The document discusses crop planning for family nutrition, including which crops to plant to provide proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals; when to plant different crops throughout the year; and companion cropping to make efficient use of space and provide benefits from plant interactions. Proper seed collection and storage is also covered to preserve heirloom varieties and ensure a supply of seeds. The summary focuses on the key aspects of crop planning, varieties, timing, companion planting, and seed saving.
SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot.
The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).
Here are the steps to solve these calculation problems:
Q1. Urea contains 46% N. DAP contains 18% N and 46% P2O5. MOP contains 60% K2O.
- DAP required for 100 kg P = (100 x 100)/46 = 217 kg
- DAP supplies 18 kg N. Remaining N from Urea = 150 - 18 = 132 kg
- 132 kg N from Urea = (132 x 100)/46 = 287 kg
- MOP required for 110 kg K = (110 x 100)/60 = 183 kg
Q2. Urea contains 46% N. NPK mixture contains 12% N, 32% P2O5,
Garden tools and their uses are described. Key tools include trowels for digging small holes, rakes for leveling soil, and spades for digging and moving soil. Measuring tapes are used for plant spacing. Sprinklers, pegs, string, shovels, ladders, forks, gloves, shears, and machetes are also outlined with their gardening applications. Footwear, budding knives, cultivators, baskets, wheelbarrows, and other tools conclude the document.
The document summarizes the history and development of organic farming in the Philippines from the 1980s to present day. It describes how the modern organic movement began as a protest against chemical-based agriculture during the Green Revolution. Key organizations like MASIPAG and networks were formed to promote organic practices. While the movement was initially led by NGOs and farmers, government agencies later became involved to help organic farms and products access international markets. National standards and certification were established in the early 2000s, and the sector has continued to grow with government support through policies like the Organic Agriculture Law passed in 2009.
Produce Organic Concoctions and Extracts
The learner demonstrates an understanding of the basic concepts, underlying theories, and principles in the production of various concoction and extracts.
This document discusses homegarden agroforestry in Sri Lanka and its importance for socio-economic, ecological, and environmental sustainability. It finds that homegardens cover around 14% of Sri Lanka's land area and contain a high diversity of plant species, including over 2300 endemic species. Homegardens are a major source of fruit production, genetic diversity for fruit trees, and carbon sequestration. They also provide food and nutritional security for farmers while sustainably managing landscapes and environmental services. However, homegardens are facing issues like fragmentation and a lack of domestication of high-value tree species that could be addressed through innovative management strategies and a multidisciplinary policy approach.
This document discusses the Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC), which is used as a competition index to evaluate intercropping systems. The LEC is defined as the product of the Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of the intercrop components. An LEC greater than 0.25 indicates that the intercropping system is more productive than sole crops due to complementary interactions between the crop components. Limitations of the LEC include it becoming zero if one component has an LER of zero. The LEC has various applications for assessing the agronomic and economic productivity of simple and complex intercropping mixtures.
Weeds
What is weed?
Evolution of weed
Classification of weed
Classification based on morphology/
cotyledon characters
Classification based on habitat
Classification based on origin
Classification based on association
Classification based on life cycle / ontogeny
Classification based on nature of stem
Classification based on soil pH
Special classification
weed management
Importance of weed management
Principles of weed management
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WEEDS & THEIR IMPORTANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEDS
Importance of Weeds or Benefits or
Advantages Derived from Weeds
Weed Biology
Weed Ecology
Propagation of weeds
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction
WEED DISSEMINATION:
of weeds
Cultural Methods of Weed Control
Preventive methods of weed management
Biological methods of Weed control
SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot.
The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).
Here are the steps to solve these calculation problems:
Q1. Urea contains 46% N. DAP contains 18% N and 46% P2O5. MOP contains 60% K2O.
- DAP required for 100 kg P = (100 x 100)/46 = 217 kg
- DAP supplies 18 kg N. Remaining N from Urea = 150 - 18 = 132 kg
- 132 kg N from Urea = (132 x 100)/46 = 287 kg
- MOP required for 110 kg K = (110 x 100)/60 = 183 kg
Q2. Urea contains 46% N. NPK mixture contains 12% N, 32% P2O5,
Garden tools and their uses are described. Key tools include trowels for digging small holes, rakes for leveling soil, and spades for digging and moving soil. Measuring tapes are used for plant spacing. Sprinklers, pegs, string, shovels, ladders, forks, gloves, shears, and machetes are also outlined with their gardening applications. Footwear, budding knives, cultivators, baskets, wheelbarrows, and other tools conclude the document.
The document summarizes the history and development of organic farming in the Philippines from the 1980s to present day. It describes how the modern organic movement began as a protest against chemical-based agriculture during the Green Revolution. Key organizations like MASIPAG and networks were formed to promote organic practices. While the movement was initially led by NGOs and farmers, government agencies later became involved to help organic farms and products access international markets. National standards and certification were established in the early 2000s, and the sector has continued to grow with government support through policies like the Organic Agriculture Law passed in 2009.
Produce Organic Concoctions and Extracts
The learner demonstrates an understanding of the basic concepts, underlying theories, and principles in the production of various concoction and extracts.
This document discusses homegarden agroforestry in Sri Lanka and its importance for socio-economic, ecological, and environmental sustainability. It finds that homegardens cover around 14% of Sri Lanka's land area and contain a high diversity of plant species, including over 2300 endemic species. Homegardens are a major source of fruit production, genetic diversity for fruit trees, and carbon sequestration. They also provide food and nutritional security for farmers while sustainably managing landscapes and environmental services. However, homegardens are facing issues like fragmentation and a lack of domestication of high-value tree species that could be addressed through innovative management strategies and a multidisciplinary policy approach.
This document discusses the Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC), which is used as a competition index to evaluate intercropping systems. The LEC is defined as the product of the Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) of the intercrop components. An LEC greater than 0.25 indicates that the intercropping system is more productive than sole crops due to complementary interactions between the crop components. Limitations of the LEC include it becoming zero if one component has an LER of zero. The LEC has various applications for assessing the agronomic and economic productivity of simple and complex intercropping mixtures.
Weeds
What is weed?
Evolution of weed
Classification of weed
Classification based on morphology/
cotyledon characters
Classification based on habitat
Classification based on origin
Classification based on association
Classification based on life cycle / ontogeny
Classification based on nature of stem
Classification based on soil pH
Special classification
weed management
Importance of weed management
Principles of weed management
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WEEDS & THEIR IMPORTANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEDS
Importance of Weeds or Benefits or
Advantages Derived from Weeds
Weed Biology
Weed Ecology
Propagation of weeds
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction
WEED DISSEMINATION:
of weeds
Cultural Methods of Weed Control
Preventive methods of weed management
Biological methods of Weed control
Dish gardening involves planting small ornamental plants in pots, shallow vases, or dishes that can be moved around the home. There is no known origin of who started the practice of dish gardening, though it is popular today among gardeners, plant lovers, and florists. Dish gardens can be creatively made with layers of sand, potting mixture or moss, and dwarf plants, along with decorative pebbles, dolls, and moss sticks to mimic a miniature garden landscape.
Nursery types, Structure, Components, Planning and Lay out of NurseryParmarManishkumarNar
A nursery is a place, where seedling, saplings, trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are grown and maintained until they are placed in a permanent place.
INDIGENOUS MICROORGANISM (IMO1-5) BY DR PARK Ayda.N Mazlan
1) Cho Global Natural Farming uses indigenous microorganisms (IMOs) collected from soil and plants to facilitate natural processes like decomposition and disease suppression.
