This presentation is a keynote address delivered by me in regional level conference of indian association of preventive and social medicine(IAPSM) in oct.2013 at goverment medical college haldwani,uttrakhand
Strengthening ncd surveillance in malaysia, asean ncd forum 2013Feisul Mustapha
Zainal Ariffin Omar and Feisul Idzwan Mustapha. Strengthening NCD Surveillance in Malaysia. 15 September 2013. Working paper presented at the ASEAN Regional Forum on NCDs. Manila, Philippines.
This presentation is a keynote address delivered by me in regional level conference of indian association of preventive and social medicine(IAPSM) in oct.2013 at goverment medical college haldwani,uttrakhand
Strengthening ncd surveillance in malaysia, asean ncd forum 2013Feisul Mustapha
Zainal Ariffin Omar and Feisul Idzwan Mustapha. Strengthening NCD Surveillance in Malaysia. 15 September 2013. Working paper presented at the ASEAN Regional Forum on NCDs. Manila, Philippines.
Noncommunicable diseases increase risk of dying from covidSABC News
Brazzaville, WHO – There is increasing evidence that Africans living with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension and diabetes are more likely to suffer severe cases of COVID-19 and die.
Performance measurement and KPI setting - Valikhan Akhmetov, KazakhstanOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Valikhan Akhmetov, KazakhstanN, at the 3rd Health Systems Joint Network meeting for Central, Eastern and South-eastern European Countries held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 25-26 April 2019
Management of diabetes in malaysia, istanbul 2013[final]Feisul Mustapha
Management of Diabetes in Malaysia. Plenary paper presented by Dato' Sri Dr Hilmi Yahaya, Deputy Minister of Health Malaysia at the International Diabetes Leadership Forum. 15 November 2013. Istanbul, Turkey. Paper was prepared by Dr Zainal Ariffin Omar and myself
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others. While sometimes referred to as synonymous with "chronic diseases", NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause, not necessarily by their duration, though some chronic diseases of long duration may be caused by infections. Chronic diseases require chronic care management, as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration.
NCDs are the leading cause of death globally. In 2012, they caused 68% of all deaths (38 million) up from 60% in 2000. About half were under age 70 and half were women.Risk factors such as a person's background, lifestyle and environment increase the likelihood of certain NCDs. Every year, at least 5 million people die because of tobacco use and about 2.8 million die from being overweight. High cholesterol accounts for roughly 2.6 million deaths and 7.5 million die because of high blood pressure.
Global death causes & preventive strategyDeepikaHarish
The snapshot approaches to answer the
following problem statement, along with relevant data points, leads & outlining a potential healthcare framework which acts around preventive approach to combat the disease onset & progression
- What are top causes of death worldwide & their impact on
healthcare expenditure
- Is there any insightful characteristic/ common pattern
associated with these indications
- What can be potent lead to develop a strategy plan to
prevent the onset & progression of these disease indications
Developing a national salt reduction strategy for MongoliaPaul Schoenhagen
Background: The increase in prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension has contributed to an incremental rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Mongolia over recent decades, such that they now account for 80% of all deaths in the country. Salt reduction is one of the most cost-effective interventions to reduce the burden of NCDs.
Methods: In 2011, the Ministry of Health (MOH) instigated the development of a national salt reduction strategy for Mongolia. As part of a 2-week national consultation and training program on salt reduction, it established an inter-sectoral working party and organized a series of bilateral meetings and visits to factories. Actions arising included a baseline survey of population salt consumption patterns and the implementation of a series of pilot salt reduction initiatives.
Results: The results of the baseline assessment revealed that average daily intake of salt, based on 24 hour urine samples from a representative national sample (n=1,027), was 11.06±5.99 g in 2011, more than double the World Health Organization (WHO) five grams recommendation. Moreover, while most participants knew that salt was bad for health, few were taking efforts to reduce intake, and many were consuming highly salty meals and tea; salt in tea alone was estimated to contribute 30% of daily salt intake. A pilot Pinch Salt intervention to reduce salt consumption of factory workers was undertaken in Ulaanbaatar (UB) city between 2012 and 2013, and was associated with a reduction of 2.8 g of salt intake. Ongoing food industry initiatives have led to significant reductions in salt levels in bread, and companies producing processed meat have indicated a willingness to reduce salt. Relevant stakeholders have also supported the campaign by participating in annual World Salt Awareness Week events. The activities to date have demonstrated the potential for action and there is now a need scale these up to a national level to ensure that Mongolia is in a strong position to achieve a 30% reduction in population salt intake by 2025. The main goal of the Mongolian national salt reduction strategy is to create a social, economic and legal environment that supports salt reduction, including by influencing food supply, increasing partnerships between government and relevant stakeholders, and creating an enabling environment to support improved consumer choices. The strategy will be implemented from 2015 to 2025, with an interim review of progress in 2020.
