This document provides an overview of combustion equipment used for different fuels. It discusses the requirements for efficient combustion and describes various types of combustion equipment for solid, liquid, and gas fuels. Specifically, it summarizes different types of burners and firing systems for gas, oil, coal, and other solid fuels. These include atmospheric gas burners, vaporizing burners, atomizing burners, grate firing, pulverized coal firing, cyclone firing, and fluidized bed combustion. The document aims to explain the basic principles and components of different combustion equipment used for fuels.
This document provides an overview of combustion equipment used for different fuels. It discusses the requirements for efficient combustion and describes various types of combustion equipment for solid, liquid, and gas fuels. Specifically, it summarizes different types of burners and firing systems for gas, oil, coal, and other solid fuels. These include atmospheric gas burners, vaporizing burners, atomizing burners, grate firing, pulverized coal firing, cyclone firing, and fluidized bed combustion. The document aims to explain the basic principles and components of different combustion equipment used for fuels.
The document discusses fluidized bed combustion boilers. It describes the introduction and history of FBC boilers, their mechanism and characteristics, types including atmospheric fluidized bed combustion, circulating fluidized bed combustion, and pressurized fluidized bed combustion. It provides details on the components of FBC boilers like fuel and air distribution systems, heat transfer surfaces, and ash handling. It compares the advantages of FBC boilers to conventional boilers such as higher efficiency, fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and easier ash removal. The only disadvantage mentioned is the higher power requirement for the forced draft fan.
The document discusses different types of boiler draught systems used in thermal power plants. It defines draught as the pressure difference that maintains the flow of air and discharge of gases through the boiler and chimney. There are two main types of draught - natural draught produced using chimneys, and artificial draught produced using mechanical fans, blowers or steam jets. Natural draught is limited to small boilers while artificial draught like forced, induced or balanced mechanical draught and induced/forced steam jet draught are used for large boilers.
The document discusses different types of steam boilers. It describes steam generators/boilers as closed vessels that transfer heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam. It then summarizes the key components and classifications of boilers, including fire tube vs water tube designs. Specific boiler types are then outlined in more detail, such as the Cochran, Lancashire and Cornish boilers, describing their designs, specifications and working principles.
The document discusses various types of coal and fuel oil burning equipment used in combustion applications. It describes over feed stokers, traveling-grate stokers, under feed stokers, pulverized coal burners, and cyclone furnaces for burning coal at large scale. For fuel oil, it outlines vaporizing burners, rotating cup burners, mechanical atomizing burners, steam/air atomizing burners, and low-pressure air atomizing burners. It also summarizes common gas burners used for cooking and industrial heating.
Boilers are most important part of Chemical Industry. 99 % boilers used in Pakistan Chemical Industries are water tube boilers because of their high efficiency and safety. So we should have clear understanding about the boilers.
Try to explain about the steam generator (boiler), it has three parts. Part 1 cover the types, part 2 about its parts & auxiliaries & accessories and part 3 about performance.
This document discusses coal handling and storage methods at power plants. It describes dead storage or outdoor storage where coal is piled directly on the ground, which can lead to spontaneous combustion from oxidation. It then discusses live storage in vertical bunkers or silos. The document also covers different types of stoker firing systems used to burn coal, including travelling grate stokers and spreader stokers. Finally, it summarizes pulverized coal firing and the unit and central systems used to grind, dry and feed pulverized coal to boiler furnaces.
This document provides an overview of combustion equipment used for different fuels. It discusses the requirements for efficient combustion and describes various types of combustion equipment for solid, liquid, and gas fuels. Specifically, it summarizes different types of burners and firing systems for gas, oil, coal, and other solid fuels. These include atmospheric gas burners, vaporizing burners, atomizing burners, grate firing, pulverized coal firing, cyclone firing, and fluidized bed combustion. The document aims to explain the basic principles and components of different combustion equipment used for fuels.
The document discusses fluidized bed combustion boilers. It describes the introduction and history of FBC boilers, their mechanism and characteristics, types including atmospheric fluidized bed combustion, circulating fluidized bed combustion, and pressurized fluidized bed combustion. It provides details on the components of FBC boilers like fuel and air distribution systems, heat transfer surfaces, and ash handling. It compares the advantages of FBC boilers to conventional boilers such as higher efficiency, fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and easier ash removal. The only disadvantage mentioned is the higher power requirement for the forced draft fan.
The document discusses different types of boiler draught systems used in thermal power plants. It defines draught as the pressure difference that maintains the flow of air and discharge of gases through the boiler and chimney. There are two main types of draught - natural draught produced using chimneys, and artificial draught produced using mechanical fans, blowers or steam jets. Natural draught is limited to small boilers while artificial draught like forced, induced or balanced mechanical draught and induced/forced steam jet draught are used for large boilers.
The document discusses different types of steam boilers. It describes steam generators/boilers as closed vessels that transfer heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam. It then summarizes the key components and classifications of boilers, including fire tube vs water tube designs. Specific boiler types are then outlined in more detail, such as the Cochran, Lancashire and Cornish boilers, describing their designs, specifications and working principles.