2) IMOs are collected using wooden boxes and paper, and come in different types suited to different purposes like soil improvement or making fermented compost.
3) Detailed methods are provided for making the different IMO formulations, including ingredients, ratios, fermentation times and temperatures.
Soil, Pedological and Edaphological ConceptsDINESH KUMAR
This document discusses concepts related to soil science. It defines soil as a natural body that forms at the earth's surface due to the combined effects of climate, organisms, relief, and parent material over time. Soil is a three-dimensional body with distinct layers and varying properties depending on location. Pedology studies soil as a natural body, while edaphology considers soil properties in relation to plant growth. The main components of soil are mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air. The document also outlines major branches and approaches within soil science.
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to protect crops from adverse weather. It allows for higher yields, year-round cultivation, improved quality, and off-season production. Common crops suited for protected cultivation include tomatoes, capsicum, cucumbers, beans, and flowers. Proper site selection, orientation, structure type, production system, and climate control are important for successful protected cultivation. Potential issues include nutrient deficiencies or excesses, toxic gases, and pest and disease attacks.
Presentation on morphology of rice plantAbdul Salim
The document describes the growth stages of rice plants from seed germination through flowering and grain development. It explains that when a rice seed germinates, the coleorhiza first emerges from the soil followed by the radicle root. Seedlings develop leaves and tillers, with roots and culms. The culm nodes bear leaves, and the top leaf is the flag leaf. Panicles form on the upper culm and bear spikelets with florets containing pistils, stamens and lodicules. Fertilization results in rice grains enveloped in hulls that protect the embryo and endosperm.
1) Corn and soybeans now occupy over 60% of Iowa's total land area and over 80% of its cropland, showing a decline in crop diversity in the central US.
2) Diversified farming systems that incorporate perennials, cover crops, and livestock into crop rotations can provide environmental benefits like improved soil health, water quality, climate resilience, and wildlife habitat compared to monoculture corn and soybean systems.
3) Barriers to adopting more diverse farming practices include economic and policy incentives for specialization, lack of markets and infrastructure, and cultural beliefs; while drivers include risk management, interest in new markets, and support from community.
1. The document discusses different types of farming systems including specialized farming, diversified farming, mixed farming, dry farming, irrigated farming, extensive farming, intensive farming, and organic farming.
2. It also describes some indigenous Indian farming systems such as shifting cultivation, taungya cultivation, and zabo cultivation. Shifting cultivation involves clearing forests for crops and then leaving the land fallow.
3. The principles of farming systems discussed are risk minimization, recycling of wastes, integration of enterprises, optimal resource use, and ecological balance.
High external input agriculture (HEIA) relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and other external inputs which can be financially unsustainable for small farmers and damage the environment over time. Low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) focuses on optimizing natural processes, environmental sustainability, and the long-term needs of farmers through practices like nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, and crop diversification tailored to local conditions. The key differences between HEIA and LEISA are that HEIA depends on high yields through external inputs while damaging the environment, whereas LEISA prioritizes sustainability through minimal external inputs and optimizing local resources.
Nurseries provide the necessary control of moisture, light, soil, and predators and allow the production of healthy and hardy seedlings. Here are some steps to make the construction of a nursery and seedling culture more successful.
Organic Fertilizer 2 | Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)Kirk Go
The Fermented Fruit Juice Production Guide is published by the Department of Agriculture (Agricultural Training Institute).
Contains step by step production, application and usage.
interaction of different IFS components on farm profitability,soil productivi...HARISH J
This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.
This document summarizes a presentation on how to double farmer's income in India. It discusses that the past strategy of increasing agricultural output did not focus on raising farmer's income. It identifies key sources of increasing farmer's income both within and outside of agriculture, including improving productivity, diversifying crops, and shifting to higher value crops. The presentation specifically focuses on the potential of diversifying to microgreens, discussing how they can be profitably grown and providing a case study of a chef who started a successful microgreens business in India.
This document discusses agroforestry, which involves growing woody perennials with crops and/or livestock. It defines agroforestry and outlines its objectives to utilize resources, maximize production, and maintain ecological balance. The key types of agroforestry systems discussed are silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks. The advantages include increased productivity and profitability, soil fertility and erosion prevention, while disadvantages include difficult management and lower initial crop yields. The document suggests agroforestry can help balance groundwater and integrate with horticulture and livestock feeding.
restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizer contribute through biological fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of fixed nutrients and enhanced uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Intercropping has been in practice for centuries to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). It reported that physico-chemical changes in soil under pure and alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (after six year) and found that alley cropping more suitable than pure crop (Gangwar et al., 2004).
Geographic information system (GIS) and its application in precision farmingDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
Geographic information system (GIS) and its application in precision farming. GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS is important for precision horticulture as it allows farmers to analyze spatial data on elevation, soil properties, climate and natural factors to make informed decisions on crop planning and management.
Weed Management in Direct Seeded Rice - By Anjali Patel mam (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses weed management approaches for direct seeded rice. It outlines several cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods for controlling weeds, including stale seedbed technique, tillage, cultivation varieties, seeding rates, crop rotation, residue management, and herbicides. It also discusses integrated weed management, noting that no single approach provides acceptable control and an integrated approach using several methods is needed for long-term sustainable weed control in direct seeded rice systems.
The document provides a detailed classification of weeds based on 8 categories: morphology, life cycle, habitat, origin, association, nature of stem, soil type, and special classification. Some key points:
- Weeds are classified based on their morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds. Important morphological characteristics include leaves, venation, root systems, and growing points.
- Classification by life cycle includes annuals, biennials, and perennials. Annuals can be kharif, rabi, summer or multi-seasonal. Perennials reproduce vegetatively or by seeds.
- Habitat classification includes terrestrial and aquatic weeds. Terrestrial we
This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which combine various agricultural enterprises like cropping, animal husbandry, fisheries, and forestry together. IFS aim to maximize production and income while efficiently utilizing resources through recycling waste from one component as inputs for others. Some benefits of IFS include increased profits and sustainability through waste recycling, stable income from multiple enterprises, and better utilization of labor and resources. Common IFS components include crop cultivation combined with livestock, poultry, aquaculture, horticulture, apiculture, or agroforestry systems.
This document discusses the importance of focusing extension services on smallholder farmers in the Philippines. It notes that smallholder farmers own 7.9 million hectares of prime agricultural land and can provide quality produce for the market. Investing in smallholder agriculture yields double the returns compared to other sectors. The Farm Business School (FBS) is an extension program designed to help farmers improve their farm profitability through business skills training. FBS has been successfully implemented in pilot areas, with farmers selling over 125 tons of vegetables worth 3.17 million pesos. Local leaders have embraced FBS as an innovative way to improve smallholder livelihoods. Farmer participants feel empowered and see themselves as farmer entrepreneurs rather than just farmers.
Dish gardening involves planting small ornamental plants in pots, shallow vases, or dishes that can be moved around the home. There is no known origin of who started the practice of dish gardening, though it is popular today among gardeners, plant lovers, and florists. Dish gardens can be creatively made with layers of sand, potting mixture or moss, and dwarf plants, along with decorative pebbles, dolls, and moss sticks to mimic a miniature garden landscape.
Nursery types, Structure, Components, Planning and Lay out of NurseryParmarManishkumarNar
A nursery is a place, where seedling, saplings, trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are grown and maintained until they are placed in a permanent place.