Conclusions: Given that Mongolia has one of the highest rates of stroke in the world, which is strongly associated with population-wide blood pressure (BP) levels, the addition of a population-based stroke surveillance program would provide a reliable direct assessment of the impact of these salt reduction initiatives on the health of the Mongolian people. The results from this research would likely be widely generalizable to other populations experiencing similar lifestyle transitional changes.
K
Western Pacific Updates on Noncommunicable DiseasesAlbert Domingo
Western Pacific Updates on Noncommunicable Diseases - a presentation delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo (Consultant, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific) at the Philippines' DOH NCRO Operational Planning Workshop for Local Strategic Plans on Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control Programs, 2-4 December 2015. (Adapted from an earlier presentation by Dr Susan Mercado, Director, DNH/WPRO.)
Indices of Adverse Drug Reactions as Perceived by Health Workers in Ilorin So...Samson Ademola
Drugs are used for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and cure of diseases. However, no drug (prescription drugs inclusive) is entirely free from adverse drug reactions. This study was carried out to investigate the indices of adverse drug reactions as perceived by health workers in Ilorin South Local Government Area, Kwara State.
Preliminary Results Year Ended 31 December 2013Anglo American
You can find out more about Anglo American here:
http://www.angloamerican.com/
http://www.facebook.com/angloamerican
http://www.twitter.com/angloamerican
http://www.youtube.com/angloamerican
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angloamerican
http://www.linkedin.com/company/anglo-american
Noncommunicable diseases increase risk of dying from covidSABC News
Brazzaville, WHO – There is increasing evidence that Africans living with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension and diabetes are more likely to suffer severe cases of COVID-19 and die.
Performance measurement and KPI setting - Valikhan Akhmetov, KazakhstanOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Valikhan Akhmetov, KazakhstanN, at the 3rd Health Systems Joint Network meeting for Central, Eastern and South-eastern European Countries held in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 25-26 April 2019
Management of diabetes in malaysia, istanbul 2013[final]Feisul Mustapha
Management of Diabetes in Malaysia. Plenary paper presented by Dato' Sri Dr Hilmi Yahaya, Deputy Minister of Health Malaysia at the International Diabetes Leadership Forum. 15 November 2013. Istanbul, Turkey. Paper was prepared by Dr Zainal Ariffin Omar and myself
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others. While sometimes referred to as synonymous with "chronic diseases", NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause, not necessarily by their duration, though some chronic diseases of long duration may be caused by infections. Chronic diseases require chronic care management, as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration.
NCDs are the leading cause of death globally. In 2012, they caused 68% of all deaths (38 million) up from 60% in 2000. About half were under age 70 and half were women.Risk factors such as a person's background, lifestyle and environment increase the likelihood of certain NCDs. Every year, at least 5 million people die because of tobacco use and about 2.8 million die from being overweight. High cholesterol accounts for roughly 2.6 million deaths and 7.5 million die because of high blood pressure.
Global death causes & preventive strategyDeepikaHarish
The snapshot approaches to answer the
following problem statement, along with relevant data points, leads & outlining a potential healthcare framework which acts around preventive approach to combat the disease onset & progression
- What are top causes of death worldwide & their impact on
healthcare expenditure
- Is there any insightful characteristic/ common pattern
associated with these indications
- What can be potent lead to develop a strategy plan to
prevent the onset & progression of these disease indications
Developing a national salt reduction strategy for MongoliaPaul Schoenhagen
Background: The increase in prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension has contributed to an incremental rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Mongolia over recent decades, such that they now account for 80% of all deaths in the country. Salt reduction is one of the most cost-effective interventions to reduce the burden of NCDs.
Methods: In 2011, the Ministry of Health (MOH) instigated the development of a national salt reduction strategy for Mongolia. As part of a 2-week national consultation and training program on salt reduction, it established an inter-sectoral working party and organized a series of bilateral meetings and visits to factories. Actions arising included a baseline survey of population salt consumption patterns and the implementation of a series of pilot salt reduction initiatives.