The document discusses various types of coal and fuel oil burning equipment used in combustion applications. It describes over feed stokers, traveling-grate stokers, under feed stokers, pulverized coal burners, and cyclone furnaces for burning coal at large scale. For fuel oil, it outlines vaporizing burners, rotating cup burners, mechanical atomizing burners, steam/air atomizing burners, and low-pressure air atomizing burners. It also summarizes common gas burners used for cooking and industrial heating.
Boilers are most important part of Chemical Industry. 99 % boilers used in Pakistan Chemical Industries are water tube boilers because of their high efficiency and safety. So we should have clear understanding about the boilers.
Try to explain about the steam generator (boiler), it has three parts. Part 1 cover the types, part 2 about its parts & auxiliaries & accessories and part 3 about performance.
This document discusses coal handling and storage methods at power plants. It describes dead storage or outdoor storage where coal is piled directly on the ground, which can lead to spontaneous combustion from oxidation. It then discusses live storage in vertical bunkers or silos. The document also covers different types of stoker firing systems used to burn coal, including travelling grate stokers and spreader stokers. Finally, it summarizes pulverized coal firing and the unit and central systems used to grind, dry and feed pulverized coal to boiler furnaces.
The document describes 5 common types of fire tube boilers: Cornish, Lancashire, Scotch marine, locomotive, and vertical fire tube. The Cornish and Lancashire boilers have one or two flue tubes running through a cylindrical shell. The Scotch marine boiler uses many small diameter tubes to provide a large heating surface area and is well suited for high pressures. The locomotive boiler is compact and efficient for steam production. The vertical fire tube boiler has a simple design with cross tubes in a cylindrical shell and furnace at the bottom.
This document presents information on the Rankine cycle. It contains the following key points:
1. The Rankine cycle converts heat into work through a closed loop that uses water as the working fluid. It generates about 90% of the world's electric power.
2. An ideal Rankine cycle involves isothermal and isobaric processes, while a real cycle involves non-reversible and isentropic compression and expansion.
3. Variations like the reheat cycle and regeneration cycle can improve the efficiency by reheating steam before the turbine or preheating feedwater, but increase costs.
Boiler draught refers to the pressure difference between the air inside a boiler furnace and the outside air, which causes the flow of air and flue gases through the boiler. This pressure difference is necessary for proper combustion of fuel and removal of flue gases. Draught can be produced naturally through the use of a chimney, or artificially through mechanical fans or steam jets. Forced draught uses a fan before the furnace to push air and gases through, while induced draught uses a fan at the chimney to pull gases through. Balanced draught combines the two. Mechanical draught allows better control of the pressure but has higher costs than natural or steam jet draught.
The document provides information on assessing the energy performance of boilers through testing. It discusses how boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio can decrease over time due to various factors like poor combustion, fouling, and deteriorating fuel/water quality. The purpose of performance testing is to determine the actual efficiency and compare it to design values in order to identify areas for improvement. Both direct and indirect testing methods are described as well as the necessary measurements, instruments, standards, and considerations involved in conducting the tests. Formulas are also provided for calculating efficiency using the indirect method by establishing heat losses from the boiler.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
1. A steam generator or boiler is a closed vessel made of steel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Boilers should be safe, accessible for maintenance, efficient in absorbing heat, simple in construction, and have low initial and maintenance costs.
3. There are many types of boilers classified by factors like the contents in tubes (fire tube or water tube), furnace position, and circulation method. Proper consideration of factors like steam needs, area, and costs is important for boiler selection.
The document discusses Cochran boilers, which are fire tube boilers that generate steam at a low rate. Cochran boilers have increased heating surface area compared to simple vertical boilers by using more fire tubes. They are portable and have a small footprint. The document describes the specifications, construction, working principles, required accessories, and maintenance of Cochran boilers.
Introduction To Thermal Power Plant (Steam power plant)
GENERAL LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
COAL HANDLING PLANT
Power Plant cycles
1. Feed Water Cycle
2. Steam Cycle
3. Condensate Cycle
4. Cooling Water Cycle
5. Air And Flue Gas Cycle
Important Power plant equipment
Deaerator
Boiler Feed Water Pump
Heaters
Economiser
Boiler
BOILER DRUM ( STEAM DRUM)
SUPER HEATER
TURBINE
CONDENSER
Gas turbines have three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air compressor increases the pressure of air that is mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber and ignited. This powers the turbine, which can generate mechanical power or thrust. There are two main types - open cycle gas turbines that exhaust air to the atmosphere, and closed cycle gas turbines that recirculate the working fluid through a cooler before returning it to the compressor. Methods to improve gas turbine efficiency include intercooling the compressed air between compression stages, reheating the gas before a secondary expansion turbine, and regenerating heat from the exhaust to preheat the incoming compressed air.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
A thermal power station uses coal to generate steam, which spins turbines that create electrical power. Coal is pulverized and burned to heat water and create steam. The steam spins turbines connected to generators, producing electricity. The steam is then condensed back into water and recycled through the system. Thermal power stations use various pumps, fans, condensers and other equipment to efficiently convert the energy in coal into electrical power for transmission and distribution.