INDIGENOUS MICROORGANISM (IMO1-5) BY DR PARK Ayda.N Mazlan
1) Cho Global Natural Farming uses indigenous microorganisms (IMOs) collected from soil and plants to facilitate natural processes like decomposition and disease suppression.
2) IMOs are collected using wooden boxes and paper, and come in different types suited to different purposes like soil improvement or making fermented compost.
3) Detailed methods are provided for making the different IMO formulations, including ingredients, ratios, fermentation times and temperatures.
Soil, Pedological and Edaphological ConceptsDINESH KUMAR
This document discusses concepts related to soil science. It defines soil as a natural body that forms at the earth's surface due to the combined effects of climate, organisms, relief, and parent material over time. Soil is a three-dimensional body with distinct layers and varying properties depending on location. Pedology studies soil as a natural body, while edaphology considers soil properties in relation to plant growth. The main components of soil are mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air. The document also outlines major branches and approaches within soil science.
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to protect crops from adverse weather. It allows for higher yields, year-round cultivation, improved quality, and off-season production. Common crops suited for protected cultivation include tomatoes, capsicum, cucumbers, beans, and flowers. Proper site selection, orientation, structure type, production system, and climate control are important for successful protected cultivation. Potential issues include nutrient deficiencies or excesses, toxic gases, and pest and disease attacks.
Presentation on morphology of rice plantAbdul Salim
The document describes the growth stages of rice plants from seed germination through flowering and grain development. It explains that when a rice seed germinates, the coleorhiza first emerges from the soil followed by the radicle root. Seedlings develop leaves and tillers, with roots and culms. The culm nodes bear leaves, and the top leaf is the flag leaf. Panicles form on the upper culm and bear spikelets with florets containing pistils, stamens and lodicules. Fertilization results in rice grains enveloped in hulls that protect the embryo and endosperm.
1) Corn and soybeans now occupy over 60% of Iowa's total land area and over 80% of its cropland, showing a decline in crop diversity in the central US.
2) Diversified farming systems that incorporate perennials, cover crops, and livestock into crop rotations can provide environmental benefits like improved soil health, water quality, climate resilience, and wildlife habitat compared to monoculture corn and soybean systems.
3) Barriers to adopting more diverse farming practices include economic and policy incentives for specialization, lack of markets and infrastructure, and cultural beliefs; while drivers include risk management, interest in new markets, and support from community.
1. The document discusses different types of farming systems including specialized farming, diversified farming, mixed farming, dry farming, irrigated farming, extensive farming, intensive farming, and organic farming.
2. It also describes some indigenous Indian farming systems such as shifting cultivation, taungya cultivation, and zabo cultivation. Shifting cultivation involves clearing forests for crops and then leaving the land fallow.
3. The principles of farming systems discussed are risk minimization, recycling of wastes, integration of enterprises, optimal resource use, and ecological balance.
High external input agriculture (HEIA) relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and other external inputs which can be financially unsustainable for small farmers and damage the environment over time. Low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) focuses on optimizing natural processes, environmental sustainability, and the long-term needs of farmers through practices like nutrient recycling, integrated pest management, and crop diversification tailored to local conditions. The key differences between HEIA and LEISA are that HEIA depends on high yields through external inputs while damaging the environment, whereas LEISA prioritizes sustainability through minimal external inputs and optimizing local resources.
Nurseries provide the necessary control of moisture, light, soil, and predators and allow the production of healthy and hardy seedlings. Here are some steps to make the construction of a nursery and seedling culture more successful.
Organic Fertilizer 2 | Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)Kirk Go
The Fermented Fruit Juice Production Guide is published by the Department of Agriculture (Agricultural Training Institute).
Contains step by step production, application and usage.
interaction of different IFS components on farm profitability,soil productivi...HARISH J
This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.
This document summarizes a presentation on how to double farmer's income in India. It discusses that the past strategy of increasing agricultural output did not focus on raising farmer's income. It identifies key sources of increasing farmer's income both within and outside of agriculture, including improving productivity, diversifying crops, and shifting to higher value crops. The presentation specifically focuses on the potential of diversifying to microgreens, discussing how they can be profitably grown and providing a case study of a chef who started a successful microgreens business in India.
This document discusses agroforestry, which involves growing woody perennials with crops and/or livestock. It defines agroforestry and outlines its objectives to utilize resources, maximize production, and maintain ecological balance. The key types of agroforestry systems discussed are silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks. The advantages include increased productivity and profitability, soil fertility and erosion prevention, while disadvantages include difficult management and lower initial crop yields. The document suggests agroforestry can help balance groundwater and integrate with horticulture and livestock feeding.
restoring the soil physical structure and chemical fertility, improving soil organic C and therefore, sustaining the system productivity. Nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizer contribute through biological fixation of nitrogen, solubilization of fixed nutrients and enhanced uptake of plant nutrients (Gupta et al., 2003).
INM tries to reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by taking advantages of non-chemical sources of nutrients such as the manures, composts and bio-fertilizers (Gopalasundaram et al., 2012). Bio-fertilizers application not only increases plants growth and yield, but increase soil microbial population and activity; resulting in improved soil fertility (Ramesh et al., 2014). They include free-living bacteria which promote plant growth even in polluted soils. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Thiobacillus are examples of these bacteria (Zahir et al., 2004). Niess (2002) reported that plant growth promoting bacteria reduced the toxicity of heavy metals and increased plant growth and yield.
Intercropping has been in practice for centuries to sustain yield, minimize risk, utilize the lag phase, and improve productivity (Rao, 2000). It reported that physico-chemical changes in soil under pure and alley cropping with Leucaena leucocephala (after six year) and found that alley cropping more suitable than pure crop (Gangwar et al., 2004).
Geographic information system (GIS) and its application in precision farmingDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
Geographic information system (GIS) and its application in precision farming. GIS integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS is important for precision horticulture as it allows farmers to analyze spatial data on elevation, soil properties, climate and natural factors to make informed decisions on crop planning and management.
Weed Management in Direct Seeded Rice - By Anjali Patel mam (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses weed management approaches for direct seeded rice. It outlines several cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods for controlling weeds, including stale seedbed technique, tillage, cultivation varieties, seeding rates, crop rotation, residue management, and herbicides. It also discusses integrated weed management, noting that no single approach provides acceptable control and an integrated approach using several methods is needed for long-term sustainable weed control in direct seeded rice systems.
The document provides a detailed classification of weeds based on 8 categories: morphology, life cycle, habitat, origin, association, nature of stem, soil type, and special classification. Some key points:
- Weeds are classified based on their morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds. Important morphological characteristics include leaves, venation, root systems, and growing points.
- Classification by life cycle includes annuals, biennials, and perennials. Annuals can be kharif, rabi, summer or multi-seasonal. Perennials reproduce vegetatively or by seeds.
- Habitat classification includes terrestrial and aquatic weeds. Terrestrial we
This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which combine various agricultural enterprises like cropping, animal husbandry, fisheries, and forestry together. IFS aim to maximize production and income while efficiently utilizing resources through recycling waste from one component as inputs for others. Some benefits of IFS include increased profits and sustainability through waste recycling, stable income from multiple enterprises, and better utilization of labor and resources. Common IFS components include crop cultivation combined with livestock, poultry, aquaculture, horticulture, apiculture, or agroforestry systems.
