The document discusses factors that influence how public health messages are acted upon. It first presents the classical model of health communication, which assumes providing information will lead to behavior change. However, this model fails to account for human psychology. Later models recognize humans are not identical and consider additional factors like motivation, habits, and social influences. The health belief model specifically examines perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, and how these impact preventive health behavior.
Health communication :The art and technique of informing, influencing, and motivating individual, institutional, and public audiences about important health issues.
Health communication :The art and technique of informing, influencing, and motivating individual, institutional, and public audiences about important health issues.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Introduction to ethical issues in public health, Public Health Institute (PHI...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
An introduction to ethical issues in public health practice and research I gave to master students in the Public Health Institute in Sudan -- My Home Country. This was on Jan. 5, 2012.
HEALTH COMMUNICATION & MASS MEDIA IN PUBLIC HEALTHAminu Kende
The media is an important ally in any public health situation. It serves the role of being a source of correct information as well as an advocate for correct health behaviors. But before the media can take on that role, it needs to understand the virus, the issues surrounding it, policy and practices, and finally, recommended correct behaviors. Role of mass media in public health
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Introduction to ethical issues in public health, Public Health Institute (PHI...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
An introduction to ethical issues in public health practice and research I gave to master students in the Public Health Institute in Sudan -- My Home Country. This was on Jan. 5, 2012.
HEALTH COMMUNICATION & MASS MEDIA IN PUBLIC HEALTHAminu Kende
The media is an important ally in any public health situation. It serves the role of being a source of correct information as well as an advocate for correct health behaviors. But before the media can take on that role, it needs to understand the virus, the issues surrounding it, policy and practices, and finally, recommended correct behaviors. Role of mass media in public health
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
The Social Determinants of Health – Social Psychiatry’s Basic ScienceUniversité de Montréal
Psychiatric Times
Home page teaser: From populations to patients.
Column: Second Thoughts
Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-the-web-of-meaning-family-therapy-is-social-psychiatrys-therapeutic-branch
The Social Determinants of Health – Social Psychiatry’s Basic Science
May 29, 2024
Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, FCAHS, DLFAPA, DFCPA
No disciple of the wise may live in a city that does not have a physician, a surgeon, a bathhouse, a lavatory, a source of water, a synagogue, a school teacher, a scribe, a treasurer of charity funds for the poor, a court that has authority to punish.
—Moses Maimonides1
In this column, I want to highlight our first, foundational branch of social psychiatry – psychiatric epidemiology and public mental health by focusing on the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH). I consider SDoH the basic science of social psychiatry.
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docxevonnehoggarth79783
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. I like how you mentioned how people can have an attitude towards these people because they have the inability to do things like others. This is true because people with this disorder might not be able to do normal things we do everyday. When someone cant do these normal things, society looks at them in a weird way. Society doesn't know how to accept these kind of people in their life yet because they do not understand what it is. I like your idea about including them in everyday activities so they do not feel left out. What can you do to help others understand a little more about this disease and to show them these people are not dangerous?
2. Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities. Years ago it e the label was at times assigned to anyone who acted unpredictably or strangely (Comer, 2020). The symptoms can be grouped into three categories: positive symptoms Below (excesses of thought, emotion, and behavior), negative symptoms (deficits of thought, emotion, and behavior), and psychomotor symptoms (unusual movements or gestures). Hallucinations are another huge thing that a person with schizophrenia deals with which are the experiencing of sights, sounds, smells, and other perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli. These can happen for a number of reasons like constant migraines to deprivation. This can normally begin noticeable between the person’s late teens and mid- thirties. Along with the impulse control and speech issues, this disorder can make one feel lost. Behind years of research on studying this disorder, this is mainly a biological disorder, and many people will see this disorder and label the people as "Crazy" when it can be implemented by a dysfunctional brain circuit. This disorder should be taken more seriously by people, especially when someone suffering from it can put themselves or others in danger. The most important thing is paying attention to someones triggers.