This document provides an overview of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler design, operation, and maintenance. It begins with introductions to CFB development, typical components, advantages, and hydrodynamic regimes. Key points covered include the bubbling, turbulent, and fast fluidization regimes; effects of circulation rate and particle size on voidage profiles; and the core-annulus model of particle flow. Combustion stages and factors affecting efficiency are then discussed, along with considerations for biomass combustion such as agglomeration risks. The document aims to provide understanding of CFB hydrodynamics, combustion, design basics, and operational/maintenance topics.
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
The document discusses different types of boilers, including fire tube and water tube boilers. It also describes the basic model of ignition and flame propagation in boilers. Key points covered include the conditions needed to form a stable flame during coal combustion, and the processes of nucleate/convective boiling and film boiling that occur as heat is transferred to water in boiler walls. Departure from nucleate boiling is explained, along with how it can be avoided by increasing pressure, fluid flow rate, or using a lower temperature bulk fluid.
The document discusses gas turbine technology. It begins by defining a gas turbine as a machine that delivers mechanical power using a gaseous working fluid. It then discusses the main components of a gas turbine - the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The document covers various gas turbine cycles including open and closed cycles. It also discusses ways to improve gas turbine efficiency such as intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. The document provides an overview of gas turbine applications and operating principles.
Fluidized bed combustor design and features, Fluidized-bed combustion is a process in which solid particles are made to exhibit fluid-like properties by suspending these particles in an upwardly flowing evenly distributed fluid (air or gas) stream.
Combustion takes place in the bed with high heat transfer to the furnace and low combustion temperatures.
Steam boilers are closed vessels that produce steam from water through fuel combustion. They are used to power steam engines and turbines or for heating. Key boiler components include the shell, furnace, and mountings. Accessories like economizers and superheaters improve efficiency. Boilers require safe containment of water and delivery of steam at the desired pressure and quality. Common boiler terms are defined and the purposes of accessories and mountings like pressure gauges and fusible plugs are described.
A burner must maintain a stable flame throughout combustion by keeping the fuel-air mixture within flammability limits and avoiding factors that could cause flame extinction or flashback. It must provide adequate combustion space and mixing of oxygen and fuel to ensure complete combustion. The flame shape should correspond to the furnace geometry. Burner selection depends on flame shape, combustion volume, stability, drive mechanism, and turndown ratio which is the ratio of maximum to minimum heat input rates during stable operation.
Gas turbines are internal combustion engines that produce power by burning an air-fuel mixture to spin a turbine and drive a generator. They work by compressing air, igniting the air-fuel mixture at high temperatures, spinning turbine blades with the hot gases, and using the spinning turbine to power a generator and produce electricity. Gas turbines can operate on a wide range of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels. Fuel injectors introduce fuel into the combustion chamber in atomized form. Emissions like CO, NOx, and UHC are controlled through techniques like optimized fuel-air ratios, improved mixing, and exhaust gas recirculation. CFD analysis is used to study internal cooling schemes in turbine blades.
The document describes 5 common types of fire tube boilers: Cornish, Lancashire, Scotch marine, locomotive, and vertical fire tube. The Cornish and Lancashire boilers have one or two flue tubes running through a cylindrical shell. The Scotch marine boiler uses many small diameter tubes to provide a large heating surface area and is well suited for high pressures. The locomotive boiler is compact and efficient for steam production. The vertical fire tube boiler has a simple design with cross tubes in a cylindrical shell and furnace at the bottom.
This document presents information on the Rankine cycle. It contains the following key points:
1. The Rankine cycle converts heat into work through a closed loop that uses water as the working fluid. It generates about 90% of the world's electric power.
2. An ideal Rankine cycle involves isothermal and isobaric processes, while a real cycle involves non-reversible and isentropic compression and expansion.
3. Variations like the reheat cycle and regeneration cycle can improve the efficiency by reheating steam before the turbine or preheating feedwater, but increase costs.
Boiler draught refers to the pressure difference between the air inside a boiler furnace and the outside air, which causes the flow of air and flue gases through the boiler. This pressure difference is necessary for proper combustion of fuel and removal of flue gases. Draught can be produced naturally through the use of a chimney, or artificially through mechanical fans or steam jets. Forced draught uses a fan before the furnace to push air and gases through, while induced draught uses a fan at the chimney to pull gases through. Balanced draught combines the two. Mechanical draught allows better control of the pressure but has higher costs than natural or steam jet draught.
The document provides information on assessing the energy performance of boilers through testing. It discusses how boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio can decrease over time due to various factors like poor combustion, fouling, and deteriorating fuel/water quality. The purpose of performance testing is to determine the actual efficiency and compare it to design values in order to identify areas for improvement. Both direct and indirect testing methods are described as well as the necessary measurements, instruments, standards, and considerations involved in conducting the tests. Formulas are also provided for calculating efficiency using the indirect method by establishing heat losses from the boiler.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
1. A steam generator or boiler is a closed vessel made of steel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Boilers should be safe, accessible for maintenance, efficient in absorbing heat, simple in construction, and have low initial and maintenance costs.
3. There are many types of boilers classified by factors like the contents in tubes (fire tube or water tube), furnace position, and circulation method. Proper consideration of factors like steam needs, area, and costs is important for boiler selection.
