnamon, agar wood, holy basil, patchouli and methanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa, and three active compounds from herbs viz., carvacrol, cinnamledehyde and citral) and
33 antibiotics (amoxycillin, amoxycillin clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, aztreonam cefepime, cefotaxime, cefotaxime clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftazidime clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, colistin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, moxalactam, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin, penicillin, piperacillin, v tazobactam, polymyxin B sulphate , streptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin) using disc diffusion assay.
To determine extended spectrum β-lactamase and mettalo β-lactamase production specific E-test and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed.
Bacteria belonging to 37 genera were identified from aborted foetal tissues or membranes (497) and bacteria of 6 genera from cases of metritis (19). The 10 most common genera of bacteria associated with abortion were Escherichia (117), Aeromonas (50), Enterobacter (46), Streptococcus (36), Brucella (32), Klebsiella (26), Staphylococcus (22), Alcaligenes (20), Moraxella (19) and Acinetobacter (17).
The bacteria associated with metritis were Staphylococcus (10), Bacillus spp., (2), Enterobacter spp. (1), Escherichia coli (4), Streptococcus milleri (1) and Vibrio alginolyticus (1).
Conclusion: Some of the herbal antimicrobial is as good as antibiotics or even better, the question is how we can use these to alleviate the infections of reproductive tract. In vitro studies are just indicative and real picture may be lucid after in vivo studies for which a concerted one health study is the need of the day.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
Brucellosis a negative modulator of reproductionBhoj Raj Singh
Brucellsis is an important disease of reproductive system in dairy animals and other livestock. Though it not causes any apparent illness, it causes infertility in both sexes and adult male cattle may develop orchitis, hygromas involving leg joints are a common manifestation of Brucellosis in calves. Once infected, the animal remain lifelong carrier and continue disseminate the disease to susceptible animals and humans. The pathology and pathogenesis of brucellosis though not very apparent is complex as involves modulation of several cytokines in the process of infection and disease progression. The important cytokines affected in brucellosis pathogenesis and persistence include interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. All the modulated cytokines are also associated with one or other aspect of normal reproduction physiology as increased levels of IFNγ had strong association with infertility, the TNF-α act as key regulators of endometrial IL-13 and IL-15 expression regulating endometrial immune responses and endometriosis. Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, sVCAM-1 induces infertility, the IL-1 have a role in ovulation and may be involved in several ovulation-associated dysfunctions, the IL-2 has a significant negative correlation with sperm count, motility, and morphology in males and repeated abortions in females, the increased levels of IL-4 have been associated with infertility, normalcy in serum levels of the IL-6 important for normal fertility and pregnancy maintenance and increased level of IL-10 and IFN-γ has been associated with reproductive failure.
The impact of internal parasites on flock healthSusan Schoenian
This document discusses the impact of internal parasites on flock health and productivity in sheep. It notes that internal parasites are a primary health problem for sheep raised in warm, moist climates and that anthelmintic resistance has developed on farms around the world due to overuse of deworming drugs. Several types of internal parasites that can infect sheep are described, including nematodes, trematodes, and protozoa. The document also discusses tests for detecting anthelmintic resistance and the costs of resistance in terms of reduced animal performance and profits.
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
The study found an overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation of 11.14% among goats in the Toba Tek Singh district of Pakistan. Ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasite, followed by lice, fleas, mites, and flies. The highest prevalence of ectoparasites was found during the winter months for lice, fleas, and mites, while ticks and flies were most common in summer and spring, respectively. Non-cemented flooring was associated with higher prevalence of ectoparasites compared to cemented flooring. Host characteristics like age, sex, and breed did not influence prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation.