3. Many people hold negative attitudes toward people with schizophrenia. They are seen as people who fail to conform to normal behaviors. People with schizophrenia display a decrease in speech and speech content, display less anger, sadness, joy, no facial expression, and may take extreme forms. With 85-85 percent of people with schizophrenia, they are not dangerous, these people are simply just misunderstood. However, bias exists because most people do not understand schizophrenia. They have watched the movies with people being told to kill someone by the.
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY PRESENTATION BY ME.pptxThomas Owondo
It is understood now that life style has a great impact on health and overall wellbeing of a person. Many of the health problems related to some serious illnesses such as cancer, heart disease etc are due to unhealthy behavior or lifestyle choices an individual makes (e.g smoking or overeating).
The perception of Health also has become changed as health is not just being away from diseases but it is overall positive well being. (Brannon & Feist, 2010).
These concepts led researchers to further focus on healthy behaviors and lifestyle of people, generally. Psychology as a science of behavior has much to contribute to the field of health psychology. It has become a fast growing area within clinical psychology.
Trauma Informed Care & Graduation Rates (Joseph Lavoritano)JoeLavoritano
Developmental trauma is real, and disproportionately affects children from poor neighborhoods.
Prolonged exposure to stress and trauma has a deleterious effect on the developing brain.
Moving from a "sickness model" to an "injury model" of trauma-informed care has had a positive impact on outcomes for the youth in the St. Gabriel's system.
Future Directions and StrategiesSunday, May 31.docxbudbarber38650
Future Directions and Strategies
Sunday, May 31st, 2015
Running head: FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND STRATEGIES
1
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND STRATEGIES
2
Alzheimer’s Research
Alzheimer’s disease being the kind of illness known for affecting brain and making it to have gradual corrosion generally to the persons of middle or old age as due to global relapse of the brain need to be treated or else it will negatively affect the economy of the county. There are current approaches that are used for the prevention and control of the disease.
Researchers and healthcare workers are using some of the factors to ensure that they deal with challenges encountered in the approaches used in the prevention and control of the disease. The current methods used are observation of certain diets, doing exercise and recreational activities among others. The adoption of some lessons or programs on the kind of food one should routinely take are used as approaches by researchers to overcome problems associated with prevention and control of the Alzheimer’s disease. There are some advices to be made both in all associations or gathering to pass the necessary information that all individuals to be encouraged to conduct regular exercise to avoid Alzheimer’s diseases.
There are some of the approaches that can be used to control and prevent the disease that can be explored further by researchers and healthcare workers. There are some of the pharmaceuticals products that are known for controlling and preventing the disease when take in the proper timing before its onset. Some of the intellectual activities can be used by mostly the elderly and the susceptible population to ensure that it will prevent the Alzheimer’s disease.
There is some of the relationship between the cardiovascular risks and the Alzheimer’s diseases. Researchers and healthcare workers believe that if there would be prevention for infection by the cardiovascular risks it would led to the prevention and control of Alzheimer’s diseases.
In conclusion, Alzheimer’s diseases are associated with most of the cardiovascular risk factors like diabetes, smoking and hypercholesterolemia among others. A lot has to be done to ensure that the Alzheimer’s diseases is prevented and controlled in the world.
References
Braak, H., Braak, E., Yilmazer, D., De Vos, R. A. I., Jansen, E. N. H., & Bohl, J. (1996). Pattern of brain destruction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.Journal of neural transmission, 103(4), 455-490.
Choi, J., Levey, A. I., Weintraub, S. T., Rees, H. D., Gearing, M., Chin, L. S., & Li, L. (2004). Oxidative modifications and down-regulation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 associated with idiopathic Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(13), 13256-13264.
Jellinger, K., Paulus, W., Grundke-Iqbal, I., Riederer, P., & Youdim, M. B. H. (1990). Brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Journal of Neural Transmission-Pa.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Communication in Public Health
1. COMMUNICATION IN PUBLIC HEALTH:
FACTORS INFLUENCING HOW PUBLIC
HEALTH MESSAGES ARE ACTED ON
Aymery Constant, PhD
Health Psychology Lecturer
EHESP
2. WHY IS CURRENT HEALTH
COMMUNICATION A HUGE PILE OF CRAP ?