The document discusses Cochran boilers, which are fire tube boilers that generate steam at a low rate. Cochran boilers have increased heating surface area compared to simple vertical boilers by using more fire tubes. They are portable and have a small footprint. The document describes the specifications, construction, working principles, required accessories, and maintenance of Cochran boilers.
Introduction To Thermal Power Plant (Steam power plant)
GENERAL LAYOUT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT
COAL HANDLING PLANT
Power Plant cycles
1. Feed Water Cycle
2. Steam Cycle
3. Condensate Cycle
4. Cooling Water Cycle
5. Air And Flue Gas Cycle
Important Power plant equipment
Deaerator
Boiler Feed Water Pump
Heaters
Economiser
Boiler
BOILER DRUM ( STEAM DRUM)
SUPER HEATER
TURBINE
CONDENSER
Gas turbines have three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air compressor increases the pressure of air that is mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber and ignited. This powers the turbine, which can generate mechanical power or thrust. There are two main types - open cycle gas turbines that exhaust air to the atmosphere, and closed cycle gas turbines that recirculate the working fluid through a cooler before returning it to the compressor. Methods to improve gas turbine efficiency include intercooling the compressed air between compression stages, reheating the gas before a secondary expansion turbine, and regenerating heat from the exhaust to preheat the incoming compressed air.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
A thermal power station uses coal to generate steam, which spins turbines that create electrical power. Coal is pulverized and burned to heat water and create steam. The steam spins turbines connected to generators, producing electricity. The steam is then condensed back into water and recycled through the system. Thermal power stations use various pumps, fans, condensers and other equipment to efficiently convert the energy in coal into electrical power for transmission and distribution.
This document provides an overview of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler design, operation, and maintenance. It begins with introductions to CFB development, typical components, advantages, and hydrodynamic regimes. Key points covered include the bubbling, turbulent, and fast fluidization regimes; effects of circulation rate and particle size on voidage profiles; and the core-annulus model of particle flow. Combustion stages and factors affecting efficiency are then discussed, along with considerations for biomass combustion such as agglomeration risks. The document aims to provide understanding of CFB hydrodynamics, combustion, design basics, and operational/maintenance topics.
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
The document discusses different types of boilers, including fire tube and water tube boilers. It also describes the basic model of ignition and flame propagation in boilers. Key points covered include the conditions needed to form a stable flame during coal combustion, and the processes of nucleate/convective boiling and film boiling that occur as heat is transferred to water in boiler walls. Departure from nucleate boiling is explained, along with how it can be avoided by increasing pressure, fluid flow rate, or using a lower temperature bulk fluid.
The document discusses gas turbine technology. It begins by defining a gas turbine as a machine that delivers mechanical power using a gaseous working fluid. It then discusses the main components of a gas turbine - the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The document covers various gas turbine cycles including open and closed cycles. It also discusses ways to improve gas turbine efficiency such as intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. The document provides an overview of gas turbine applications and operating principles.
Fluidized bed combustor design and features, Fluidized-bed combustion is a process in which solid particles are made to exhibit fluid-like properties by suspending these particles in an upwardly flowing evenly distributed fluid (air or gas) stream.
Combustion takes place in the bed with high heat transfer to the furnace and low combustion temperatures.
Steam boilers are closed vessels that produce steam from water through fuel combustion. They are used to power steam engines and turbines or for heating. Key boiler components include the shell, furnace, and mountings. Accessories like economizers and superheaters improve efficiency. Boilers require safe containment of water and delivery of steam at the desired pressure and quality. Common boiler terms are defined and the purposes of accessories and mountings like pressure gauges and fusible plugs are described.
A burner must maintain a stable flame throughout combustion by keeping the fuel-air mixture within flammability limits and avoiding factors that could cause flame extinction or flashback. It must provide adequate combustion space and mixing of oxygen and fuel to ensure complete combustion. The flame shape should correspond to the furnace geometry. Burner selection depends on flame shape, combustion volume, stability, drive mechanism, and turndown ratio which is the ratio of maximum to minimum heat input rates during stable operation.
Gas turbines are internal combustion engines that produce power by burning an air-fuel mixture to spin a turbine and drive a generator. They work by compressing air, igniting the air-fuel mixture at high temperatures, spinning turbine blades with the hot gases, and using the spinning turbine to power a generator and produce electricity. Gas turbines can operate on a wide range of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels. Fuel injectors introduce fuel into the combustion chamber in atomized form. Emissions like CO, NOx, and UHC are controlled through techniques like optimized fuel-air ratios, improved mixing, and exhaust gas recirculation. CFD analysis is used to study internal cooling schemes in turbine blades.
Fireball Formation and Combustion of Coal in a BoilerZalak Shah
The document discusses coal combustion in boilers and fireball formation. It describes the combustion process and reactions, factors that influence combustion efficiency like excess air and temperature. Pulverized coal is used to increase surface area and combustion efficiency. A fireball forms when pulverized coal and air are mixed and ignited in the boiler furnace. Controls and optimization techniques help maintain combustion efficiency and reduce harmful emissions like NOx.