Th1 and Th2 Cytokines Activity during Transformation and Lymphoma Formation S...IOSRJAVS
Marek's disease virus (MDV), a highly transmissible cell-associated neuropathic oncogenic alphaherpes virus affecting poultry health, resulting in considerable economic losses in poultry industry worldwide.Until now MDV still emerging and re emerging causing great economic losses in chicken despite of intensive vaccination and management policy used in poultry farms. However, cytokines and its role in MD pathogenesis and immunity had been described by some workers under certain experimental conditions by using different MDV strains challenge, they need to be more clarified during the more progressive lymphoma transformation stage. The present study aimed to examine the transcriptional profiling of a panel of cytokines genes in the splenic tissues of special broiler Japanese chickens (70-80 days old) contracted natural infection with MDV despite of intensive care and vaccination policy adopted by HVT and CVI988/Rispene. SYBR Green-based, real-time (RT)-PCR protocol was used to quantitate cytokine mRNA in freshly collected spleen tissue of MDV infected and control chicken. Changes in the levels of spleen interleukins (IL) as IL-6, IL-10, IL- 18 and IL-12P35, IL-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was determined. Relative Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of the above mentioned genes, and β-actin as a reference gene, were achieved. The results of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays using revealed significant up regulation in the expression levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and IL-12P35). The changes in the mRNA levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and inducible nitric oxide synthesase (iNOS) were minimal and not significant in comparison to those in uninfected age-matched control chicken. In conclusion, these data strongly support the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory responses, including high levels of Th2 cytokines as IL-10 and other interleukins as IL-6, IL-18 and IL12-P35, may play a major role during MDV lymphoma transformation stage induced by MDV strain of high virulence. These cytokines may be involved in maintenance of MDV infection and lymphoma formation. On the other hand, Th1 cytokines as IFN-γ, and iNOS had no or minimal role in induction of MDV-specific immune response during MDV lymphoma transformation stage.
This study compared the efficacy of a phytobiotic containing oregano essential oils and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin for treating Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection in broiler chickens. 200 broiler chickens were divided into 5 groups: a non-challenged control group, a challenged non-treated group, a group treated with phytobiotic, a group treated with ciprofloxacin, and a group treated with both phytobiotic and ciprofloxacin. Results showed that treatment with either phytobiotic or ciprofloxacin alone improved performance and reduced mortality compared to the challenged non-treated group. The best results were seen in the group treated with both phyto
The document compares the efficacy of three commercial herbal products (Livol, Livotal, Hepatopromoter) on the performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Supplementation of the herbal products significantly improved weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and lowered mortality compared to the control group without supplementation. While the herbal products did not significantly affect organ weights, they did significantly improve antibody titers against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease viruses. Overall, supplementation with Hepatopromoter resulted in the highest broiler weight gain and profitability.
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected goats of government goat development farm, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study included 50 black Bengal breed of which 30 were naturally infected and randomly selected 20 on the basis of their weight and egg count. Twenty black Bengal goats of 13-15 month old irrespective of sex infested with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for this experiment and randomly divided into four equal groups (group A, B, C and D) where each group consisted of 5 goats and goats of group D were kept as control group. One injectable ivermectin (200μgkg-1 body weight, S/C) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited, Bangladesh) and two solid fenbendazole, albendazole (7.5 mgkg-1 body weight, orally) preparations (Techno Drugs Limited and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bangladesh) were used for positive control of gastrointestinal nematodes as group A, B and C. Goats of group D was kept as control without giving any treatment. Before trials (day 0), total egg count, blood samples and initial body weight were recorded. During the study period the faecal and blood samples were collected directly from rectum and examined on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day using McMaster fecal egg counting method. Body weight were recorded on day 28 following the treatments. The results of the comparative efficacies of different anthelmintic of ivermectin was 100%, followed by fenbendazole 95.33% and albendazole 90.11%. McMaster fecal egg counting method disclose the percentage of Haemonchus spp. (15.38%), with Trichostrongylus spp, Strongyloides spp., and Cooperia spp. also present. The body weight of the treated animals were slightly increased which were significant (p<0.05). After treatment with ivermectin, fenbendazole and albendazole, Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), Hemoglobin (Hb) content and Packed Cell Volume (PCV) were increased significantly (p>0.05 and p<0.01) in goats but Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p>0.05) in all treated goat and body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01) on day 28. The farm management practices along with results of the present study revealed the efficacy of multiple anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. Additional detailed studies are required to clarify the current status of the efficacy of the anthelmintics widely used in different agro ecologies, animal species, and livestock management systems in Bangladesh
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
This research proposal aims to study the effects of different inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash on the hematological response of broilers. The researcher, Gyarko Emmanuel, will study broilers fed diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% levels of alkali-treated pito mash. Data on growth performance, blood parameters, and economic analysis will be collected. The researcher expects that including alkali-treated pito mash can lower feed costs while maintaining broiler growth and health. If successful, this research could provide farmers with a low-cost feed alternative.
This research proposal summarizes Gyarko Emmanuel's study on the effects of different inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash on the hematological response of broilers. The study will assess broiler performance and blood parameters when fed diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion levels of alkali-treated pito mash. 240 broiler chicks will be divided into four treatment groups and fed the experimental diets over several weeks. Blood samples will be collected and analyzed to evaluate hematological response. Data on growth, feed intake, mortality and carcass traits will also be collected and statistically analyzed to determine the effects of the alkali-treated pito mash diets.