This document discusses the importance of focusing extension services on smallholder farmers in the Philippines. It notes that smallholder farmers own 7.9 million hectares of prime agricultural land and can provide quality produce for the market. Investing in smallholder agriculture yields double the returns compared to other sectors. The Farm Business School (FBS) is an extension program designed to help farmers improve their farm profitability through business skills training. FBS has been successfully implemented in pilot areas, with farmers selling over 125 tons of vegetables worth 3.17 million pesos. Local leaders have embraced FBS as an innovative way to improve smallholder livelihoods. Farmer participants feel empowered and see themselves as farmer entrepreneurs rather than just farmers.
developed by Arch. Andrew Penalosa, which was presented during the trainings, seminars and conferences on Organic Agriculture organized by the Agricultural Training Institute.
The document discusses the importance of crop rotation for preventing the depletion of soil nutrients and the buildup of pests and diseases. It explains that not rotating crops led to disasters like the Dust Bowl and Irish Potato Famine. Crop rotation involves growing different types of plants in the same area in successive years. This prevents any one nutrient or pest from becoming overly concentrated. The document provides examples of crop rotation plans and families of plants that should not be planted in the same area more than once every few years, such as the nightshade family.
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SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
This document discusses different types of companion planting and cover crops. It defines companion planting as interplanting crops together for benefits like pest suppression and nitrogen fixation. Cover crops are usually planted between growing seasons to improve soil quality. Common companion crops mentioned are legumes planted with heavy feeders, and trap crops used to lure pests away from other plants. Benefits of both techniques include increased soil nutrients, pest control, and habitat for beneficial insects.
The document discusses the classification and important crops of India. It classifies crops into three main classes - garden crops, plantation crops, and field crops. Field crops are further classified in several ways, including place of origin (native or exotic), botanical family, economic use, and season. The document then lists the major field crops of India and provides data on the production of important food crops by state for 2018-19, with the top three producing states identified for most major crops.
MT: Harvesting and Saving Garden SeedsSotirakou964
This document provides instructions for harvesting and saving seeds from home gardens. It defines key terms like cultivar, hybrid, open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated. It explains that hybrid seeds should not be saved, as the resulting plants will not be true to type. It provides guidance on isolating different plant varieties to avoid cross-pollination when saving open-pollinated seeds. Instructions are given for harvesting and storing seeds from various plant structures like pods, flowers and fruit.
This document provides guidance on growing vegetables from seed. It discusses selecting varieties, starting seeds indoors, hardening off seedlings, and transplanting outdoors. The document includes a seed spacing chart and ideal temperature ranges for common vegetables. It emphasizes choosing varieties suited to the local climate, starting seeds at the right time, and gradually acclimating seedlings to outdoor conditions to reduce transplant shock.
Harvesting and Saving Garden Seeds ~ Montana State UniversitySeeds
This document provides instructions for harvesting and saving seeds from home gardens. It defines different types of cultivars such as hybrids, open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated varieties. It explains that hybrid seeds should not be saved as the resulting plants will not be true to type, while open-pollinated, cross-pollinated and self-pollinated seeds can be saved if proper isolation techniques are followed to prevent cross-contamination between varieties. The document provides detailed instructions for harvesting, processing and storing seeds from different plant types and includes tables with information on common cross-pollinating plants and average seed viability times.
Beetroot is a cool weather crop grown for its large red root. Popular varieties include Crimson Globe, Detroit Dark Red, and Burpee's Red Ball. Beets prefer fertile, well-draining soil and are planted in summer. They require thinning, irrigation, and weed control. Pests include aphids and diseases like Cercospora leaf spot. Roots are harvested after 60-75 days when 3-5 cm in diameter. Yields average 25-30 tons per hectare. Beets are often eaten boiled, roasted, or raw and keep well in storage for months.
Jack bean, with the scientific name Canavalia ensiformis, is commonly grown for its young pods and immature seeds which are used as human and animal food. It is native to Central America and the West Indies. The document discusses the botanical details of jack bean, differences between jack bean and sword bean, uses, cultivation practices, and health benefits. Heat treatments and germination are effective in reducing trypsin inhibitor activity and polyphenols in jack bean. Studies also show that ureases from jack bean and other sources have antifungal properties.
The document provides guidance on rice production for farmers to ensure a successful harvest. It discusses important considerations for food security including availability through production. Key aspects of rice production covered include soil and seed selection, land preparation techniques, weed control, soil fertility management, and integrated pest management. Selecting the right variety of seeds suited to the soil conditions and climate is important. Proper spacing, timing of land preparation and weed control are also emphasized.
The document provides information on plant classification systems. It discusses the botanical or taxonomic system of classification, which organizes plants in a hierarchical structure from kingdom down to species based on morphological characteristics. The key levels are kingdom, division, class, order, family, genus, and species. Scientific names follow binomial nomenclature with the genus and species. Classification helps in the identification, discovery, and use of plants. The document also discusses functional classification systems that group plants according to their uses, such as agronomic crops (cereals, legumes, fibers, roots/tubers, forages, industrial crops) and horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables, flowers, plantation crops).
ICAR AIEEA JRF & SRF for PG admissions
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SEED SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY
GOOD SEED QUALITY
Dr. K. Vanangamudi
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SEED QUALITY
Genetic quality of seed
Physical quality of seed
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Organic Crop Production - University of TennesseeFaiga64c
Crop rotation is an important practice in organic farming that maintains soil health, controls pests and weeds, and improves crop yields. The document provides details on why crop rotation is beneficial, examples of crop rotation sequences, considerations for the length of rotations and number of crops included, and how different crop families interact with one another in a rotation. It also announces an upcoming organic crops field tour to learn more about organic production practices like crop rotation.
This document discusses weed management. It defines weeds and describes how they negatively impact crop production by competing for water, nutrients, light, and space. It also discusses weed propagation through seeds and vegetative reproduction. Various classification systems for weeds are described based on life span, ecology, soil type, and place of occurrence. The document outlines the impacts of weeds including reduced crop yields and quality. Methods of weed control include mechanical (hoeing), cultural, and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like field preparation, crop rotation, and intercropping. The document provides an overview of weed management strategies.
This document provides detailed information about soybean, including its botanical description, key facts, uses, nutritional value, climatic requirements, varieties, cropping systems, and management practices. It discusses soybean's botanical name, family, origin in Eastern Asia, and names in Hindi and English. It also outlines soybean's classification according to seed form, size, shape, and color.
This document provides guidance on seed saving for community food security. It recommends starting small-scale home gardening and collaborative seed saving in advance of an emergency to build a community seed bank. The seed bank should be restocked annually and contain enough seed to plant future crops. Some crops are easy to save seed from while others require more effort to prevent cross-pollination. The document provides details on seed saving methods for different crop types and storing seeds long-term. It includes crop-specific charts with seed saving instructions.
production technology on leafy vegetables by MD. RAMAJNmohammad ramjan
This document provides information about the production of amaranth, spinach, and basella vegetable crops. It discusses the botanical details, climate and soil requirements, varieties, sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, and harvesting of these warm season crops. For amaranth, it highlights its use as a leafy green and grain crop. Several varieties are listed for both purposes. Spinach is described as an important cool season crop rich in nutrients, and ideal varieties for different regions of India are mentioned. Finally, basella is introduced as a summer vine crop with soft stems and leaves that can substitute for spinach, along with its cultivation practices.
Myself Vijay Kumar Shrivastav completed M.Sc. Agriculture (Agronomy) from G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology in 1996.