The combustion chamber mixes fuel from nozzles with compressed air from the compressor and burns it, releasing heat to create a uniform high-temperature gas stream for the turbine. It must combust the fuel efficiently with minimal pressure leaks within space and material constraints. Different types of combustion chambers - tubular, tube-annular, and annular - are used depending on design priorities like maintenance needs, compactness, weight, and minimizing pressure leaks.
3. gas turbines direct injection engines fixed bed combustorsASIM MANZOOR
This document discusses different technologies for clean coal energy engineering, including gas turbines, direct injection engines, and fluidized bed combustors. It provides details on the components and working of gas turbines, explaining how they compress air, add fuel for combustion, and use the expanding hot gases to power a generator. Direct injection engines are described as injecting fuel directly into engine cylinders for combustion. The document outlines two types of fluidized bed combustors - bubbling fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds - and explains how they efficiently burn solid fuels by suspending fuel particles in hot air.
Draught System in Boilers (LE College, Morbi), 3171910, BE Mechanical - Introduction, Necessity, Classification, Determination of Height, Condition for Maximum Discharge through Chimney, Draught Losses. Forced Draught, Induced Draught, Balanced Draught, Mechanical Draught - Advantages and Disadvantages.
This document discusses different types of aircraft propulsion systems including air breathing and rocket propulsion. It provides details on various jet and rocket engine components such as compressors, combustors, turbines and nozzles. It describes the working of centrifugal and axial compressors. Combustion processes involving primary, secondary and dilution zones are explained. Different combustion chamber designs including can, annular and can-annular types are outlined. Impulse and reaction turbine types are also summarized. In addition, the working of turboprop engines is briefly mentioned.
Steam generators (boilers) are complex systems that integrate components like furnaces, superheaters, reheaters, boilers, and economizers to generate steam. They can be classified based on application (e.g. utility, industrial), pressure level (subcritical or supercritical), tube movement design (fire tube or water tube), and firing method (externally or internally fired). Modern utility steam generators commonly operate between 130-180 bar pressure to produce superheated steam at 540-560°C with one or two stages of reheating. Pulverized coal is a common fuel that is finely ground and blown into a furnace through burners to facilitate more complete and efficient combustion.
The document discusses combustion chamber design and types for gas turbine engines. It describes the key requirements for combustion chambers including low weight, stable and efficient combustion over operating conditions, and uniform temperature distribution. It classifies combustion chambers as can, can-annular, or annular and describes the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each type. Important factors for combustion chamber design are maintaining suitable turbine inlet temperatures, stable combustion over a range of operating conditions, and controlling emissions.
Combustion refers to the rapid oxidation of fuel accompanied by heat or heat and light. Complete combustion requires an adequate oxygen supply. The objective of good combustion is to release all the heat from fuel by controlling temperature, turbulence for mixing fuel and oxygen, and reaction time. Stoichiometry calculates the theoretical air required for combustion and can determine excess air by measuring flue gas CO2 levels. A certain amount of excess air is needed for complete combustion but too much leads to heat losses.
NASA SLS Cryogenic Engine - Complete ExplanationGokul Lakshmanan
The document discusses key aspects of NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) heavy-lift rocket. It describes the SLS core stage cryogenic engines, which use leftover Space Shuttle engines initially. It also covers construction details, rocket engine nozzle design principles, rocket engine cycles like staged combustion used by SLS, liquefying and storing cryogenic fuels, combustion zones in the thrust chamber, and regenerative cooling of engines using propellants.
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
This document discusses combustion principles and provides details on various topics related to combustion. It defines combustion as a chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen that produces a considerable amount of heat. It also discusses the basic elements required for combustion, different phases and types of combustion, industrial combustion processes and fuels, classification of industrial combustion, and concludes with emphasizing the importance of flames and combustion beds in industrial processes.
Thermal Engineering is a specialised sub-discipline of Mechanical Engineering that deals exclusively with heat energy and its transfer between not only different mediums, but also into other usable forms of energy. A Thermal Engineer will be armed with the expertise to design systems and process to convert generated energy from various thermal sources into chemical, mechanical or electrical energy depending on the task at hand. Obviously, all Thermal Engineers are experts in all aspects of heat transfer.
Many process plants (basically somewhere where some raw material or resource is converted into something useful, e.g. power plants, oil refineries, plastic manufacturing plants, etc.) contain countless components and systems which have to be designed in terms of their heat transfer; it is particularly important to ensure that not too much heat is retained so the component or process is not disrupted. Conversely, some processes or systems are designed to use heat to their advantage and a Thermal Engineer must make sure enough heat is generated and used wisely (i.e. sustainably).
The document summarizes the key components and functioning of a gas turbine combustion chamber. It describes the combustion chamber, diffuser, liner, snout, dome, and swirler. The combustion chamber must stabilize flames in a continuous high-velocity air flow. It utilizes techniques like bluff bodies or swirl to generate recirculation zones for ignition and flame anchoring. The liner must withstand high temperatures and is cooled using film or transpiration cooling techniques.