This document describes a study that characterized Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and its toxins recovered from weaned rabbits, feed, and water in Egypt. 42 C. perfringens isolates (35 from rabbits, 7 from feed/water) were tested for toxigenicity in mice. The majority (34/35 from rabbits, 4/6 from feed) were toxigenic. Serological and molecular typing methods identified different C. perfringens toxin types present. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed sensitivity to certain antibiotics and resistance to others. The study characterized C. perfringens strains affecting rabbits in Egypt in order to better understand and control enteric disease caused by this pathogen.
This document summarizes a study that diagnosed avian influenza in commercial chicken layers in Pakistan through the fluorescent antibody technique. Samples including serum, trachea, and lungs were collected from 100 flocks showing respiratory symptoms and screened for avian influenza viruses H5, H7, and H9 using hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Hyperimmune serum was produced in rabbits against each virus strain. Antibodies were purified, conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and used to stain tissue sections from infected birds. Virus isolation in chicken embryos confirmed presence of avian influenza. The fluorescent antibody technique rapidly and directly detected avian influenza antigen in samples.
This study examined the effects of supplementing broiler chicken feed with a commercial acidifier product containing formaldehyde on performance, Salmonella prevalence, immunity and carcass traits. Three groups of broiler chickens were fed either an unsupplemented control diet or diets with 250g/ton or 500g/ton of the acidifier product. Supplementation improved body weight gain and feed conversion compared to the control. It also reduced signs, mortality, shedding and reisolation of Salmonella typhimurium following an experimental infection. Additionally, supplementation enhanced antibody responses to vaccines and innate immune parameters. Overall, the acidifier product had beneficial effects on broiler growth performance, Salmonella resistance and immunity.
Internal parasites pose a significant health problem for sheep farms. Common internal parasites include various nematodes (roundworms) and flukes. The barber pole worm causes major losses worldwide. Widespread anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance has developed due to overreliance on and misuse of dewormers. Studies show resistance to common dewormers on many Alberta farms. Integrated parasite management is needed to control parasites in a sustainable manner while reducing selection pressure for resistance.
1. The study investigated the preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium extract on acetaminophen- and CC14-induced hepatic damage in mice and rats.
2. Pretreatment with the plant extract prevented the rise in serum transaminase levels caused by acetaminophen and CC14, indicating a protective effect against hepatic injury.
3. Post-treatment with the extract after acetaminophen administration restricted hepatic damage, but had no effect on CC14-induced hepatotoxicity. The extract also prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep, suggesting inhibitory effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Prevalence and resistance of bacterial strains isolated from chicken beddings...IOSRJAVS
The main interest of researchers is focused on the microbiology of the industrial poultry beddings. In this study the microbiology and the microbial resistance of strains isolated from composite samples of poultry (gallus gallus domesticus) beddings originating from rural households has been investigated. In the area of Arta (Epirus, Greece) samples were collected from 300 rural households. These samples were classified regarding the following 4 criteria: (a) the size of the chicken flock, (b) the presence of different poultry species in the same household, (c) the presence of small ruminants in the same household and (d) differences in feeding practices. Results reveal that the microbiology of the beddings was mostly affected by the presence of small ruminants in the same household and the administration of concentrated feeds. Microbial resistance followed the same distribution pattern. The most resistant strains were isolated from samples originating from households breeding both poultry and small ruminants. Feeding with concentrated feeds was a determinant factor and probably the link between resistance and prevalence.
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and treatment of amoebiasis in dogs. Some key points:
- The study examined 300 dog fecal samples, finding a 9% prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Local dogs had the highest rate at 6%.
- Treatment with metronidazole alone showed better results than nalidixic acid alone. But the combination of both drugs proved most effective, reducing clinical signs in all infected dogs.
- Dogs were divided into groups receiving different treatment regimens. The combination of metronidazole and nalidixic acid showed the highest cure rate after 96 hours.
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Pu...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
Evaluating Some Insecticides for Controlling the Sunn Pest Eurygaster Spp. Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) Under Field Conditions by Mohammed Z Khalaf in Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy
This study analyzed risk factors for tuberculosis prevalence in buffaloes at 7 livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall tuberculosis prevalence was 11.3%, with buffaloes testing positive at 86% of farms. Statistical analysis found higher prevalence associated with increased age, calving events, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, and shorter lactation lengths. Prevalence was lower with longer lactation lengths. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between tuberculosis status and age, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, lactation length, and number of other animals at the farm.
