Biotechnology has many potential in certain areas including pharmaceuticals, medicine, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, environmental applications and diagnostic & heath care. In this power point presentation, we discussed about these fields and application in biotechnology.

1. {Commercial
potential of biotechnology}
Ayushi Singh Kardam
Mansi Singh
M.Sc Industrial Microbiology
3rd Semester

2.  Biotechnologyistheuseof anorganism,oracomponentof anorganismorotherbiological
system,tomakeaproductorprocess.
 Oldbiotechnologyincludebreedinganimalsandcrops,andusingmicroorganismstomake
cheese,yoghurt,bread,beerandwine.
 Manyexamplesofmodernbiotechnologydependontheabilitytoanalyze,manipulate,and
cutandpastepiecesof DNAreffered asrDNAtechnology.
 Biotechnologyinventions canraisenewpracticalconcernsandethicalquestions thatmust
beaddressedwithinformedinputfromallofsociety.
 Inspiteoftheseproblem,biotechnologyhascertaincommercialpotentialineveryarea.
Introduction to
Biotechnology

3.  Thecommercialpotentialof biotechnologyisvastandcontinuestogrowrapidly.Here
aresomekeyareaswherebiotechnologyhassignificantcommercialpotential:
A. PharmaceuticalsandMedicine:
 BiotechnologyhashelpedthePharmaindustryandmedicineinthedevelopmentof
betterprocesses, newproducts,andalsohascomeupwithnewtechnologiesto
improvetheexistingmethods.Thus,biotechnologywhencombinedwiththe
pharmaceuticalindustryleadstothebetterresultsandfaster deliveryofdrugs.
Commercial potential
1.HumanInsulin
• HumaninsulinisproducedbytheuseofrecombinantDNAtechnologyto
modifyEscherichiacoli bacteriaatGenentechin1978.
• Earlierinsulinwasextractedfromthepancreasglandsofcattle,pigs,andother
farmanimalsbyslaughteringthem.So,itisverycostly.

4. • Researchersproducedartificial genesfor
eachofthetwo protein chains(AandB) that
comprisetheinsulinmolecule.
• Theresearchersinvolvedin theproduction of
artificialgeneincludedGenentechscientists
RobertSwansonandHerbertBoyer,as wellas
EliLillyscientists.
• Theartificialgeneswereinsertedinto
plasmids.
• Therecombinantplasmids wereinserted
intoEscherichiacoli bacteria, whichwere
"inducedto produce100,000 moleculesof
eitherchainAorchainBhumaninsulin.
• Thetwo proteinchainswerethencombinedto
produceinsulinmoleculesby disulphide
bond.

5. • Insulintypicallyhasthreedisulfidebonds.
Thetwoofthemareinter-chaindisulphide
bond(betweenchainAandB)andoneis
intra-chaindisulphidebond(withinthe
chainA).
• Theprimaryinter-chaindisulfidebondis
between Cys7intheAchainandCys7'in
theBchain.Thesecondaryinter-chain
disulfidebondisformedbetween Cys20in
theAchainandCys19'intheBchain.
• Theintra-chaindisulphidebondis
between Cys6andCys11intheAchain.
• Theinsulinmoleculecontains51amino
acids.TheAchaincontains21aminoacids,
andtheBchaincontains30aminoacids.

6. 2.Humangrowthhormone
• Itisproducedby insertingDNAcodingforhumangrowth hormoneintoaplasmid that was
implantedinEscherichiacolibacteria in1979.
• Thegenethat wasinsertedinto theplasmid wascreatedby reversetranscriptionofthemRNA
foundinpituitary glandsto complementaryDNA.
•Earlierthehormonewasmanufacturedbyextraction fromthe pituitary glandsofcadavers.
Productionofasingleyear'ssupply ofhumangrowth hormonerequiredupto fiftypituitary
glands,creatingsignificantshortagesofthehormone.

7. 3.DrugDevelopment:
• Biotechnologyinvolvesinroleofdiscovery anddevelopmentofnewdrugs andtherapies.
• Exampleoftherapiesincludestemcelltherapy.
• Stemcelltherapy isabranchofbiotechnologythatinvolvestheuseofstemcellstotreatorprevent
diseasesandinjuries.Stemcellsareunique cellswiththeability to differentiateintovarious celltypes
andself-renew,makingthemavaluableresourceforregenerativemedicine.Biotechnologyplaysa
crucialrolein theisolation, culture,and manipulation ofstemcellsfortherapeutic purposes.
• Thisincludesbiopharmaceuticals, genetherapies,andpersonalizedmedicine.
4.Vaccines:
• Biotechnologyplaysa crucialrolein thedevelopment,production, andimprovementofvaccines.
• Traditional vaccinedevelopmentofteninvolvestheuseofinactivated orweakenedformsofpathogens
to stimulate animmuneresponse.
• However,biotechnologicaladvancementshaveintroducednewapproachesthat leveragethe
understanding ofmolecularand cellularbiology.
• Therearesomekeyways in whichbiotechnologyisapplied inthefieldofvaccinesareRecombinantDNA
Technology,mRNAVaccines(PfizerandModernavaccinesforcovid-19), ViralVectorVaccines (rVSV-
ZEBOVvaccineagainstEbola),andDNAVaccines(bacillusCalmette-Guérin(BCG)vaccineagainst
tuberculosis).