Results: The results of the baseline assessment revealed that average daily intake of salt, based on 24 hour urine samples from a representative national sample (n=1,027), was 11.06±5.99 g in 2011, more than double the World Health Organization (WHO) five grams recommendation. Moreover, while most participants knew that salt was bad for health, few were taking efforts to reduce intake, and many were consuming highly salty meals and tea; salt in tea alone was estimated to contribute 30% of daily salt intake. A pilot Pinch Salt intervention to reduce salt consumption of factory workers was undertaken in Ulaanbaatar (UB) city between 2012 and 2013, and was associated with a reduction of 2.8 g of salt intake. Ongoing food industry initiatives have led to significant reductions in salt levels in bread, and companies producing processed meat have indicated a willingness to reduce salt. Relevant stakeholders have also supported the campaign by participating in annual World Salt Awareness Week events. The activities to date have demonstrated the potential for action and there is now a need scale these up to a national level to ensure that Mongolia is in a strong position to achieve a 30% reduction in population salt intake by 2025. The main goal of the Mongolian national salt reduction strategy is to create a social, economic and legal environment that supports salt reduction, including by influencing food supply, increasing partnerships between government and relevant stakeholders, and creating an enabling environment to support improved consumer choices. The strategy will be implemented from 2015 to 2025, with an interim review of progress in 2020.
Conclusions: Given that Mongolia has one of the highest rates of stroke in the world, which is strongly associated with population-wide blood pressure (BP) levels, the addition of a population-based stroke surveillance program would provide a reliable direct assessment of the impact of these salt reduction initiatives on the health of the Mongolian people. The results from this research would likely be widely generalizable to other populations experiencing similar lifestyle transitional changes.
K
Western Pacific Updates on Noncommunicable DiseasesAlbert Domingo
Western Pacific Updates on Noncommunicable Diseases - a presentation delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo (Consultant, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific) at the Philippines' DOH NCRO Operational Planning Workshop for Local Strategic Plans on Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention and Control Programs, 2-4 December 2015. (Adapted from an earlier presentation by Dr Susan Mercado, Director, DNH/WPRO.)
Indices of Adverse Drug Reactions as Perceived by Health Workers in Ilorin So...Samson Ademola
Drugs are used for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and cure of diseases. However, no drug (prescription drugs inclusive) is entirely free from adverse drug reactions. This study was carried out to investigate the indices of adverse drug reactions as perceived by health workers in Ilorin South Local Government Area, Kwara State.
Preliminary Results Year Ended 31 December 2013Anglo American
You can find out more about Anglo American here:
http://www.angloamerican.com/
http://www.facebook.com/angloamerican
http://www.twitter.com/angloamerican
http://www.youtube.com/angloamerican
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angloamerican
http://www.linkedin.com/company/anglo-american
Preliminary Results Year Ended 31 December 2012Anglo American
You can find out more about Anglo American here:
http://www.angloamerican.com/
http://www.facebook.com/angloamerican
http://www.twitter.com/angloamerican
http://www.youtube.com/angloamerican
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angloamerican
http://www.linkedin.com/company/anglo-american
A look at the connections between mainstream ratings agencies and those now focused on sustainability and environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance.
On the cusp: game-changing innovation in miningAnglo American
Tony O’Neill – Group Director, Technical and Sustainability – delivered a keynote address at the 3DX Forum in Las Vegas. He discussed the role of innovation in the industry and our determination to lead the way in creating it.
Paper Presentation at the World Organization of Systems and Cybernetics (WOSC) 16th Congress with title:
“Our Self-organising World: from Disruption to Reparation” 15-17 Octubre 2014, Ibagué, Colombia
Presentation to the Responsible Extractives SummitAnglo American
Global lead for enterprise development, Christian Spano, presents with Technoserve and Care International, on becoming a development partner, at the Responsible Extractives Summit.
You can find out more about Anglo American here:
http://www.angloamerican.com/
http://www.facebook.com/angloamerican
http://www.twitter.com/angloamerican
http://www.youtube.com/angloamerican
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angloamerican
http://www.linkedin.com/company/anglo-american
Anglo American: Business Impacts on DevelopmentAnglo American
Sustainable development touches on every aspect of our business. Here, Jon Samuel, Head of Social Performance, outlines how we understand and enhance our positive impact on communities.
You can find out more about Anglo American here:
http://www.angloamerican.com/
http://www.facebook.com/angloamerican
http://www.twitter.com/angloamerican
http://www.youtube.com/angloamerican
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angloamerican
http://www.linkedin.com/company/anglo-american
Chief Executive Cynthia Carroll presented at the UBS European Conference in London.
You can find out more about Anglo American here:
http://www.angloamerican.com/
http://www.facebook.com/angloamerican
http://www.twitter.com/angloamerican
http://www.youtube.com/angloamerican
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angloamerican
http://www.linkedin.com/company/anglo-american
We hosted an analyst and investor seminar about our diamond business, De Beers, providing a detailed look at the company — from exploration to retail — its industry, and future trends for the diamond business.
Discover how we locate the areas we will mine.