This document summarizes a study that compared three techniques for treating auricular hematoma in dogs: conventional suturing, skin staples, and surgical glue. Fifteen dogs were divided into three groups and treated with one of the three techniques. The techniques were compared based on closure time, cosmetic appearance, and healing time. Surgical glue had the fastest closure time, the best cosmetic appearance results, and the shortest healing time, making it the most effective technique according to this study.
Gross Examination, Selection, Collection and Fixation of Specimen ghulam abbas
The document discusses the gross examination, selection, collection and fixation of specimens in pathology. It covers identifying and labeling specimens, performing a gross examination, selecting relevant portions for microscopic examination, and principles of proper fixation. Fixation preserves tissue morphology and prevents autolysis and contamination. Common fixatives include 10% neutral buffered formalin, Bouin's solution, B5, and Zenker's solution. Proper handling and fixation are important for accurate laboratory diagnosis.
Feasibility report for 25 ostriche by dr. ghulam abbasghulam abbas
This feasibility report analyzes starting an ostrich farm with 25 ostriches on 4 kanals of land. It finds that the project has an 18.5% internal rate of return and 5.5 year payback period. Total project costs are Rs. 34.85 lakhs, including Rs. 1.25 lakhs for ostriches. Revenue of Rs. 12.25 lakhs is expected annually from selling 70 kg birds at Rs. 700/kg. The annual gross profit is Rs. 6.45 lakhs. Space, infrastructure like shelters and fencing, equipment, labor and feeding costs are also considered. Rearing involves housing chicks indoors for 3 months and then outdoors until 12 months
1) The document provides a feasibility report for starting a business rearing 1000 layers (egg-laying chickens) in a shed.
2) It estimates the total start-up costs will be Rs. 1084250 which includes expenses for equipment, day old chicks, feed, medical supplies, labor, and electricity.
3) It estimates that with 300,000 eggs produced in a year at Rs. 9 per egg, the total revenue will be Rs. 2700000, providing a gross profit of Rs. 1615750.
This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.
This document discusses ostrich farming as a new development in the poultry industry of Pakistan. It provides details on ostrich biology, including that ostriches are the largest birds in the world, can reach over 6 feet tall, and are capable of running up to 65 km/hr. Ostrich meat is described as healthy and similar to beef. The document outlines ostrich anatomy, physiology, breeding behaviors such as mating displays, and farming practices like egg incubation which typically lasts 42-44 days. Ostrich farming is presented as an emerging industry with potential in Pakistan.
This document discusses the future prospects of ostrich farming in Pakistan. It notes that ostrich farming is a new emerging industry globally and that Pakistan has potential to be a leader in ostrich farming due to its cheap labor and feed. However, currently ostrich producers in Pakistan are only meeting 10% of customer demand. The document recommends that more research is needed on ostrich welfare in Pakistan's climate and that academia and livestock departments should promote ostrich farming to help Pakistan capture a larger share of the local and international markets for ostrich meat, feathers and other products.
This study compared the efficacy of three hemostatic agents in controlling bleeding during canine liver surgery: Surgical gauze, Surgicel Snow, and Surgicel Fibrillar. Hemostasis time was shortest with Surgicel Snow at 31.5 seconds on average, followed by Surgicel Fibrillar at 44.5 seconds, and longest with Surgical gauze at 201 seconds. Liver function tests showed some significant differences between groups after surgery but returned to normal by 14 days. Ultrasound found no abnormalities in any group at 7 and 14 days post-op. Surgicel Snow was the most effective hemostatic agent with minimum blood loss and least impact on
This document discusses the potential for ostrich farming in Pakistan as a new opportunity within the poultry industry. It notes that ostriches are well-suited to Pakistan's climate and can be raised on marginal lands. Ostrich meat and other products like oil, leather, and feathers have economic value. The document argues that ostrich farming could provide an alternative for livestock production and benefit farmers through high profitability and low costs compared to other livestock. However, it notes that awareness and support are needed to encourage more farmers to adopt this new approach scientifically.
This document provides information on ostriches and ostrich farming. It discusses ostriches' evolutionary history and taxonomy, physical characteristics, breeding behaviors, and farming for their meat and leather. Key points include:
- Ostriches are the largest living birds and can run up to 70 km/hr. They live in Africa and have existed for over 40 million years.
- Males are mostly black while females are brownish-gray. Males have red skin on their beaks and legs due to testosterone.
- Ostriches reach sexual maturity at 2-4 years. A male mates with 2-3 females. Females lay cream-colored eggs every other day during breeding season.