This document provides an overview of a reformer combustion and convection section. It defines important terms related to reformer design. It describes the typical burner configurations, combustion fundamentals, and the effect of potassium promotion in reformers. It also discusses combustion hazards, methods of control, and monitoring of the reformer including tube skin temperature, excess oxygen, draft control and fuel gas pressure. Faults in the system are also covered along with their potential consequences and remedies.
The combustion chamber burns a mixture of air and fuel inside jet engines, maintaining stable combustion over a wide range of operating conditions while minimizing pressure loss and distributing the heated exhaust gases uniformly to the turbine. Different combustion chamber designs are used depending on requirements, employing features like recirculation zones, cooling air, and multiple fuel injectors to efficiently combust the air-fuel mixture under varying operating conditions.
Turbojets are jet engines that work by compressing air from intake, mixing it with fuel and igniting it in a combustion chamber. The hot gases produced are expanded through a turbine to power the compressor and produce thrust through a nozzle. They operate based on Newton's third law of motion. Key components include axial or centrifugal compressors, combustion chambers, turbines and convergent exhaust nozzles. Thermodynamics of a turbojet follow the Brayton cycle. While compact and powerful, they have high fuel consumption. Early applications included aircraft like the Me 262 fighter and Concorde supersonic jet. They have also been used experimentally in very high speed land vehicles.
Turbojets are jet engines that work by compressing air from intake, mixing it with fuel and igniting it in a combustion chamber. The hot gases produced are used to power a turbine which drives the compressor. The expanded gases are then ejected through a nozzle to produce thrust. Key components include axial or centrifugal compressors, combustion chambers, turbines and exhaust nozzles. Turbojets were used in early jet aircraft and provide high power-to-weight ratio but have high fuel consumption. Modern applications include Concorde which used turbojets due to their properties at supersonic speeds.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
Combustion equipments for fuels
1. COMBUSTION
EQUIPMENTS FOR
FUELS
PRESENTED BY : AMAN GUPTA
RAKESH GUPTA
SWARN VEER SINGH JARAL
DEVIKA BHARDWAJ
ANAM MUKHTAR
SYED RABIA
PANKAJ SHARMA
FUEL TECHNOLOGYTEACHER CONCERNED:
Dr. Ankush Gupta
2. COMBUSTION
A Fuel is basically a source of heat.
The usual method of producing heat from fuel is by the
process of Combustion.
It is a chemical reaction between the Fuel and the
Oxidant.
Combustion in a fire produces Flame, and the heat
produced can make combustion self-sustaining.
4. COMBUSTION EQUIPMENTS
For smooth and efficient combustion, there are some
requirements :
Fresh charge of fuel should be freely ignited as it enters the
burning zone.
Steady combustion is the basis for obtaining the desired
amount of heat release.
Adequate combustion space should be provided for driving
the process.
5. Contd.
Sufficient temperature of the combustion gases should be
maintained.
Quantity of air supply should is important in achieving proper
combustion.
The method of air supply is another vital factor of efficient
combustion.
So considering all these requirements, there is a need of a
combustion equipment.
6. Contd.
Combustion equipments are those appliances that are
used for burning fuels for heating.
These includes heaters, ovens, stoves, furnaces,
fireplaces, dryers, burners, stokers, and many more.
Combustion equipments can be used for solids, liquids,
and gaseous fuels.
These allow the proper combustion of fuels.
7. WHAT IS A BURNER?
Device which enables a chemical reaction of fuel
and oxidizer (usually Oxygen from air) to produce
heat in a controlled way.
8. TYPES OF BURNER :
• GAS BURNERS.
• OIL BURNERS.
• COAL BURNING EQUIPMENTS.
9. Requirements for smooth & efficient
combustion :
• Fresh charge of fuel should be freely ignited as it enters the
burning zone.
• Steady combustion is the basis for obtaining the desired
rate of heat release.
• High temperature combustion is no doubt a fast process
but proceeds with a finite rate.
• The quantity of air supply is important in achieving proper
combustion.
10. Contd…
• The method of air supply is another vital factor of efficient
combustion.
• Sufficient temperature of the combustion gases should be
maintained in all parts of the combustion chamber.
11. Gas burners :
• Numerous types of burners have been developed for
burning gaseous fuels in domestic and industrial heating
appliances. There are two basic types :
• Total or partial premix type, in which a part or whole of the
combustion air is mixed with the gas before it emerges out
of the nozzle.
• Nozzle-mix type, in which, the air is supplied to the burner
tip after the gas leaves the nozzle.
12. Atmospheric or aerated gas burners :
• These burners are based on the principle of the Bunsen
burner.
• The burner consists of a fixed orifice, spud for gas inlet, a
controllable shutter for air supply, a venturi-shaped mixing
tube and a burner head with ports (holes) drilled in it.
• The narrow zone of the mixing tube is called its throat
which diverges into the hind part called its bell.
• The gas is controlled by a valve in the gas line.
13. Contd…
• When the gas is admitted through the orifice, its kinetic
energy is increased owing to the high injection velocity and
creates a low pressure at the throat.
• Primary air is sucked into the bell through the air shutter.
• During flow through mixing tube from the bell to the
burner head the gas and air mix uniformly and the static
pressure is increased by the slowing down of the fluid
stream.