(…from a psychologist’s point of view)
PART 1
3. So, why?
Please, answer a few questions…
1. Do YOU consider drinking, smoking or unhealthy dietary habits
in a similar way to a wild beast running in your direction?
2. Are YOU identical to your siblings, your parents, your friends… ?
3. Do YOU know ANY smoker who thinks smoking is healthy ?
4. Motivation, habits, desires, imitation, etc… Rings a bell ?
If you answered 1) NO, 2) NO, 3) NO and 4)YES, then you
should easily understand why psychologists consider
current health communication as a pile of crap
4. Decision makers
Scientists, health providers
Communication specialists
Health practioners
Emitters
General population
Or
Specific groups
Receivers
Classical model of health
information/education/promotion/whatever
Message
Mass media
Flyers
Internet
Face to face
Etc.
SMOKING
= CANCER
5. Classical model of health
information/education/promotion/whatever
SMOKING
= CANCER
Providing information
« OMG! Smoking is dangerous ! » Increasing
Knowledge/Awarness
«I quit smoking» Behaviour change
ULTIMATE
GOAL
7. Fishes
• They behave exactly the same way when they
shares common characteristics
• Faced with a danger in a group, they react
similarly
• When knowing the danger, they do not take
risk and go away
10. Humans
• They do not behave exactly the same way,
even when they share common characteristics
• Faced with a danger, they react differently
• Some can take risk, even knowing the danger
13. Why is this gentleman still in the water ?
• Not enough signs, we need more warning signs on the beaches
• Sign is not visible, we need bigger warning signs
• Message not clear enough, we need better wording/picture
• He cannot read, so we need reading education programs for
surfers
• He does not know sharks well, so we need more information
mass media campaigns about sharks attacks injuries and
fatalities
14. • Yes, these explanations are silly
• They would produce expensive preventive
interventions… deterring only those who are already
afraid of sharks
• They rely entirely on the “fight or flight” paradigm
• Make the treat visible (obvious) to trigger avoidance
Captain Obvious returns
16. Research suggest that human behaviour is still influenced by
the primal “fight or flight” reaction, when we face immediate
danger (e.g. shark, lion, jealous husband..)
…but others psychological/social factors are now involved,
making human decision-making somewhat more complex
than 300,000 years ago (go figure !).
17. Another drawback
“Most of these (health) programs have been based on the premise
that the transfer of knowledge alone could change health
behaviour. Fortunately for Human nature, this proposal is
erroneous, and the decision to act is in fact based on various
personal dimensions”.
Gaston Godin (translation from La psychologie sociale au service de la santé publique et de
l'environnement) In : Environnement et santé publique - Fondements et pratiques, pp. 277-288. Gérin
M, Gosselin P, Cordier S, Viau C, Quénel P, Dewailly É, rédacteurs. Edisem / Tec & Doc, Acton Vale
/ Paris
18. So, why is current health communication such a huge pile of
crap ? (….according to psychologists)
• Because it relies upon the « fight or flight » paradigm
Do YOU consider drinking or smoking as a predator running in
your direction?
• Because it considers human population or even specific
populations as homogenous ensembles
Are YOU identical to your siblings, your parents, your friends… ?
• Because it considers people stupid
Do YOU know ANY smoker who thinks smoking is healthy ?
• Because it ignores a set of pivotal variables driving behaviour
change
• Motivation, habits, desires, imitation, etc… Rings a bell ?
20. Source: Loewenstein et al, 2001, Psychological Bulletin 127(2)
The leading model from the 50s (“top down”)
Information
« There is a lion in front of me »
26. Models of health-related behaviors
Some major models in health behavior research:
The Basic Risk Perception Model
The Health Belief Model (HBM)
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
28. The basic risk perception model focus on only two
dimensions of health hazard:
the likelihood of harm if no action is taken
the severity of harm if no action is taken
The basic risk perception model
This model is an adaptation of the expected-utility
theory to decision in health behaviors.