In this presentation I have covered the title "CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS "
( फसलों के वर्गीकरण ) - Hindi
This presentation covers various points related to Classification of crops,agronomic classification, climatic crop classification,annual crops,biennial crops,perennial crops,fodder and forage crops,species and condiments crop,medicinal plants,south west monsoon crops,post monsoon crops,native crops,exotic crops,catch crops,paira or residual crops,trap crops,alley crops,irrigated crops,rainfed crops,tolerant crops,arable crops,direct seeded crops, Journey with Vijaykumar shrivastav,kharif,rabi, zaid
This document summarizes various indigenous technological knowledge practices related to pest management from several countries including China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Northeast India, and other parts of India. It describes specific plant-based formulations and cultural practices used by local communities to control pests affecting different crops. Some examples include using neem, tobacco, tamarind or ash mixtures against rice pests, employing weaver ants as predators of mango tipborers, using smoke or ash to deter fruit flies or aphids, and placing plant materials like calotropis or sorghum to control armyworms, bollworms or birds for pest control in cotton.
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Companion Planting and Crop Planning - Agricultural Training Institute, Philippines
1. BIG Series: 03-05 CROP PLANNING Carbohydrates/energy Source
Crop planning considers what, when, where Cassava, sweet potato. Taro (gabi), rice bean
Crop
and which plants to grow in relation to their (tapilan), dried hyacinth beans (batao, harabilla),
requirements for space, sunshine, water, dried lima beans (patani), dried pigeon pea
maturation, season of planting and tolerance for (kadyos), dried stalk beans (habas) and mung
each other. It involves a cropping pattern in which bean.
different categories of vegetables are raised,
Planning
followed by a system of crop rotation to keep the Vitamin A Sources
cycle going and to provide a suitable, healthy
environment for plants to grow. For a family food Amaranth (kulitis), hot pepper leaves, horse
garden, crop planning means raising vegetables raddish leaves (malunggay), bittergourd
that will provide for the nutritional needs of the (ampalaya) leaves, spinach, kangkong, sweet
household members all year round. Crop plans must potato leaves and squash.
include varieties of crops. Such “heirloom” varieties
must be preserved for future generations. Backyard High Protein Sources
gardeners are the best curators.
Winged bean, lima bean, rice bean, hyacinth
WHAT TO PLANT bean, pigeon peas, string beans (sitao) and jack
beans
FOR FAMILY NUTRITION
High Vitamin C Sources
Plant vegetable crops that are nutritious and
easy to grow, indigenous varieties that are Horseradish, bittergourd leaves, amaranth
productive and tolerant to common insect pests and leaves, mustard, petchay, bittergourd fruit,
diseases. Raise more vegetables that will allow you kangkong and spinach.
to harvest over a long range of time as compared to
vegetables that have to be harvested all at one time. Iron-Rich Crops
Mix short and long maturing-crops to ensure a well-
distributed supply of nutritious vegetables. Place a Amaranth leaves, pigeon peas, lima beans,
special emphasis on crops which have more than sweet potato leaves, winged bean, mungo,
one edible part, e.g., roots and leaves, flowers and petchay, spinach, kangkong and pepper leaves.
leaves, etc.
Your family food garden should include
vegetables that are rich in protein, carbohydrates,
minerals and vitamins.
2. WHEN TO PLANT
Crop planning can provide a family food and FOR A FAVORABLE PLANT ENVIRONMENT
The best advice ion the appropriate season to other essentials during staple crop
raise which crop is best obtained from farmers shortages, plus a variety of quality nutrients Plant four categories of vegetables in your
in the locality. to lessen or eliminate deficiencies in the diet. bed: leafy, root, legume and fruit. Crop rotation
By raising seedlings in advance, transplanting requires that each category or type be planted in a
can be undertaken upon harvest of an early- TRELLISING different sub-division of the bed every season.
maturing crop without keeping a portion of the Different plants have varying root depths and so
bed vacant. A trellis is a structural support for climbing extract nutrients and moisture from different regions
plants. Trellising of the soil profile. The cultivation of different plants
Here’s a guide chart to start with: - maximizes the use of limited space in the same part of the bed from season to season
Vegetable Maturation by allowing several crops, like does not overburden the soil. However, within each
(No. of Days) legumes and gourds, to be grown on of these four categories, you can interplant other
Chinese cabbage 48-62 a single trellis. vegetables. (See companion cropping chart).
Lima beans 50-65 - permits the growing of shade-tolerant
Cabbage 58-68 crops under the trellis. Here are some examples of the four
Sweet pea 65-70 - makes crop production feasible over categories:
Tomato 70-100 canals and water-logged areas. Leafy vegetables : amaranth, lettuce,
Kundol 80-100 - protects plants from stray animals. cabbage, kangkong, etc.
Head Lettuce 85-100 Fruit-bearing vegetables: tomato, peppers,
Bulb onion 90-150 Trees and tall crops, like papaya and okra, bitter gourd, eggplant, etc.
Upo 100-120 banana, can also serve as trellis and “live fences.” Root crops: radish, ginger, gabi, cassava,
Garlic 100-140 sweet potato, etc.
Batao 60-80 MULCHING Legumes: winged beans, lima beans,
Winged bean 65-75 cowpea, rice beans, etc.
Kadios 90-150 During the initial stage of crop growth, the
Petchay 30-40 space between the plants is covered with dried rice Cycle of the Stages of Each Bed
Mustard 30-40 straw or grasses to conserve moisture. Later on, this
Leaf lettuce 30-40 is removed (if not decomposed), since the plants
Cucumber 35-45 themselves serve as “living mulch”,’ when their Leaf Root Legume Fruit
leaves cover the soil surface. crop Crop Crop Crop
String beans 40-70
Okra 50-60 During the hot months, the mulch should always be
maintained. Root Leaf Fruit Legume
Cowpea 55-75
Crop Crop Crop Crop
Radish 60-70
In the rainy season, mulch should not be
Sweet corn 68-70
used around young seedlings. Plants should be at Legume Fruit Root Leaf
Ampalaya 70-72 least six weeks old before mulch is used as mulch Crop Crop Crop Crop
Patola 75-80 can promote the growth of fungi, causing seedlings
Squash 75-100 to rot. Fruit Legume Leaf Root
Green onion 80-90 Crop Crop Crop Crop
Sweet pepper 90-110 Season-1 Season- 2 Season – 3 Season - 4
Sweet potato 90-120
3. BIG Series: 01-05 By continuously raising vegetables from HOW PLANTS PRODUCE SEEDS
season to season, you also preserve valuable Plants have to pollinate in order to produce
seed varieties handed down from generation seeds. The pollen, the fertilizing powder in the
to generation. Choosing good quality seeds anther of flowers, is to be conveyed to the stigma or
Growing and
from selected vegetables and then drying and pistil of the plant. Plants may either be self-
storing them properly keep the seeds alive pollinated or cross-pollinated. Self-pollination
occurs when the pollen of a flower fertilizes the
and make them viable for two or more years
ovary of the same flower or another flower on the
Collecting
to come. same plant. Cross-pollination occurs when insects
or wind transfer pollen from the flower of one plant
Even while they are stored, seeds are still to the flower of another. Cross-pollinated plants
alive. However, all seeds eventually die if they are have incomplete flowers with only male or female
Seeds
not planted. parts but not both, while self-pollinated plants have
complete flowers containing both male and female
parts. Self-pollinated vegetables include beans,
peas, eggplant, lettuce, okra. Cross-pollinated
GROW YOUR OWN VEGETABLE SEEDS vegetables include cucumber, spinach, amaranthus.