14. Contd…
• The combustible mixture burns in the form of tiny burner
flames anchored on the ports of the burner head.
• The primary air is not enough to complete the combustion.
• Secondary air is entrained on the flame surface from the
surrounding atmosphere.
• The quantity of primary air depends upon the type of
flame, burner design, input rate and type of gas.
15. Atmospheric gas burner
• Depending upon the gas pressure, there may be low
pressure gas aspiration at 7.5 to 20 cm wg or high pressure
gas aspiration at 0.25 kg/cm^2 gauge and above.
16. air aspiration gas burners :
• Air is supplied from a compressor at a medium pressure of
0.15 to 0.35 kg/cm^2 gauge or above and its kinetic energy
is used to aspirate gas at 7.5 to 20 cm wg into an aspirator
body for mixing the two and then the mixture enters the
combustion chamber.
• The gas is supplied at a constant pressure controlled by a
governor.
18. Depending upon the structure of the
flame, gas burners are :
• Torch burner : Each burner gives one flame visibly projected
from the burner tip.
• Ring burner : It is usually an atmospheric burner. The
burner head is in the form of concentric rings having
suitably drilled holes.
• Pipe burner : This is also an atmospheric burner. The mixing
tube ends in a pipe with drilled holes or projecting tube
ports. There may be single-or multiple-row drilling.
19. Contd…
• Flameless combustion types : In the surface combustion
system, the combustion is localised on the solid surface and
no flame is visible.
• These systems are often referred to as flameless
combustors.
• Surface combustion is used at both very high and very low
gas velocity which will normally give rise to blow off and
flash-back problems.
20. Contd…
• These burners suffer from the disadvantage of noisy
operation brought about by the combustion progressing as
a series of explosions in rapid succession inside the tunnel.
• Tunnel burners are manifold in groups so that one gas-air
proportioner controls the group.
• The combustion is complete with the primary air supplied.
22. Contd…
• Pulsating combustors : They are in a class by themselves.
The periodic appearance of explosion flames characterize
them.
23. Liquid Fuels
Liquid materials that are used as a fuel to produce
energy by combustion with oxygen or oxygen-enriched
air are known as liquid Fuels.
Petroleum accounts for the bulk of the liquid fuels.
The other liquid fuels in use are coal tar, crude benzol,
synthetic liquid fuels.
All internal combustion engines run on the liquid fuels.
24.
25. VAPORISING BURNERS
Vaporising burners are favoured for heating units of small
size such as portable air heaters, small boilers and cooking
stoves for domestic purposes.
Vaporising burners are characterised by low cost and quiet
operation.
Suitable for oils ranging from Naphtha to light fuel oil.
26. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The volatile fuel is passed at a low pressure through a tube
adjacent to the flame, where vaporisation takes place.
The vapour stream issues out of an orifice at a high velocity and
entrains primary air.
The fuel-air mixture passes through a mixing tube and burns at
the burner head similar to atmospheric gas burner principle.
27. TYPES OF VAPORISING BURNERS
1) POT TYPE BURNER:
Common type vaporising burner.
Capacity upto 10 kg/h.
Superior Kerosene and liquid fuel oil are used.
Fig: pot – type burner
28. WALL – WIPING FLAME ROTARY
VAPORISING BURNER
Use coarse atomisation before the
fuel is vaporised.
Capacity up to 30 kg/h.
Kerosene and liquid fuel oil are used.
Premixing of fuel and air .
Power requirement is low and
operation is noiseless. Fig: wall-wiping flame
rotary
29. HIGH SPEED VAPORISING BURNER
A high rate of vaporisation is
achieved by atomisation of the
volatile liquid fuel and
recirculation of hot combustion
gases within the burner.
This burner clearly bears out the
difference between vaporising
and atomising burners. Fig: high speed vaporising burner
30. ATOMISING BURNERS
What is atomisation ?
“Atomisation is a process of preparing the liquid fuel for
combustion by disintegrating it into droplets. Enormous surface
area per unit weight is created and this helps the heterogeneous
combustion of the liquid fuel and the gaseous oxidant”.
Atomising burners are provided with an arrangement for the
atomisation of liquid fuels before the actual combustion takes
place.
31. TYPES OF ATOMISING BURNERS
1) PRESSURE JET ATOMISING BURNER:
Plain orifice type
( used for fuel
injection in diesel
and internal
combustion engines.
Very high pressure s,
upto 350 kg/m2 )
Centrifugal swirl
type
32. SIMPLE SWIRL TYPE OIL BURNER
These burners are most
popular in large industrial oil
burners.
These burners have much
lower oil pressures , 7 to 35
kg/cm2 .
Fig: swirl type oil burner
33. TWIN FLUID ATOMISERS
These atomisers use an auxiliary fluid ( air or steam) to atomise
the oil and are of three main types:
A) LOW PRESSURE – type using air at 35 – 70 cm wg.
B) MEDIUM PRESSURE – type using air at 0.4-1 kg/cm2.
C) HIGH PRESSURE – type using air / steam at pressures> 1
kg/cm2 gauge.