29. Two characteristics:
Likelihood is one’s probability of being harmed by a hazard under
certain behavior conditions. Example: “What is the likelihood that
you will get the flu this year?”
Susceptibility (or vulnerability) emphasize an individual’s
vulnerability to a hazard. Example: “Are you more likely to get the
flu than other people?”
1) the likelihood of harm:
The basic risk perception model
30. can be defined as the extent of harm a hazard would cause.
Examples of questions:
“How serious a disease is the flu?”
“Can Influenza cause death?”
“If you had influenza, would you be able to manage daily
activities?”
2) the severity of harm:
The basic risk perception model
31. CONCLUSION
The basic risk perception model
Higher levels of severity and likelihood are associated with
higher motivation
32. It included thirty-four studies (N = 15,988). Risk likelihood,
susceptibility, and severity were significantly correlated:
Risk likelihood: pooled r = .26
Risk susceptibility : pooled r = .24
Risk severity: pooled r = .16
Risk perceptions are involved in predicting preventive
behavior, but correlations are quite small
A meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and
adult vaccination has been conducted (Brewer et al, 2007):
The basic risk perception model
33. • Since first appeared in the South East of
France in 2004, Asian tiger mosquitos have
spread from there and caused serious
infections such as Dengue and Chikungunya
fever, notably during the summer of 2010
Mosquito-borne diseases
34.
35. Knowledge about tiger mosquito-borne diseases in South
East France between 2012 and 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Diseases (unspecified) Chikungunya Dengue fever Malaria
2012
2013
2014
Year
percentages
Question: What are the potential consequences of tiger mosquito bites ?
36. Reports by the same respondents
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Have seen tiger mosquitos in immediate
environement
Bitten by mosquitos Avoidance measures
2012
2013
2014
Year
percentages
37. • Preventive behaviour was not related to knowledge about mosquito-
borne diseases, or even tiger mosquito presence…
• …. because infections were perceived as severe, but rare events (high
severity; moderate vulnerability; low likelihood )
• Avoidance measures were mostly related to mosquito nuisance,
including from European Mosquito
• Not a « big deal » in terms of public health, but huge when it
comes to personal comfort and quality of life
Mosquito-borne diseases
39. The health belief model was initially developed in the 1950s by a
group of social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Service
Research was initiated to explain failure of large number of
eligible adults to participate in tuberculosis screening programs
provided at no charge in a mobile X-ray units conveniently located
in various neighborhoods.
Researchers were concerned with identifying factors that were
facilitating or inhibiting participation.
The health belief model (HBM)
ORIGINS OF THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
40. The health belief model (HBM)
COMPONENTS OF THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
Perceived susceptibility
Perceived severity
Perceived threat Behavior change
Perceived benefits of change
Perceived barriers of change
41. The health belief model (HBM)
COMPONENTS OF THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
Perceived susceptibility : one’s subjective perception of risk of
contracting an illness.
Perceived severity : beliefs concerning the seriousness of
consequence of contracting an illness (e.g., death, disability, and
pain). This includes the social consequences (e.g., work, family life,
leisure, etc.).
Perceived benefits : beliefs regarding the effectiveness and the
efficacy of various available actions in reducing the disease threat,
but also the non-health-related benefits (save money, relative
approval, etc.).
42. The health belief model (HBM)
COMPONENTS OF THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
Perceived barriers : spontaneous cost analysis which occurs
when the individual evaluate preventive actions that may be
expensive, dangerous, unpleasant, inconvenient, time-consuming,
and so forth.
Self-efficacy : this concept introduced in 1977 by Bandura refers
to the conviction that “one can successfully execute the behavior
required to produced the outcomes”
Cues to action: events, people, or things that move people to
change their behavior (e.g. illness of a family member, media
reports, advice from others, reminder postcards from a health
care provider, or health warning labels on a product.