- Their meat and
This study evaluated the effects of replacing maize gluten with rice bran as a feed supplement on fish growth in a composite culture system. Two earthen ponds were stocked with three fish species and provided different feed ratios: Pond 1 received maize gluten and rice bran at a 5:0 ratio, while Pond 2 received a 1:4 ratio. Fish growth was measured in terms of weight gain, fork length, and total length. Results showed that all growth measures were significantly higher for fish in Pond 2 that received the 1:4 maize gluten to rice bran ratio, indicating it is a more effective supplemental feed for improved fish yields compared to maize gluten alone.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of salicylic acid on salt tolerance in wheat. It finds that salt stress decreases plant growth by reducing chlorophyll content and potassium concentration. Salicylic acid improves plant growth under saline and non-saline conditions. It enhances parameters like biomass, root length, sodium and potassium concentrations, chlorophyll content, protein levels, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Saline conditions increase sodium uptake and decrease potassium uptake, while salicylic acid reverses this by moderating sodium accumulation. The study suggests that salicylic acid helps wheat plants tolerate salt stress by improving various physiological and biochemical processes.
Fortnight effect-of-replacing-maize-gluten-32-40ghulam abbas
This study examined the fortnight effect of replacing a maize gluten and rice bran feed supplement ratio of 5:0 with a ratio of 1:4 on the physiochemical characteristics of water in a composite fish culture system over a 6-month period. Water samples were collected every two weeks from two earthen ponds stocked with three fish species and fed the different supplement ratios. The results showed that fortnight and feed supplement significantly impacted several water parameters, including temperature, pH, carbonates, dissolved solids, and plankton biomass. Plankton biomass peaked at the fifth fortnight in the pond receiving the 1:4 supplement ratio. However, total hardness, calcium and magnesium were unaffected.
Comparative effect-of-azadirachta-indica-moringa-oleifera-and-cichorium-intyb...ghulam abbas
This study investigated the effects of supplementing broiler drinking water with leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, and Cichorium intybus on growth performance, immune response, and carcass characteristics. Broilers given water supplemented with A. indica extract exhibited better growth, immunity, and some carcass traits compared to other groups. Specifically, A. indica supplemented broilers had higher weight gain, feed intake, antibody levels against diseases, dressing percentage, and breast meat yield. Therefore, the study concluded that A. indica leaf extract is an effective and inexpensive herbal growth promoter for broilers that improves performance without harmful residual effects.
Effect of Herbal Medicine Supplementations (Arsilvon Super, Bedgen40 and Hepa-cure Herbal Medicines) on Growth Performance, Immunity and Haematological Profile in Broilers
This document summarizes a study that evaluated various fungicidal chemicals for controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber. First, chemicals were tested in the lab against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, where Redomil and Score showed the greatest inhibition of fungal mycelial growth. These two chemicals were then applied to cucumber plants in the field. Redomil and Score both significantly reduced disease incidence compared to the untreated control, with Redomil showing the lowest incidence of 47.5%. Overall, the study found that Redomil and Score have potential for effectively managing Fusarium wilt of cucumber under both laboratory and field conditions.
This study analyzed genetic variation among seven sheep breeds in Punjab, Pakistan (Thalli, Lohi, Salt Range, Kajli, Sipli, Buchi, Hissardale) using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Blood samples were collected and genomic DNA extracted and amplified using 21 random primers. 16 primers produced scorable bands, revealing 30.19% polymorphism among breeds. Genetic similarity ranged from 74.42-94.29% with the highest between Thalli and Lohi. Nei's genetic distance was low at 0.0588-0.2954 with the highest between Lohi and Hissardale. Cluster analysis
Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stella...Sérgio Sacani
The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population
mean black hole accretion rate (BHAR) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass (Må) and redshift for the
general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of BHAR as a function of Må and
redshift over ranges of 109.5 < Må < 1012 Me and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000
active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a
wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate BHAR
and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. BHAR is
constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys
sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from
the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding
external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure BHAR for star-forming and quiescent
galaxies and show that star-forming BHAR is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent BHAR.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Supermassive black holes (1663); X-ray active galactic nuclei (2035);