You can produce high quality seeds at low
cost.
One plant can produce enough seeds for
your garden.
When the seeds that you want are not
available in the market, you can still continue
gardening if you raise your own seeds rather
than buy them.
You help preserve traditional indigenous Remember:
varieties of vegetables for the future
generation. Sometimes, self-pollinated vegetables can
be cross pollinated by a different variety of
the same vegetable grown close by. So,
CHOOSING GOOD PLANTS FOR SEEDS when you are saving seeds, do not grow two
varieties of the same vegetable together.
Vigorous Good to eat Cross pollinated vegetables must be well-
Less prone to Less insect separated to prevent variation.
diseases attack If some of the plants are not good, remove
Early-bearing Good yield the plants before flowering so that they do
Good size Late to seed not cross-pollinate with good plants. If you
Long storage life Good color don’t remove them, you will not produce a
Produces large, good type of seed.
healthy fruits
4. SEED COLLECTION Fermentation Process:
Cross-Pollinated Crops
Select the plants to be used for seeds. Dump pulp and seeds into a jar with water.
Mark the plant so that they are not Ferment for two to three days. Stir occasionally. The Vegetable When to Cleaning
harvested by accident. pulp will rise to the top. The good seeds will sink to the Harvest
Harvest the plant at the right time. bottom. Pour off pulp, wash seeds carefully and dry on Cucumbers Pick when big Wash seeds clean
Plants harvested early give thin seeds screen paper. and golden from pulp. Dry on
that germinate poorly and deteriorate yellow. screen or paper ,
quickly in storage. Fruits and pods Self-Pollinated Crops stirring
should be well-ripened when picked occasionally, or
but not so old that they rot or blow Vegetable When to Harvest Cleaning use fermentation
away. Beans and Pull up plants Shell beans or process.
Collect seeds during the dry season, peas when pods turn peas when very Onions When black
especially on a sunny day after the brown and most dry. Store in a seeds on flower Rub seeds from
dew has evaporated. This is to avoid leaves have fallen. ventilated heads become heads when dry
many disease problems. Hang to Hang to container in a exposed, cut (will come off
Test the seeds long enough before dry in airy place cool, dry place. stalks. Dry easily). Remove
planting time to make sure they are heads on chaff.
viable. Eggplants Pick when very Wash seeds screen or
Seeds should be labeled soon after ripe, about to fall clean from the paper.
collecting to avoid mixing them, up. off the stalk. pulp and dry Squash Remove seeds
over. Use Pick at edible from pulp; wash
fermentation stage. carefully and dry.
process. Spread out the
Okra Remove stalks Remove seeds seeds, stirring
when pods are dry from pods. Dry occasionally.
and almost further before
splitting. storing. Mustard, Cut flower Remove seeds
Tomatoes Pick fruits when Use fermentation Chinese stalks when from pods by
fully ripe. process. Cabbage seeds pods are hand. Dry further
brittle. before storing.
HARVESTING AND CLEANING VEGETABLE SEEDS
(From: Seed and Nursery Directory by Cary fowler and Elaine Chiosso, The Rural
Advancement Fund, North Carolina, USA, 1983)
5. COMPANION CROPS Companion Plant Guide Chart
BIG Series: 04-05
Planting two or more crops that have mutual
beneficial effect on each other is called companion Vegetables Likes Dislikes
planting. Certain plants like each other! Others (companion) (enemies)
dislike each other and aversely affect production.
Beets Onions, garlic Pole beans
Companion Planting
SHADE/MULTI-STORIED PLANT CANOPY Snap bean corn Onion, garlic
Bush sitao Corn, mungo, Sweet potato
Plant shade-tolerant vegetables, like gabi, sorghum
(Vegetable)
ginger, pepper, mustard and sweet potato Cabbage family Garlic, onion Pole beans
underneath tall crops, like cassava, kadios and (cabbage,
vines on trellis, like gourd, squash and winged
beans. This will form a multi-storied plant canopy,
cauliflower,
which can efficiently use sunshine. Various crops broccoli)
can be grown on limited space with little Garlic carrots -
competition. Weed growth is also controlled through Corn Beans, squash, Potato
shading by the upper canopy level and by trailing potao,
vine vegetables. Since weed growth is also
controlled, your vegetable crops get better
cucumber,
opportunity for growth. beans, corn
Cucmber Radish
If the bed is located in an East-West tomato Onion, lettuce Potato
direction, the tall crops should be planted only at Eggplant Pepper, beans, -
either end of the bed.
lettuce
Onion Lettuce
MATURATION
Mungo Corn, sorghum -
Grow short-duration vegetables, like petchay Sweet potato Corn, mungo -
and mustard, between slow-growing, long duration Radish Bush sitao, -
crops, like tomato, sweet pepper, et. Long duration beans,
vine vegetables, like cucumber, upo, patola, winged cucumber
bean, squash, sweet potato and alugbati could be
rooted at one side of the bed and allowed to creep
on the ground and/or allowed to trail on a trellis
constructed beside the bed.
6. SPACING
Space plants closely, seeing to it that each plant
has enough sunshine and space to grow. Plants are
correctly spaced when the leaves of the fully-grown
plants barely overlap with the adjacent ones. Plant in a
triangular fashion. The seeds or seedlings are planted
at each end of an imaginary triangle, with the sides of
the triangle being equal to the recommended spacing.
This practice allows more plants to be grown within a
small area than the usual method of square or row
planting. It also prevents the growth of weeds and
moisture evaporation as the plant canopy serves as
“living mulch.”
REPELLANTS
Every bed must have a few spice plants and
medical herbs with strong odor to repel insects from the
garden. Examples: mint, onions, oregano, basil, garlic,
etc. In addition, each bed should have 6 – 8 marigold
plants. The roots of marigolds secrete a chemical that
kill soil nematodes. The strong odor of marigolds also
repel insects.
7. When you have a vegetable garden, you get to SUCKING INSECTS suck the juices out of the plant,
know so many little live creatures you have never usually near the tender new growth. They usually too
noticed before. These are insects. Most of them are tiny and too numerous. Examples: aphids, thrips, flies
BIG Series: 05-05
beneficial insects that do no harm at all to your plants. and scale insects.
Very few are pests. Pest control means destroying only
the harmful insects and providing a favorable Some Common Insect Pests and Controlling Them
environment to keep plants healthy.
Pest control
APHIDS
or BLACK or
INSECTS AND THEIR HABITS GREEN FLIES
In Your
METAMORPHOSIS
When the leaves and stems of your plants begin to look
Insects undergo a metamorphic process, pale and spindly, aphids are present. Aphids can change color
transforming from a tiny egg to a larva, then to pupa and to match plant parts and metamorphose from nymphs to adult,
Garden
finally into an adult form as bugs, moths and butterflies. both with wings and without wings. When the aphids in one
plant become overcrowded, they develop wings and fly to
As its larval form, an insect is commonly referred to another plant host of the same plant family. Aphids mature in
as worm or caterpillar, larvae are voracious eaters, existing 12 days.
only to eat. Pest control is usually directed at the larval
stage because larvae are usually soft-skinned, slow, Clay can control aphids. Prepare a fine clay solution
vulnerable, visible parasites and predators. and spray over aphids to render their tender bodies
lifeless.
