Health communication :The art and technique of informing, influencing, and motivating individual, institutional, and public audiences about important health issues.
Health communication :The art and technique of informing, influencing, and motivating individual, institutional, and public audiences about important health issues.
Health communication is the study and practice of communicating promotional health information, such as in public health campaigns, health education, and between doctor and patient. The purpose of disseminating health information is to influence personal health choices by improving health literacy.
Health communication includes verbal and written strategies to influence and empower individuals, populations, and communities to make healthier choices.
Methods refers to ways through which messages are conveyed to achieve a desired behavioral changes in a target audience.
In health education it is not enough to decide what will be done; by whom and when, we also need to decide how it will be done (methods).
Health communication is the study and practice of communicating promotional health information, such as in public health campaigns, health education, and between doctor and patient. The purpose of disseminating health information is to influence personal health choices by improving health literacy.
Health communication includes verbal and written strategies to influence and empower individuals, populations, and communities to make healthier choices.
Methods refers to ways through which messages are conveyed to achieve a desired behavioral changes in a target audience.
In health education it is not enough to decide what will be done; by whom and when, we also need to decide how it will be done (methods).
Communication and health education.pptxMohan Kgowda
Unit-I Communication for Health Education
Communication can be regarded as a two-way process of exchanging or shaping ideas, feelings and information.
Communication and education are interwoven. Communication strategies can enhance learning. The ultimate goal of all communication is to bring about a change in the desired direction of the person who receives the communication. This may be at the cognitive level in terms of increase in knowledge; it may be affective in terms of changing existing patterns of behaviour and attitudes; and it may be psychomotor in terms of acquiring new skills.
Communication is part of our normal relationship with other people. Our ability to influence others depends on our communication skills, e .g., speaking, writing, listening, reading and reasoning. These skills are much needed in health education.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication which is the basis of human interaction is a complex process. It has the following main components
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Message
4. Channel(s)
5. Feedback
1 . Sender:-
The sender (communicator) is the originator of the message. To be an effective communicator, he must know:
- his objectives, clearly defined
- his audience : it's interests and needs
- his message
- channels of communication
- his professional abilities and limitations.
2. Receiver:-
All communications must have an audience, this may be a single person or a group of people. Without the audience, communication is nothing more than mere noise.
The audience may be of two types : the controlled and the uncontrolled.
• A controlled audience is one which is held together by a common interest. It is a homogeneous group.
• An uncontrolled or "free" audience is one which has gathered together from motives of curiosity.
3 . Message:-
A message is the information (CONTENT) which the communicator transmits to his audience to receive, understand, accept and act upon. It may be in the form of words, pictures or signs. Health communication may fail in many cases, if its message is not adequate.
A good message must be :
- meaningful
- based on felt needs
- clear and understandable
- specific and accurate
- timely and adequate
- fitting the audience
- interesting
Transmitting the right message to the right people at the right time is a crucial factor in successful communication.
4 . Channels of communication:-
By channel is implied the "physical bridges" or the media of communication between the sender and the receiver.
The total communication effort is based on three media systems:
Interpersonal communication
Mass media
Traditional or folk media
a. Interpersonal communication
The most common channel of communication is the interpersonal or face-to-face communication. Being personal and direct it is more persuasive and effective than any other form of communication.
b. Mass media
In mass communication, the channel is one or more of the following "mas
Unit-I Communication for Health Education
Communication can be regarded as a two-way process of exchanging or shaping ideas, feelings and information.
Communication and education are interwoven. Communication strategies can enhance learning. The ultimate goal of all communication is to bring about a change in the desired direction of the person who receives the communication. This may be at the cognitive level in terms of increase in knowledge; it may be affective in terms of changing existing patterns of behaviour and attitudes; and it may be psychomotor in terms of acquiring new skills.
Communication is part of our normal relationship with other people. Our ability to influence others depends on our communication skills, e .g., speaking, writing, listening, reading and reasoning. These skills are much needed in health education.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication which is the basis of human interaction is a complex process. It has the following main components
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Message
4. Channel(s)
5. Feedback
1 . Sender:-
The sender (communicator) is the originator of the message. To be an effective communicator, he must know:
- his objectives, clearly defined
- his audience : it's interests and needs
- his message
- channels of communication
- his professional abilities and limitations.
2. Receiver:-
All communications must have an audience, this may be a single person or a group of people. Without the audience, communication is nothing more than mere noise.
The audience may be of two types : the controlled and the uncontrolled.
• A controlled audience is one which is held together by a common interest. It is a homogeneous group.
• An uncontrolled or "free" audience is one which has gathered together from motives of curiosity.
3 . Message:-
A message is the information (CONTENT) which the communicator transmits to his audience to receive, understand, accept and act upon. It may be in the form of words, pictures or signs. Health communication may fail in many cases, if its message is not adequate.