Galaxies (573)
Physics Investigatory Project on transformers. Class 12thpihuart12
Physics investigatory project on transformers with required details for 12thes. with index, theory, types of transformers (with relevant images), procedure, sources of error, aim n apparatus along with bibliography🗃️📜. Please try to add your own imagination rather than just copy paste... Hope you all guys friends n juniors' like it. peace out✌🏻✌🏻
Presentation of our paper, "Towards Quantitative Evaluation of Explainable AI Methods for Deepfake Detection", by K. Tsigos, E. Apostolidis, S. Baxevanakis, S. Papadopoulos, V. Mezaris. Presented at the ACM Int. Workshop on Multimedia AI against Disinformation (MAD’24) of the ACM Int. Conf. on Multimedia Retrieval (ICMR’24), Thailand, June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3643491.3660292 https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.18649
Software available at https://github.com/IDT-ITI/XAI-Deepfakes
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdfPirithiRaju
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
The Limited Role of the Streaming Instability during Moon and Exomoon FormationSérgio Sacani
It is generally accepted that the Moon accreted from the disk formed by an impact between the proto-Earth and
impactor, but its details are highly debated. Some models suggest that a Mars-sized impactor formed a silicate
melt-rich (vapor-poor) disk around Earth, whereas other models suggest that a highly energetic impact produced a
silicate vapor-rich disk. Such a vapor-rich disk, however, may not be suitable for the Moon formation, because
moonlets, building blocks of the Moon, of 100 m–100 km in radius may experience strong gas drag and fall onto
Earth on a short timescale, failing to grow further. This problem may be avoided if large moonlets (?100 km)
form very quickly by streaming instability, which is a process to concentrate particles enough to cause gravitational
collapse and rapid formation of planetesimals or moonlets. Here, we investigate the effect of the streaming
instability in the Moon-forming disk for the first time and find that this instability can quickly form ∼100 km-sized
moonlets. However, these moonlets are not large enough to avoid strong drag, and they still fall onto Earth quickly.
This suggests that the vapor-rich disks may not form the large Moon, and therefore the models that produce vaporpoor disks are supported. This result is applicable to general impact-induced moon-forming disks, supporting the
previous suggestion that small planets (<1.6 R⊕) are good candidates to host large moons because their impactinduced disks would likely be vapor-poor. We find a limited role of streaming instability in satellite formation in an
impact-induced disk, whereas it plays a key role during planet formation.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Earth-moon system (436)
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
2. 2 Effect of Use of Different Anthelmintic (Piperazine Citrate and Ivermectine) on Blood Profile of
Infested Poultry (Commercial and Rural Layers)
D (Experiment 1) and the rural poultry birds (n=60) were
divided into four subgroups W, X, Y and Z (Experiment 2).
Each group comprised of 15 birds. In groups A, B, C, W, X
and Y Ascaridia galli infection was inoculated orally @ dose
rate of 2500 embryonated eggs per bird in dilution with
buffer solution with crop tube.
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
SUB GROUP INFECTION
A Infection + Ivermectin
B Infection+Piperazine citrate
C Infected unmedicated
D Control ( uninfected unmedicated
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
SUB GROUP INFECTION
W Infection + Ivermectin
X Infection+Piperazine citrate
Y Infected unmedicated
Z Control (Uninfected unmedicated
Ivermectin = 200µg/Kg
Piperazine citrate = 32mg/Kg
Birds of groups C and Y were kept as positive control
(infected) and groups D and Z were kept as absolute control
(Uninfected unmedicated). At day 28th
(post-infection),
droppings were examined by applying direct smear method
and centrifuge floatation technique. Then Ivotek R
(Star Labs)
@ .75ml was administered each bird of group A and W
and Digestion R
(UT D) @ dose rate of 2.5gm was given to
birds of group B and X. Then at 38th
day post infection (10th
day post medication) blood samples were collected (six birds
/ group). These samples were collected from brachial vein of
birds in 5 ml sterilized B. D. syringes. After collection of
blood these syringes were kept in slanted position to obtain
serum from the samples. The serum was collected in
sterilized 0.5 ml serum cups. Serum cortisol level, T3 level,
T4 level, creatinine level, cholesterol level, urea level and
ESR level were determined as described by [16], [10], [4]
and [9].
Statistical Analysis: The data thus collected was
subjected to statistical analysis for the interpretation of
results using analysis of variance technique with completely
randomized design. Treatment means were compared by
Duncan Multiple Range test [17].
3. Results and Discussion
Piperazine citrate and Ivermectin administration did not
show any significant change (P > 0.05) on serum cholesterol
level in commercial as well as backyard layers (Table 1). The
results are contrary to [2] who noticed a rise in cholesterol
level by administration of piperazine citrate in broiler
chickens. On the other hand some scientists have observed
the decrease in cholesterol level in poultry by ginger and
black pepper along with their anthelmintic activity [19].