The larva soon develops into a pupa, an inactive
form living on stored food acquired during its larval stage. Atis (Anona Squamosa) seeds are pulverized and
Pupa are usually tucked out of sight: in plant crevices, plant mixed with water. Use as spray against aphids, ants
refuse and in the soil. An age-old way of disturbing and and other insects.
destroying the pupae is by cultivating the soil. The pupa
transform into an adult form to mate, reproduce and find a Makabuhay (Tinospora Rumphi) – The roots, stems
good place to stash its eggs. and leaves are pounded to extract the juice which is
then mixed with water for use as a spray against
If a particular insect does damage in one
aphids, flies, moths, worms and other insects.
metamorphic stage, it may be beneficial in another. If it can
not be captured or controlled in one stage, it may be subject
to predators in another stage.
EATING HABITS BORERS
The eating habit of insects give a clue to its identity,
metamorphic stage, as well as its control. Insects feed in Borers hatch inside a stem and eat and grow there as
two main ways: chewing and sucking caterpillars. The presence of borers is indicated by the sudden
wilting of plant tops. Borers are of many kinds and attack various
CHEWING INSECTS bite or chew the leaves, plants. Whatever the plant, whatever borer is inflecting it, cut off the
systems, roots and fruits of plants. Examples: injured stems and burn them to destroy the borers.
caterpillar, beetles, bugs, worms.
8. Go out at night with a flashlight. Handpick the
cutworms and crush them.
CATERPILLARS When seedlings are nipped off at the ground
level, scratch under the soil surface near the
The larval stage of moths and butterflies, caterpillars plant to find the cutworm curled in a ring, LEAF MINERS
are of many kinds. Usually developing from patches of eggs sleeping.
on the underside of leaves, caterpillar feed on foliage and The leaf miner damage is not serious. Leaf Miners
tender stems. NEMATODES attack spinach and many other plants. The leaf miner is a
grub inside the leaf. Later, it will develop into a pupa and drop
Handpicking caterpillars and stepping on them is into the ground.
an effective control measure.
Touch the caterpillar with a rag dipped in Let birds and chicken feed on the pupae in the ground.
kerosene to kill it. Use the same rag to touch Nematodes are worm parasites that either Strong smelling herbs could repel the adult fly.
egg clusters so they will never hatch. stick their heads in a plant to suck the sap or actually Dusting the leaves with ashes controls the leaf miner
Look for patches of eggs and clusters of young spend their lives inside the plant. Nematodes can be fly.
caterpillars on the undersides of leaves and nip controlled by the following:
off those leaves and burn them. Crop rotation
Planting pest-free stock
Enriching the soil with humus MEALY BUGS
CUTWORMS Planting marigolds as their roots kill
nematodes
Mealy bugs are scale insects covering the stems of
plants and sucking their juices. They are a serious pest and
hard to control.
Cutworm attack newly transplanted tomato,
cabbage and other seedlings. Cutting them off at the FRUIT FLIES Use a cotton swab dipped in denatured alcohol and
ground level during night time. One kind of cutworm touch each mealy bug. The alcohol penetrates the
climbs up into the plant to chew the leaves. waxy protective covering, killing the mealy bug.
Fruit flies lay eggs which develop into tiny
Large irregular areas are chewed out, starting maggots that burrow inside fruits. Maggots cause
from the edge of a leaf. slight depressions on the fruit surface and tiny holes
where they emerge. These are hardly noticeable. ROOT
A collar of paper or a tin can with top and bottom MAGGOT
cut out and the seedling planted in the center Catch the pest at its fly stage before it could FLIES
can prevent the cutworm from reaching the lay eggs. Try this bait: Mix two teaspoons of
stem. household ammonia and 1./4 teaspoon soap
powder in a quart of water. Fill a jar with the The adult fly lays its eggs in the roots of corn, onions,
When transplanting, stick a toothpick or a
mixture and put the jar right next to the sunny cabbage, etc. The maggots hatch out and live on the roots,
matchstick, or tough twig directly down the side
side of the plant. The bait should be changed thus weakening the plants.
of the plant stem, touching the stem. The
cutworm then can not encircle and cut the stem. once a week or when diluted with rain.
Collect dropped fruits and burn or dispose of
them properly.
9. Sprinkle wood ashes liberally around the stems
of seedlings. If it rains and the wood ashes BOTANICAL PESTICIDES
become soaked, replenish with clean, fluffy
ATIS (ANONA Squamosa) CUSTARD APPLE TOBACCO (Nicotiana Tabacum)
ashes, preferably fresh from the fireplace. All
root maggots can be controlled by wood ashes. Boil the midribs and stem in water for a few minutes
Pulverize the seeds and mix with water. Use as
or soak for 3 – 4 days. Let cool. This is an effective
a spray against aphids, ants and other insects. spray against numerous insect pests.
SQUASH BUGS ADELFA (Nerium Indicum) TOMATO
Boil the stems and leaves of tomato in water. Cool
Cut and soak the leaves and bark in water for at it. Spray against caterpillars and black or green flies.
least 30 minutes. Use as a spray against ants, T his will also serve to deter future attack.
Squash bugs lay eggs which develop into gray flies and other insects.
nymphs with fat bodies and black legs. They suck the KA MARYA (Artemia Vulgaris)
juice out of squash plants. CHRYSANTHEMUM
Cut the branches, dry and then burn near or below
Locate the eggs and crush them. Grind the dried flowers. Mix with fine clay loam plants. This will drive away insects.
Traps may be made by laying thin, flat boards and water. Spray against a wide range of
slightly tilted, in the garden rows. The squash insects. SAPONIT (Lantana Camara)
bugs assemble beneath the boards and may Proportion: six to seven tablespoons of dried
then be easily crushed. ground flower for one gallon of water. Cut the branches, sun dry and burn. Apply the ashes to
Sprinkle the squash plant with hydrated lime the leaves to control various beetles and leaf miners.
and wood ashes. TUBLI (Derris Sp.)
LUBIGAN )Acorus Calamasus)
Pound the fresh bark and rods and extract the
juice with water. Mix six tablespoons of juice to Powder the roots and add water. Use as an insecticide
3-4 liters of water. It makes an effective insect spray. Decoction of rhizome can also be used as a
WHITE FLIES
spray. spray.
MADRE DE CACAO (Gliricidia) SOLASI or BALANOY (Ocimum Sanctum)
Extract the juice from the leaves and Decoction of fresh/dried leaves can be used as an
White flies are very small, aphid-like insects, stems. Mix with water and spray against insecticide.
looking like very tiny moths. The nymphs are usually insects. Fresh stems with leaves can be
difficult to reach by sprays because they are on the placed between plants to deter insects. RED PEPPER (Capsicum, Solanaceae)
underside of the leaves. Thus, treatments have to be
repeated several times. MAKABUHAY (Tinosporo Rumphi) Dry several red peppers. Grind the dried peppers just
before use. Liberally sprinkle the powder to repellants
Use tobacco dust. Pound the root, stem and leaves to
Spray with nicotine and soap solution. extract the juice. Mix with water. Use as
In very bad cases, use kerosene emulsion. a spray against aphids, flies, moths,
worms and other insects.
10. Aromatic Herbs and Soap
SORO-SORO (Euphorbia Neriflora)
Chop or grind one garlic, one onion, one NOTES . . . .
tablespoon hot pepper and mix with one quart water.
Use the latex as an insecticide.