A good message must be :
- meaningful
- based on felt needs
- clear and understandable
- specific and accurate
- timely and adequate
- fitting the audience
- interesting
Transmitting the right message to the right people at the right time is a crucial factor in successful communication.
4 . Channels of communication:-
By channel is implied the "physical bridges" or the media of communication between the sender and the receiver.
The total communication effort is based on three media systems:
Interpersonal communication
Mass media
Traditional or folk media
a. Interpersonal communication
The most common channel of communication is the interpersonal or face-to-face communication. Being personal and direct it is more persuasive and effective than any other form of communication.
b. Mass media
In mass communication, the channel is one or more of the following "mas
Types of Communication:
Downwards Communication : Highly Directive, from Senior to subordinates, to assign duties, give instructions, to inform to offer feed back, approval to highlight problems etc.
Upwards Communications : It is non directive in nature from down below, to give feedback, to inform about progress/problems, seeking approvals.
Lateral or Horizontal Communication: Among colleagues, peers at same level for information level for information sharing for coordination, to save time.
Characteristics of effective communications:
Effective communication requires the message to be:
Clear and concise
Accurate
Relevant to the needs of the receiver
Timely
Meaningful
Applicable to the situation
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
3. Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the trainees will be able to:
• Define communication
• Discuss the components of communication
• Explore methods of communication
• Explain stages of communication
• Identify barriers to effective communication and how to
overcome them
4. Introduction
In the previous section, we have tried to discuss
the Definition of Health Education, objectives
of Health Education, basic principles of Health
Education and stages of health education
6. Communication is the process of sharing of
ideas, information, knowledge, and
experience among people to take action.
Communication may take place between
one person and another, between an
individual and a group or between two
groups.
7. Cont….
Communication facilitates creation of awareness,
acceptance and action at individual, group and
inter-group level. The process always involves a
sender and a receiver
9. Why communication?
• To have dialogue with communities.
• Raise awareness among decision makers on
issues regarding poverty, human rights, equity,
environmental issues, etc...
• Ensure that the public gives support to
government health promoting activities.
10. Cont…
• Communicate new laws and policies to the
public
• Raise public awareness in order to mobilize
community participation.
• Develop community action on health issues.
12. 1. One-way communication
This is a linear type of communication in which
information flows from the source to the
receiver.
There is no input (feed back) from the receiver.
It is commonly used in advertising
14. 2. Two-way communication
As the message is more complex, two-way
communication becomes essential. In this type of
communication, information flows from the
source to the receiver and back from the receiver
to the source.
17. 1) Source (sender)
• Originator of message
• Can be from an individual or groups, an institution
or organization.
• People are exposed to communication from
different source but most likely to accept a
communication from a person or organization that
they trust.
18. • Personal qualities or actions e.g. a health
worker who always comes out to help people
at night.
• Qualification and training
• A person’s natural position in the family or
community, e.g. village chief or elder.
• The extent to which the source shares
characteristics such as culture, education,
experiences
19. 2) Message
It consists of what is actually communicated including
the words, and pictures and sounds that you use to
get the ideas across.
A message will only be effective if the advice presented
is relevant, appropriate, and acceptable and put
across in an understandable way.
20. A message is said to be good if it:
• Is Epidemiologically correct (evidence based)
• Is affordable (feasible)
• Requires minimum time/effort
• Is realistic
• Is culturally acceptable
• Meets a felt need
• Is easy to understand
21. 3) Channel
A Channel is a physical means by which message
travels from a source to a receiver. The
commonest types of channels are
verbal,
visual,
printed materials or
combined audio visual
22. 4) Receiver (Audience)
• The person or a group for whom the
communication is intended
• The first step in planning any communication is to
consider the intended audience.
23. • Before communication, the following
characteristics of audiences should be
analyzed.
• Educational factors: can they read?
• Socio-cultural factors: What do they already
believe and feel about the topic of
communication?
25. 5) Effect and feedback
• Effect is the change in receiver’s knowledge,
attitude and practice or behavior.
• Feedback is the mechanism of assessing what
has happened on the receiver after
communication has occurred.
26. Communication stages
In health education and health promotion we
communicate for a special purpose – to
promote improvements in health through the
modification of the human, social and political
factors that influence behaviors.
To achieve these objectives, a successful
communication must past through several
stages:
28. Stage 1: Reaching the intended
audience
Communication cannot be effective unless it is
seen or heard by its intended audience.
29. E.g. Posters placed at the health post or talks
given at the antenatal clinics. These only reach
the people who attend the services and are
already motivated. But the groups you are
trying to reach may not attend clinics, nor
have radios or newspapers.
30. Stage 2: Attracting the audience’s attention
Any communication must attract attention so
that people will make the effort to listen/read
it.