8. B.Agriculture:
 InAgriculturalfield,biotechnologyissetofscientifictechniqueswhichcanimproveplants,
micro-organisms,andanimalsbasedonDNAanditsconcepts.
 ThefewwaysinwhichbiotechnologyhasfounditswayinagriculturearerDNAtechnology,
Genetransfer,Tissueculture,Embryorescue,Somatichybridization(Example:Pomatoisthe
somatichybridobtainedbytheprotoplastfusion oftomatoandpotato)andMicropropagation.
1.GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms(GMOs):
Biotechnologyisusedtocreategeneticallymodifiedcropswithimprovedresistance topests,
diseases, andenvironmentalconditions.
 Btcotton
• Itistransgenicplantprotectedspeciallyagainstcottonbollworm.Eachyear,insects
destroysabout25%ofthefoodcropsworldwide.
• TotacklethisproblemBtcottonhasinventedbythecompanyMonsanto.

9. • Bacillusthuringenesis (Bt)isasporeformingbacteriumthatcontainsplasmidthat
producescrystalprotein(Cry)whicharetoxictomanyspecies ofinsects.
• Thegeneof interestisintroducedintotheplantviaagrobacteriummediatedgene
transferorgeneguntechnology.

10. • Ingeneticallymodifiedplanttheprotein (Bttoxin),isproducedinaninactive,
crystallineform.TheBttoxindissolves inthehighpHinsectgutandbecomesactive.
• Thentoxins attackthegutcellsoftheinsect,punchingholesinthelining.
• TheBtspores spillsoutofthegutgerminateintheinsectscausingdeathwithincouple
days.
 FlavrSavrTomato
• TheFlavrsavrtomatowasmodifiedbyCalgene(abiotechnologycompany)using
antisensetechnology.
• CalgeneintroducedageneinplantwhichsynthesizeacomplementarymRNAtoPG
geneandinhibitingthesynthesisofpolyglacturose(PG)enzyme.
• Softeningoffruits islargelyduetodegradationofcellwall(pectin)byenzyme
polygalacturonase(PG).
• Innormalplants,PGgeneencodesanormalorsense mRNAthatproducetheenzyme
PGanditisactivelyinvolvedinfruitripening.

11. • ThecDNAofPGencodesforantisense mRNA,whichiscomplementarytosensemRNA
• Thehybridizationbetween sense andantisense mRNArenderthesense mRNAineffective.
• Consequently,nopolygalacturonaseisproducedhencefruitripeningisdelayed.

12. 1 . Biofuels
 Biotechnologyisemployedintheproductionofbiofuelsfromrenewableresources,reducingdependence
onfossilfuels.
 Industrialbiotechnologyhascontributedsignificantlytothedevelopmentofinnovativealgaecultivation
andharvestingtechniques.
 Algae
 Algaecanbecultivatedinopenponds,closedphoto-bioreactors,orevenintheocean,dependingonthe
speciesanddesiredproduct.
 Algae-to-biofuelconversioninvolvestheextractionandconversionoflipidspresentinalgaeinto
biodieselorothervaluablebiofuels.
C . INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

13. 2.Enzymes
 Industrialenzymesproducedthroughbiotechnologyareusedinvarious
manufacturingprocesses.
 Thedetergentindustryisthelargestuserofenzymes,whichareutilizedto
removesoiling,increasesoftness,andprotectgarments.
 Inthebioethanolindustry,enzymesareusedtoconvertstarchandbiomassinto
fermentablesugars.

14. 1.Bioremediation
 Biotechnologyisutilizedforcleaningupenvironmentalpollutionbyusingmicroorganismsto
degradepollutants.
 Bioremediation isabranchofbiotechnologythatemploystheuseoflivingorganisms,like
microbesandbacteria,intheremovalofcontaminants,pollutants,andtoxins fromsoil,water,
andotherenvironments.
D. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

15.  2.Wastetreatment
 Biotechnologycanoffer awiderangeof advantagesforwastewatertreatment,suchas
decreasingenergy consumptionandcosts,improvingwaterqualityandreuse,andprotectingthe
environmentandhumanhealth.
 Biotechnologycanreducetheneedformechanicalorchemicalinputsandboostbiogas
production,whichcanbeusedasafuel orelectricitysource.

16. 1.Moleculardiagnostics
 Biotechnologycontributestoadvanceddiagnostic methods, including:
1. DNAtesting
• A DNAtest(genetictesting) isamedicaltestthatcanidentifymutations in your genes,chromosomesor
proteins.Thesemutations canindicateifyou haveordon'thavea geneticcondition.DNAtests canalso
identifyyour riskfordevelopinga certaincondition orpassingonageneticdisorder.
• DiseasedetectedviaDNAtestingareAge-relatedmaculardegeneration(AMD), OvarianandBreast
Cancer,BoneandJointDisorders ,Arthritis and Thyroidetc.
2.Molecularimaging.
• MolecularImaging(MI) is agrowing biomedicalresearchdisciplinethat enablesthevisualization,
characterization,andquantification ofbiologic processestaking placeatthecellularandsubcellular
levelswithinintactlivingsubjects, includingpatients.
• Molecularimagingprocedureswhicharenoninvasive,safeand painless.
• MIareusedto diagnose andmanagethetreatmentofcancer,heartdisease,
 brain disorders suchas Alzheimer'sandParkinson'sdisease,
 gastrointestinal disorders, lung andbonedisorders, andthyroid disorders, andmore.
E . DIAGONOSTIC AND HEALTHCARE

17.  2 . Personalized medicine
 Biotechnology enables tailoring medical treatments to individual
genetic profiles, improving efficacy and reducing side effects.

18. 1 . Regenerative medicine
 Biotechnology plays a crucial role in the field of regenerative medicine,
using stem cells to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs.
F . STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY

19.  Thecommercialsuccessof biotechnologyisdrivenbyongoingadvancesin
geneticengineering, molecularbiology,andotherrelatedfields.
 Astechnologycontinuestoevolve,biotechnologyislikelytoimpactevenmore
industries,providingsolutionstovariouschallengesandcreatingneweconomic
opportunities
CONCLUSIONS