Let it stay for one hour then add one tablespoon
liquid soap detergent. Place the mixture in a tightly
MINT, OREGANO and OTHER AROMATIC HERBS covered jar and store in a cool place for one week. Healthy, organic soil grows healthy plants that resist
This spray makes use of the repellant qualities of pests. In a garden fed with humus, manure and compost,
Plant these crops all around the garden garlic, onion and hot pepper. The soap serves as the soil hosts a wide variety of beneficial micro-flora that
plot. Their strong odor repels insects. sticker. trap nematodes and destroy or keep in dormancy disease
They can also be used as spices and organisms, thereby encouraging beneficial insects. Other
medicine. For every 100 square meter Soap and Water Spray means of pest control:
bed, plant 8-10 marigolds in the border
Mix 3 tablespoon of soap flakes and gallon of water. - Tilling promotes healthy soil exposes pests that
and intercrop 20-25 garlic or onion
Spray against insects. live in the soil, increases soil aeration and oxygen
bulbs.
supply to promote root growth of plants and
Kerosene and Soap Spray permits better root penetration.
ONION BREW
- Crop rotation dissociates micro-organisms
Mix ¼ cup soap water, ¼ tablespoon of kerosene building up around plant roots as each crop has a
This brew should contain roots, stems and
and 1 liter of water. Use as a spray only when insect characteristic microbial association.
leaves of as many aromatic herbs as possible: onion,
infestation is serious. - Crop combinations such as legumes and
garlic, horseradish, red pepper, mustard, mints. Chop
fine. Add a quart or more of water and some liquid potatoes, control nematodes.
WOOD ASH - Aromatic herbs like marigolds, mint, garlic onions,
detergent. Pour a generous amount of the mixture
over plants infested with insects. If the brew ferments, oregano control nematodes and repel insects and
Root maggots in radish, onions, cabbage and should, thus, be raised as companion crops in
it is more effective in repelling insects.
other brassicas can be controlled by your garden.
spreading fresh (not hot) wood ash around
ALL PURPOSE INSECT SPRAYS
the plant roots. Ashes are then covered lightly Keep the garden small and the plants varied to prevent
Garlic and Marigold Mixture with soil. insect infestation.
Take 3 – 4 cloves of garlic, 2 handfuls of marigold Snails, slugs and cutworms can be controlled A principle of pest control: Plant any crop at a time when
leaves, 2-3 onions, 2-3 small peppers. Add water and bring by encircling plants with a 3-4 inch-wide its particular pest is in an inactive stage.
mixture to a boil. Let cool. Dilute with 4-5 times the trench, 1-2 inches deep. Fill this trench with
quantity of water and pour over or spray to infested plants. fresh wood ash. These pests will avoid
Plant indigenous varieties of vegetables. They are
crossing this trench.
resistant to pests and adapt very well to the local
Aromatic Herbs and Soap environment.
Flea beetles on tomatoes can be controlled
Chop or grind one garlic, one onion, one by spraying a mixture of wood ash and water.
tablespoon hot pepper and mix with one quart water.
Let it stay for one hour then add one tablespoon liquid Cucumber beetles can likewise be controlled
soap detergent. Place the mixture in a tightly covered by spraying a mixture of equal quantities of
jar and store in a cool place for one week. This spray wood ash and powdered lime mixed with
makes use of the repellant qualities of garlic, onion soapy water.
and hot pepper. The soap serves as sticker.
11. BIG Series: 02-05 STORING SEEDS CLEANING
Store only well-dried seeds. They will live longer
than the not so thoroughly dried ones. Remove any small,
DRYING misshapen or broken seeds, as well as dirt, stones, straw
or any rubbish. Keep the good, well-formed seeds. This
Seeds respire, producing water and carbon will assure you of a good crop of large, healthy plants.
dioxide. The more moisture in the seeds, the
faster it respires. The water produced from PROTECTING SEEDS FROM INSECTS
Storing
respiration makes the seeds damp, moldy and
vulnerable to insect attacks. Dry Wood Ash
For every kilogram of seeds to be stored, gather
How to Dry Seeds 500 grams of fresh, dry ash that has already cooled. After
Vegetable
the ash has been mixed with the seed, add a little more to
1. Lay a mat or plastic sheet on the ground cover the seed in the container.
where the sun shines all day.
Lime
Seeds
For every kilogram of seeds to be stored, you
need 50 grams or 15 teaspoonfuls of lime. Mix the lime
thoroughly with the seed by shaking it in the container in
which it is to be stored.
Vegetable Oil
Coconut oil or any vegetable cooking oil stops
bruchid beetles from damaging bean seeds.
2. Spread the wet seeds thinly over the mat.
1. Have two teaspoonfuls of vegetable oil for one
3. Stir and turn the seeds four to five times a
kilogram of beans
day.
2. Mix the oil with about a quarter of the bean seeds.
4. Before it rains or gets dark, cover the seeds
3. Take a clean, dry plastic bag, tin bottle or glass jar.
and take them indoors.
Make sure it is large enough to hold all the seeds.
5. In the succeeding days, do the same
4. Place a quarter of the seeds into the container.
procedures (1, 2, 3, & 4) until the seeds are
5. Mix well until all the seeds are coated with oil.
well-dried.
6. Add the rest of the seeds to the container.
7. Mix well until the rest of the seeds are coated with
How to Determine If Seeds are Well-Dried oil.
8. If the seeds appear to be shiny, the seeds are
Large, thin seeds will break with a “snapping” ready to be stored.
sound when twisted between the fingers.
Large thick seeds will break with a “crack”
when bitten between the front teeth.
Small seeds will break with a cracking sound
when squeezed between the fingernails.
12. STORAGE CONTAINERS KEEPING SEEDS DRY INSIDE LARGE CONTAINERS HOW LONG WILL SEEDS KEEP
Use a seed storage container that is just Whenever a storage container is opened, the There are seeds that remain alive much
large enough to hold all your seeds. Do not put a seeds can absorb moisture from the air. So open a seed longer than the others. Seeds can remain usable
small amount of seed into a large container. If you storage container as quickly as possible and then reseal and viable even in a period of ten years,
do, the seeds may become moist and then get the container. depending on the variety of the seeds and the
moldy. storage conditions.
Store seeds in a cool, shaded place. Heat Seeds Number of Years It
kills seeds, so do not place the seeds directly over Toasted White Rice Could Remain Alive
the fire or in the sunlight. String Beans 4
Toasted white rice can draw moisture out of the Cucumber 5
air. Have enough toasted rice to quarter-fill your
container. Put the toasted rice into the storage jar as Onion 2
soon as it is cool, then put the bags or packets of seeds Pea 2
in and close the container. Each time you open the
container, remove the old toasted rice and replace it with Radish 3
freshly toasted rice. Squash 4
Tomato 3
Dry Ashes
Dry ashes from your wood fire collected in the
morning before the fire is lit again can also be used
in place of toasted white rice. Use only white ash.
Any wood or charcoal mixed with ash should be
removed.
Quarter–fill your container with ash. Cover it with
a little dry paper or a small piece of plastic then put the
bags or packets of seeds in and close the container.
If you have many types of seeds to store, Each time you open the container, remove the old ash
they can be put in a large tin or glass jar. and replace it with fresh ash.
Whatever container you are using, be sure that
the seeds remain dry and cannot be attacked by
insects, rats or birds. Air and moisture – proof Repackaged and Reproduced by:
glass containers with tightly fitting lids are most Agricultural Knowledge Management Section
appropriate for storing your seeds. ATI-RTC X
El Salvador, Misamis Oriental
08822-755687
.