Serum T3 level was not affected significantly (P > 0.05) due
to anthelmintic treatment groups (Table 2) however mean
value of serum T3 hormone was significantly higher (P <
0.05) in commercial layers which might be due to species
variation. Administration of anthelmintic whilst treating the
infestation caused significant effect (P < 0.05) on T4
hormone level (Table 3) in commercial and rural poultry.
Highest T4 level was observed in birds not infected nor
medicated whilst that of lowest observed in birds infested
with worms but not medicated in both types of layers
(commercial and rural). However, piperazine citrate
administration showed better level of T4 hormone in infested
birds (commercial and rural) as compared to Ivermectin.
This might be due to better anthelmintic ability of piperazine
citrate against nematodes as compared to ivermectin. The
results show that the fluctuation in the value of T4 is much
higher in commercial poultry layer as compared to backyard
poultry. This might be due to genetic makeup of the
commercial poultry that it shows quick response to the
environmental and other physical changes. Differences in
serum creatinine level among treated and untreated groups
were found to be non-significant (P > 0.05) (Table 4). Use of
anthelmintics (piperazine citrate and ivermectin) showed
non-significant effect on serum creatinine level in
commercial and rural layers. It was observed that whilst
treating infestation by administrating anthelmintics
(piperazine and ivermectin), serum urea level affected
significantly (Table 5). Highest serum urea level was
observed in birds infested but not treated with anthelmintics
however birds infested with A. galli and afterward treated
with piperazine citrate showed lowest serum urea level in
commercial layer. This disparity might be due to more
response of commercial layer to piperazine citrate in fight
against A. galli as compared to rural poultry birds. Serum
cortisol level in rural and commercial birds was not
significantly affected by anthelmintics (Table 6) however
cortisol level was significantly more in commercial layers.
Possible reason might be natural resistance developed in
backyard poultry against worms leading to less stress which
resulted less cortisol level.
Comparative therapeutic effect of both anthelmintics
(Piperazine and Ivermectin) was not significant (Table 7).
This result is contrary to [20] who found better efficacy of
piperazine than ivermectin as anthelmintic. However,
infection rate (ESR) was significantly higher in birds of
group infected but not treated with anthelmintic (P > 0-05).
ESR level was high in birds which were infested but not
given any anthelmintic therapy in both types of layers
(commercial and rural). These findings are compatible to
that of [8] and [18] who reported that ESR values decreases
in anthelmintics treated groups.
Respiratory rate was significantly higher in birds of group
C (commercial layers infected but not treated) and group Y
(rural layers infected but not treated). This may be due to the
worm burden which causes increase in respiratory rate.
3. Advances in Zoology and Botany 4(1): 1-5, 2016 3
However, comparative therapeutic effect of piperazine
citrate and ivermectin on respiratory rate of birds was not
differed significantly which revealed that both drugs have
similar positive effect on respiration rate of birds during
infestation (Table 8).
[3] Reported that pathological catabolic processes that
have been contributed due to the effect of A. galli infestation
on the middle part of small intestine may cause disturbance
of blood profile of birds due to disruption in absorption of
nutrients. However administration of the piperazine in the
birds caused removal of A. galli ultimately restored the
capacity of the small intestinal.
The present findings indicates that treatment with both
drugs (Piperazine citrate and Ivermectin) have comparable
results in terms of haemato-biochemical profile though the
treatment however, especially piperazine citrate resulted in
remarkable improvement on blood profile of infested
commercial layer birds without any side effect. This result
also illustrates that the blood profile changes occur in short
time after infection in commercial poultry as compared to
backyard poultry and simultaneously the positive effect of
drug in restoring the blood profile parameters occur earlier in
the commercial layer as compared with the backyard poultry.
Table 1. Effect of Piperazine citrate and Ivermectin on plasma cholesterol level in infested commercial and rural layers
Group
Layer
Mean
Commercial Desi
1 138.33 ± 0.33 139.33 ± 1.33 138.83 ± 0.65A
2 138.00 ± 0.00 142.00 ± 3.06 140.00 ± 1.63A
3 138.33 ± 0.33 137.67 ± 0.88 138.00 ± 0.45A
4 137.00 ± 1.00 137.33 ± 4.06 137.17 ± 1.87A
Mean 137.92 ± 0.29A 139.08 ± 1.26A
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
Table 2. Effect of Piperazine citrate and Ivermectin on plasma T3 Hormone level in infested commercial and rural layers
Group
Layer
Mean
Commercial Desi
1 2.50 ± 0.15 2.40 ± 0.12 2.45 ± 0.09A
2 2.60 ± 0.25 2.47 ± 0.13 2.54 ± 0.13A
3 2.40 ± 0.06 2.20 ± 0.10 2.30 ± 0.07A
4 2.63 ± 0.03 2.27 ± 0.09 2.45 ± 0.09A
Mean 2.53 ± 0.07A 2.33 ± 0.06B
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
Table 3. Effect of Piperazine citrate and Ivermectin on plasma T4 Hormone level in infested commercial and rural layers
Group
Layer
Mean
Commercial Desi
1 3.53 ± 0.20bc 3.17 ± 0.03cd 3.35 ± 0.12BC
2 3.77 ± 0.15ab 3.20 ± 0.12cd 3.48 ± 0.15AB
3 3.13 ± 0.07d 3.10 ± 0.06d 3.12 ± 0.04C
4 4.10 ± 0.15a 3.27 ± 0.18cd 3.68 ± 0.21A
Mean 3.63 ± 0.12A 3.18 ± 0.05B
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05). Small letters represent
comparison among interaction means and capital letters are used for overall mean.