34. Depending upon whether the fuel and auxiliary fluid mix within the
burner or beyond the burner outlet ,LP , MP and HP types of
atomisers are of following types.
Fig: twin fluid atomisation: a) , b) , c) OUTSIDE MIX TYPES ; d) , e) , f) INSIDE MIX
TYPES
35. ROTARY ATOMISERS
FIG: ROTARY ATOMISING
BURNER
These burners are used in boilers and small installations.
Capacity upto 800 kg/h is available which is much lower than the maximum capacity
of other atomiser types.
Rotary atomising burners are compact , efficient and comparatively low in initial
cost.
36. SOLID FUELS
Solid materials that are used as a fuel to produce energy
by combustion with oxygen or oxygen-enriched air re
known as Solid Fuels.
Solid fuels which are present in the nature called
Natural Solid Fuels which includes wood, coal,
charcoal and many more.
The ones which are man-made or prepared artificially
are called Processed Solid Fuels which includes coke,
briquettes and many more.
38. COMBUSTION EQUIPMENTS
Coal (solid fuels) may be burnt by various ways :-
1. Fixed or agitated beds on a grate,
2. Suspension in air in pulverized fuel burners or
cyclone burners,
3. Fluidized bed combustors, in a slurry with water or
in suspension in oil in atomization burners.
39. Contd.
Grate firing is employed in domestic and industrial
units and in thermal power plants.
Pulverized fuel and cyclone burners are used in
thermal power stations and large industrial units.
Fluidized bed are used in refrigeration and for
advanced applications.
40. Fixed Bed Combustion
Fixed-bed combustion systems include grate furnaces and
underfeed stokers.
In fixed-bed systems, lumps of coal, usually size-graded
between 3 and 50 millimeters, are heaped onto a grate, and
preheated primary air (called under fire air) is blown from
under the bed to burn the fixed carbon.
Some secondary air (over fire air) is introduced over the coal
bed to burn the volatiles released from the bed.
41.
42. Combustion Of Coal
Coal may be burnt in a grate by hand firing or by using
mechanical stokers.
1) Hand Firing :-
The grates are usually made of iron bars with 6 to 10 mm gaps
between them. Hand firing can be done either by spreading or
coking method.
In Spreading method, a small quantity of coal is supplied at a
time by spreading it over a part of the fuel bed.in this method, care
is to be taken to maintain uniform bed thickness.
43. Contd.
While in Coking method, a considerable amount of coal
is fed onto a plate. The heap of fresh coal is slowly
carbonized by heat of the glowing bed.
The volatile products pass over the bed and get burnt in
the air rising through the grate. Then formation of coke
takes place.
The coke is then distributed over the bed.
44. Combustion Of Coal
Mechanical Stokers :-
It functions on the principle of continuous coal feeding. The
evolution of volatile matter is thus uniform and it becomes easier to
control the air required for combustion.
The mechanical means used are, depending on design,
combinations of the screw feed, the conveyor belt, the bucket
chain, the paddle and the ram.
There are 3 types, the over-feed, the under-feed and the cross -
feed.
47. Pulverized Coal Firing
A pulverized coal-fired boiler is an industrial or
utility boiler that generates thermal energy by
burning pulverized coal (also known as powdered coal or coal
dust since it is as fine as face powder in cosmetic makeup) that
is blown into the firebox.
The basic idea of a firing system using pulverized fuel is to use
the whole volume of the furnace for the combustion of solid
fuels.
The combustion appliances applied are known as pulverized
fuel (PF) burners.
48. Contd.
Coal is ground to the size of a fine grain, mixed with air
and burned in the flue gas flow.
Biomass and other materials can also be added to the
mixture.
Coal contains mineral matter which is converted to ash
during combustion.
The ash is removed as bottom ash and fly ash. The
bottom ash is removed at the furnace bottom.
51. Cyclone Firing
Cyclone furnaces feed coal in a spiral manner into a combustion
chamber for maximum combustion efficiency.
A cyclone furnace consists of a horizontal cylindrical barrel
attached through the side of a boiler furnace.
Crushed coal and a small amount of primary air enter from the
front of the cyclone into the burner. In the main cyclone burner,
secondary air is introduced tangentially, causing a circulating gas
flow pattern.
Coal particles thus have a whirling motion.
52. Contd.
The products, flue gas and un-combusted fuel, then
leave the burner and pass over the boiler tubes.
Tertiary air is then released further downstream to
complete combustion of the remaining fuel, greatly
reducing NOx formation.
A layer of molten slag coats the burner and flows
through traps at the bottom of the burners, reducing the
amount of slag that would otherwise form on the boiler
tubes.
55. Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC)
This is the another method of burning coal.
These are now commercially available in India in
applications like electricity generation and industrial
boilers where steam is the main product.
In this ,the coal is crushed and fed to the refractory lined
cylinder to form a bed. Air is supplied through a
perforated distributor plate at the bottom.
56. Contd.
In this state the coal-air system behaves like a fluid.
The coal is continuously supplied to the bed and the
turbulence of a fluidized bed causes rapid mixing of
the particles.
The burning of the coal release heat and the ash may
be removed from the bed by gravity flow .