(i.e. to pay attention to)
31. Factors that make communications attract
attention
1. Physical characteristics
• Size e.g. size of the whole poster
• Intensity – bold reading in a sentence
• High pitched sounds e.g. police sirens
• Color-primary colors such as red and yellow
• Pictures-photographs and drawing
32. 2. Motivational characteristics
• Novelty - an unusual features, unfamiliar and
surprising objects
• Interest - felt needs of audience
• Entertainment and humor
33. In general for successful communication, a
health extension worker should:
• Consider the design of the poster, including colour,
size, lettering and use of pictures which increase the
likelihood of gaining attention and being noticed.
• Deal with subjects that the target group wants to
know something about
i.e. which fit with their felt needs and interests.
34. • Arouse interest by including something
unusual in the communication.
• Explore ways of making educational works
interesting and fun.
35. Stage 3: Understanding the message
(perception)
Once a person pays attention he/she then tries to
understand it. It is a highly subjective process
i.e. two people may hear the same radio
programme and interpret the message quite
differently from each other and from the meaning
intended by the sender.
36. Stage 4: Promoting change (acceptance)
A communication should not only be received and
understood; it should be believed and accepted. It
is easier to change beliefs when they have been
acquired only recently and when its effects can be
easily demonstrated.
37. Stage 5: Producing a change in behavior
A communication may result in a change in beliefs
and attitudes but still may not influence behavior.
This can happen when the communication has not
been targeted at the belief that has the most
influence on the person’s attitude to the behavior,
pressure from other people in the family or
community and lack of enabling factors.
38. Stage 6: Improvement in health
Improvements in health will only take place if the
behaviors have been carefully selected so that they
really do influence health.
If your messages are based on outdated and incorrect
ideas, people could follow your advice but their
health would not improve – need accurate advice.
39. Methods of Communication
1. Intra - Personal communication
2. Inter - Personal communication
3. Mass communication
40. Intra-Personal communication
It takes place inside a person. It includes the beliefs,
feelings, thoughts and justification we make for our
actions.
• E.g. a person may look at an object and develop a
certain understanding. However, this could be
affected by a number of factors including previous
expérience, language, culture, personal needs, etc.
41. Inter-personal Communication
It means interaction between two or more people
who are together at the same time and place.
E.g. between health extension worker and community
member, a teacher and students in a class.
42. Advantages
• Two way communication
• The communication could utilize multi-channels
(both verbal and non verbal)
• Useful when the topic is a sensitive.
43. Limitations
• Requires language ability of the source.
• Requires personal status.
• Needs professional knowledge and preparation.
44. Mass communication
It is a means of transmitting messages to a large
audience that usually reaches a large segment of
the population. It uses mass media. Mass media
includes broadcast media (radio and television) as
well as print media (newspapers, books, leaflets and
posters)
45. Advantage:
• Reach many people quickly
• They are believable specially when the source
is a credible one
47. Barriers to Effective Communication
A breakdown can occur at any point in the
communication process. Barriers (obstacles) can
inhibit communication, resulting in
misunderstanding, lack of response or
motivation and distortion of the message.
48. This can lead to conflicting of views, insecurity and
the inability to make effective decisions.
Barriers can also prevent the achievement of
project or program goals if we are not aware of
them or not prepared for them.
49. Common barriers to effective communication
• Competition for attention (noise)
• Language difference and vocabulary use
• Age difference
• Attitudes and Beliefs
50. Competition for attention (noise)
Noise is a major distraction during communication. It
could be:
• Physical noise – is any external or environmental
stimulus that distracts us from receiving the
intended message
• Internal noise - any physiological or psychological
state that could undermine a person’s ability to
communicate effectively such as being ill
51. Language difference and vocabulary use
• This includes whether there is language
difference, vocabulary use,
• different meaning of the same word or
sentence.
52. Age difference
Age difference between the sender and receiver
is a barrier to effective communication.
For example, if the sender is young,
inexperienced and not knowledgeable the
audience may not give proper attention
resulting in a communication barrier.
53. Attitudes and Beliefs
The community may be misguided by
expectation on the role of health extension
workers.
Cultural beliefs of a people influence the rate at
which they accept and adopt new ideas and
skills
54. How to overcome barriers of communication
• The sender must know his/her audience’s:
• Background
• Age and sex
• Social status
• Education
• Job/work
• Interests/problems/needs
• Language
55. • The messages must be:
• Timely
• Meaningful/relevant
• Applicable to the situation
56. • Even if all the barriers have been removed,
communication could still be a failure without good
presentation.
Good presentation requires complete understanding
of the subject establishing good relationship with
the audience, choosing the right channels or media,
proper utilization of the chosen media and using
the multimedia approach.
58. Characteristics of effective communication
• All barriers have been removed.
• The proper media has been chosen.
• A good presentation has been made.
• Two – way communication has been established.
59. Exercise
1. Discuss the difference between one-way
communication and two-way communications.
2. Discuss the possible causes of failure for a radio
program given on nutrition.
3. Identify the possible barriers in your locality that
you think could affect effective communication in
the process of promotion of family planning
services.