This document provides a summary of common mistakes made on the AP Macroeconomics exam. It begins by explaining the differences between changes in demand versus quantity demanded, and changes in supply versus quantity supplied. It then discusses mislabeling graphs and confusing related macroeconomic concepts like the multiplier, inflation types, and interest rates. The document concludes by providing general exam advice such as using correct terminology and explaining reasoning.
In Keynesian Economics equilibrium is reached at a point where Ad equals AS. On the Other hand for equilibrium Consumption must equal Investment given the fact that S = I. The rete of interest which is the major determinant of Investment is determined in Money Market. It is therefore essential that at equilibrium all these markets should be in equilibrium. IS LM explains simultaneous equilibrium in all the markets.
In Keynesian Economics equilibrium is reached at a point where Ad equals AS. On the Other hand for equilibrium Consumption must equal Investment given the fact that S = I. The rete of interest which is the major determinant of Investment is determined in Money Market. It is therefore essential that at equilibrium all these markets should be in equilibrium. IS LM explains simultaneous equilibrium in all the markets.
Despite substantial economic development in developing countries in recent years there is still a large gap between developing and developed countries in respect of development parameters.
Output per worker in the United States is about 10 times higher than India and more than 50 times higher than the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2011.
Per capita income was $48,820 in the United States, $3,640 in India, and $340 in the DRC.
Meaning of economic development, core values in economic development, Developed countries, Underdeveloped countries, Characteristics , Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
Through this slide I try hard to explain it in as simple as possible, so you guys easily understand what IL-SM curve is & its derivation graphically & mathematically, and I hope you guys no need to open you books after you go through with it.
Despite substantial economic development in developing countries in recent years there is still a large gap between developing and developed countries in respect of development parameters.
Output per worker in the United States is about 10 times higher than India and more than 50 times higher than the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2011.
Per capita income was $48,820 in the United States, $3,640 in India, and $340 in the DRC.
Meaning of economic development, core values in economic development, Developed countries, Underdeveloped countries, Characteristics , Difference between Economic Growth and Economic Development.
Through this slide I try hard to explain it in as simple as possible, so you guys easily understand what IL-SM curve is & its derivation graphically & mathematically, and I hope you guys no need to open you books after you go through with it.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
3. GRAPHING DEMAND P Q o $5 4 3 2 1 $5 4 3 2 1 10 20 35 55 80 D Price of Corn Quantity of Corn CORN 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 What if Demand Increases? P Q D
4. GRAPHING DEMAND P Q o $5 4 3 2 1 $5 4 3 2 1 D Price of Corn Quantity of Corn CORN 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 D’ Increase in Demand Increase in Quantity Demanded 10 20 35 55 80 30 40 60 80 + P Q D
6. GRAPHING SUPPLY S P Q o $5 4 3 2 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 $5 4 3 2 1 60 50 35 20 5 Price of Corn Quantity of Corn CORN What if Supply Increases? P Q S
7. GRAPHING SUPPLY S P Q o $5 4 3 2 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Price of Corn Quantity of Corn $5 4 3 2 1 60 50 35 20 5 CORN 80 70 60 45 30 S’ Increase in Supply Increase in Quantity Supplied P Q S
9. Price Level Real Domestic Output, GDP Q P AS AD Equilibrium in the Intermediate Range Q e EQUILIBRIUM: REAL OUTPUT AND THE PRICE LEVEL P e
10. GROWTH IN THE AD-AS MODEL A B C D Capital Goods Consumer Goods Price Level Real GDP AS LR1 AS LR2 Q 1 Q 2
11. ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE EXTENDED AD – AS MODEL Price Level Real GDP o P 1 AS 2 AS LR1 AD 2 Q 1 AS LR2 Q 2 AD 1 AS 1 P 2
12. Nominal Interest Rate Amount of money demanded (billions of dollars) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 10 7.5 5 2.5 0 D m i e S m Use this graph when the FED changes the money supply to change interest rates. S m1 THE MONEY MARKET
13. Net effects of Monetary Policy and/or Fiscal Policy on Interest Rate
14. FISCAL POLICY, AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND INFLATION Price level Real GDP (billions) AS AD 2 $495 $515 P 1 AD 1 Fiscal Policy And Inflation $505
17. Real domestic output, GDP D m Investment Demand Nominal interest rate 10 8 6 0 Quantity of money Amount of investment, I MONETARY POLICY AND EQUILIBRIUM GDP S m1 AS AD 1 P 1 10 8 6 0 S m2 AD 2 P 2 Money Supply Increases Interest Rate Decreases Investment Increases AD & GDP Increases with slight inflation Price level If the money supply increases to stimulate the economy...