Table 4. Analysis of variance table for Creatinine
Group
Layer
Mean
Commercial Desi
1 0.69 ± 0.04 0.72 ± 0.03 0.71 ± 0.02AB
2 0.69 ± 0.02 0.65 ± 0.02 0.67 ± 0.01B
3 0.75 ± 0.04 0.78 ± 0.06 0.77 ± 0.03A
4 0.69 ± 0.02 0.62 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.02B
Mean 0.71 ± 0.02A 0.69 ± 0.02A
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
4. 4 Effect of Use of Different Anthelmintic (Piperazine Citrate and Ivermectine) on Blood Profile of
Infested Poultry (Commercial and Rural Layers)
Table 5. Analysis of variance table for Urea
Group
Layer
Mean
Commercial Desi
1 42.00 ± 1.15bc 40.00 ± 0.58bc 41.00 ± 0.73B
2 39.33 ± 0.67c 40.00 ± 1.15bc 39.67 ± 0.61B
3 51.00 ± 2.08a 41.00 ± 2.08bc 46.00 ± 2.59A
4 43.33 ± 0.67b 41.33 ± 1.20bc 42.33 ± 0.76B
Mean 43.92 ± 1.42A 40.58 ± 0.61B
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05). Small letters represent
comparison among interaction means and capital letters are used for overall mean.
Table 6. Analysis of variance table for Cortisol
Group
Layer
Mean
Commercial Desi
1 8.03 ± 0.74 7.70 ± 0.44 7.87 ± 0.39B
2 8.67 ± 0.37 7.00 ± 0.40 7.83 ± 0.45B
3 9.23 ± 0.22 8.57 ± 0.23 8.90 ± 0.21A
4 7.87 ± 0.24 7.87 ± 0.35 7.87 ± 0.19B
Mean 8.45 ± 0.25A 7.78 ± 0.23B
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
Table 7. Analysis of variance table for ESR
Group
Layer
Mean
Commercial Desi
1 3.43 ± 0.09 3.63 ± 0.09 3.53 ± 0.07B
2 3.63 ± 0.09 3.37 ± 0.12 3.50 ± 0.09B
3 4.83 ± 0.56 4.03 ± 0.09 4.43 ± 0.31A
4 3.53 ± 0.18 3.50 ± 0.15 3.52 ± 0.10B
Mean 3.86 ± 0.21A 3.63 ± 0.09A
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
Table 8. Analysis of variance table for Respiratory rate
Group
Layer
Mean
Commercial Desi
1 69.67 ± 0.33 70.67 ± 0.33 70.17 ± 0.31B
2 70.33 ± 0.33 70.00 ± 1.15 70.17 ± 0.54B
3 73.33 ± 0.67 72.67 ± 0.67 73.00 ± 0.45A
4 70.33 ± 0.33 70.33 ± 0.33 70.33 ± 0.21B
Mean 70.92 ± 0.47A 70.92 ± 0.43A
Means sharing similar letter in a row or in a column are statistically non-significant (P>0.05).
5. Advances in Zoology and Botany 4(1): 1-5, 2016 5
4. Conclusions
Helminthes are very important which have negative
impact on poultry health. Different herbal and synthetic
elements have been used for control of these helminthes. All
the physiological, hematological and hormonal changes
which occur as the result of helminthosis are more prominent
in commercial poultry than the backyard poultry. However,
birds treated with Piperazine citrate showed beneficial effect
o physiological, hematological and hormonal profile as
compared to those treated with ivermectin. On the basis of
the results of the present study it is concluded that Piperazine
is comparatively a better drug than ivermectin to control
worm infestation.
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