.
46. The health belief model (HBM)
Reviews of HBM studies (Janz & Becker, 1984)
Perceived barriers were found to be the powerful single
predictor of the HBM dimensions across all studies and health
threat
Perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits were both
important, while PS seem to be a stronger predictor of preventive
behavior than PB.
Perceived severity was the least powerful predictor.
49. Created by Azjen in 1991, from a previous 1985 model
Designed to predict any type of voluntary behavior, not only
health behavior (economy; etc.)
One of the most popular models used to predict a wide
range of behavior
There is no health behaviour, there are social behaviours. And some of
them influence health (Gaston Godin)
Theory of planned behaviour
54. Influence of TPB variables
High influence on intention
low influence on actua
behaviour
55.
56. Main criticisms
Study design: Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal; university
students; self-reported behaviors; correlations between
repeated measures
Structural flaws: Assumptions based on common sense
that cannot be refuted; Gap between intention and action not
taken into account; not a dynamic model
Poor predictive validity: Some pivotal variables are not
assessed in the model, not useful to predict behavior or
implementing behavior change
57.
58. The underlying mechanism of decision-making
Source : Kahneman, D. (2002), Maps of Bounded Rationality : A Perspective on Intuitive
Judgments and Choices, Nobel Prize Lecture 2002.
Huge Influence on behaviours Psychological models
60. Changing the future
= requires new approaches
Determinants (beliefs; attitudes; norms..)
New
Behaviour
Current
Behaviour
How the TPB (and most others models) work :
Explaining the past
= how behavior occured
61. Models: One way relationship…
Attitudes in favor of smoking
• Enjoyable
• Looks cool
• Nice with a coffee
• Help to get relaxed
• Help to focus
• Etc..
Peer pressure
Controlability
…suggesting that we should target attitudes,
information, norms, control etc..
62. Emerging evidence : a bi-directional
relationship …
Attitudes in favor of smoking
• Enjoyable
• Looks cool
• Nice with a coffee
• Help to get relaxed
• Help to focus
• Etc..
• Peer pressure
• Controlability
…suggesting that we could also target behaviour
directly
63. Game Changers
Future directions according to Marteau
Altering environment to constrain behavior
Architecture of choice
Offer healthy alternatives
Nudging
Targeting automatic associative processes
Change automatic reactions to external cues
Change associations
69. Alter environment
The term “nudge” was first used in a book of the
same title to describe “any aspect of the choice
architecture that alters people’s behaviour in a
predictable way without forbidding any options or
significantly changing their economic incentives
Marteau (2011).Judging nudging. BMJ
73. Change the default choice
plat du jour: a grilled steack
in restaurant 1 in restaurant 2
In restaurant 1: most people will eat vegetables
In restaurant 2: most people will eat french fries
75. 75
Understanding motivation
Brain processes that energise and direct
behaviour
Not limited to choice and goal pursuit
Needs to include
drive
habit
desire
instinct
self-regulation
etc.
76.
77. 77
COM-B system for analysing
behaviour in context
1. Capability, motivation and opportunity all
need to be present for a behaviour to occur
2. They all interact as part of a system
3. Motivation must be stronger for the target
behaviour than competing behaviours
78. 78
Common terms for methods for inducing behaviour
change
Capability
Train
Help
Motivation
Expose to
Inform
Discuss
Suggest
Encourage
Incentivise
Ask
Order
Plead
Coerce
Force
Opportunity
Provide
Prompt
Constrain
79.
80. Most behavioral models are based on perceptions (attitudes,
norms, beliefs) that might be relevant
But they ignore some of the most pivotal variables shaping
behaviors (habits; contexts; environment; desires; needs…)
They correlate poorly with actual behavior and are not very
useful for designing behavior change interventions
Behavior change technique should include motivation
New approaches targeting environment, motivation and
habits are warranted to promote healthy behavior
Time for Game Changers !!!!
Conclusions