18. AD 3 Price level Real domestic output, GDP D m Investment Demand Real rate of interest, i 10 8 6 0 Quantity of money demanded and supplied Amount of investment, i MONETARY POLICY AND EQUILIBRIUM GDP S m1 AS AD 1 P 1 10 8 6 0 S m2 AD 2 P 2 More Money Supply Lower Interest Rates More Investment Still higher AD & GDP with significant inflation S m3 P 3 If the money supply increases again…
20. THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT MPC Multiplier MPC and the Multiplier Change in GDP = Multiplier x initial change in spending Multiplier = or 1 MPS 1 1 - MPC .9 .8 .75 .67 .5 10 5 4 3 2
21.
22. MULTIPLE DEPOSIT EXPANSION PROCESS $400.00 Total amount of money created by the banking system Bank Acquired reserves and deposits Required reserves Excess reserves Amount bank can lend - New money created A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Other banks $100.00 80.00 64.00 51.20 40.96 32.77 26.22 20.98 16.78 13.42 10.74 8.59 6.87 5.50 21.97 $20.00 16.00 12.80 10.24 8.19 6.55 5.24 4.20 3.36 2.68 2.15 1.72 1.37 1.10 4.40 $80.00 64.00 51.20 40.96 32.77 26.22 20.98 16.78 13.42 10.74 8.59 6.87 5.50 4.40 17.57 $80.00 64.00 51.20 40.96 32.77 26.22 20.98 16.78 13.42 10.74 8.59 6.87 5.50 4.40 17.57
24. New reserves $800 Excess Reserves $4000 Bank System Lending FEDERAL RESERVE PURCHASE OF BONDS FROM PUBLIC Purchase of a $1000 bond from public... $200 Required reserves $1000 Initial Deposit Total Increase in Money Supply ($5000)
25. New reserves $800 Excess Reserves $4000 Bank System Lending Someone deposits $1000 in new Reserves at a bank. $200 Required reserves $1000 Initial Deposit Total Increase in Money Supply ($4000)
26. New reserves $1,000 Excess Reserves $5,000 PMC thru Bank Lending Fed Buys A $1,000 Bond From Joe’s Bank TMS is $ 5000 20% RR
27. $20 Required reserves $100 New reserves $100 Initial Deposit $400 Bank system lending Money Created $80 Excess reserves OUTCOME OF MONEY EXPANSION Leakages exist...(Savings) Currency Drains Excess Reserves
28. $20 Required reserves $100 New reserves $100 Initial Deposit $400 Bank system lending Money Created $80 Excess reserves Injections: Additional Spending into Income – Expenditures stream: Investment, G, or Xn
31. real interest rate Quantity of Loanable Funds LOANABLE FUNDS MARKET r D Q S This graph shows how the supply and demand for loanable funds affects long-term interest rates!
32.
33. Price Index Price Index Price of market basket in specific year in a given = --------------------------------------------- X 100 Year Price of same market basket in base year Nominal GDP Real GDP = --- ---------------------------- Price Index (in hundredths)
42. DEMAND-PULL INFLATION o P 1 AS 1 AS LR AD 1 a Q 1 Price Level Real domestic output b P 2 P 3 AD 2 AS 2 c
43. Q 2 COST-PUSH INFLATION o P 1 AS 1 AS LR AD 1 a Q 1 Price Level Real domestic output b P 2 AS 2 Occurs when short-run AS shifts left
44. Q 2 COST-PUSH INFLATION o P 1 AS 1 AS LR AD 1 a Q 1 Price Level Real domestic output b P 2 P 3 AD 2 AS 2 Government response with increased AD c Even higher price levels
45. COST-PUSH INFLATION o P 1 AS 1 AS LR AD 1 a Q 1 Price Level Real domestic output b P 2 AS 2 Q 2
46. Q 2 COST-PUSH INFLATION o P 1 AS 1 AS LR AD 1 a Q 1 Price Level Real domestic output b P 2 AS 2 If government allows a recession to occur Nominal wages fall (which increases AS & AS returns to its original location