You can find out more about Anglo American here:
http://www.angloamerican.com/
http://www.facebook.com/angloamerican
http://www.twitter.com/angloamerican
http://www.youtube.com/angloamerican
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angloamerican
http://www.linkedin.com/company/anglo-american
As SlideShare hit 10 million uploads -- thanks to all of you! -- we at SlideShare took a step back to reflect on all the great presentations we've seen over the years.
http://blog.slideshare.net/2013/05/09/10-million-presentations-uploaded-to-slideshare/
Ebook sobre "Comunicação e Marketing Digitais", no qual cada capítulo é uma contribuição de um autor diferente.
O meu capítulo é "TRANSMÍDIA STORYTELLING: A ARTE DE CONTAR ESTÓRIAS NO MARKETING", pág. 142
Boa leitura e um abraço pra você,
Martha Gabriel
@marthagabriel
Analysing Research on Cancer Prevention and Survival: Recommendationsnzhempfoods
World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) champions the latest and most authoritative scientific research from around the world on cancer prevention and survival through diet, nutrition and physical activity to help people make informed lifestyle choices to reduce their cancer risk.
Managing National Health: An Overview of Metrics & OptionsDale Sanders
This is a presentation that I gave at the annual international healthcare conference hosted by the Cayman Islands government. It summarizes the international standards and frameworks for planning and managing the health of a nation. One of the most fun parts of a very fun career was the time that I spent working and living in the Cayman Islands and serving as the CIO of the national health system. The Cayman Islands national health system sat at the intersection of three very influential healthcare ecosystems-- the United States, United Kingdom, and the Pan-American Healthcare Organization. As a result, I was fortunate enough to learn from these international settings and contrast that to the US healthcare system. Other healthcare systems tend to benchmark themselves internationally more so than the United States, where we tend to benchmark ourselves internally. Unfortunately, those internal US benchmarks are the lowest in the developed world by almost every measure of national health.
People in the world’s most populated continent are living longer, but not necessarily healthier, lives with overburdened, provider-led healthcare systems. As life expectancy across Asia-Pacific continues to rise, the region now carries a huge global burden of non-communicable diseases such as cancer and mental illnesses. As a result, governments in the Asia-Pacific region will need to consider policies and initiatives that prioritise improvements in care for people with a wide range of chronic conditions—but they must maintain vigilance against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
These are among the findings of a new study by The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU): The shifting landscape of healthcare in Asia-Pacific: A look at Australia, China, India, Japan and South Korea, sponsored by Janssen. Through in-depth desk research and interviews with healthcare experts, the study examines the disease-burden challenges facing healthcare systems in these countries.
For more information, please visit: http://www.economistinsights.com/healthcare/analysis/shifting-landscape-healthcare-asia-pacific
Preventing Illness 2015 Commissioning a Sustainable Health System4 All of Us
Preventing Illness 2015 was held at The Wellcome Trust on Tuesday November 24th the conference looked at how we can create a preventative health system which focuses on reducing illness, improves sustainability, improves public health whilst joining health and social care together and reducing pressure on our NHS.
The problem is that we have a health industry that is not concerned with food…
…and a food industry that is not concerned with health.
For further information on how to invest please contact:
Andrew Haythorpe
Founder, Managing Director
Mobile: +61407 737 973
Email: a@bettercells.com
Skype: andrewhaythorpe
Medibank Managing Director speaks at Amercian Chamber of CommerceLaura Harris
Medibank Managing Director, George Savvides presented at the American Chamber of Commerce in Melbourne about Medibank’s approach to primary care and its integrated care pilots.
The 20th International Congress of Nutrition (ICN) hosted by the International Union of Nutritional Science (IUNS) took place on the 15th-20th September 2013, Granada, Spain. WCRF International held a 2-hour symposium on the Continuous Update Project (CUP) entitled ‘Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer – Keeping the Evidence Current: WCRF/AICR Continuous Update Project (CUP).’ It included four presentations exploring the latest updates from the CUP.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Head and Neck Cancer Services: The Lei...daranisaha
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted on the delivery of healthcare across the UK. Patients with head and neck cancers (HNC) are faced with complex management strategies which are delivered by multidisciplinary teams (MDT) despite current restrictions. We present the challenges and strategies for providing cancer care.
Getting to grips with Population Health - 28th Feb 2018James Carter
A set of slides produced by Thames Valley Strategic Clinical Network to support the familiarisation event on Population Health held in Maidenhead on Wednesday 28th February 2018.
With thanks to all colleagues, attendees, chairs and speakers for their involvement on the day.
James Carter - Senior Network Manager TVSCN
james.carter1@nhs.net
NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening InterventionAlbert Domingo
Lecture on NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening Intervention delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo at the UP Manila College of Public Health on 19 January 2018.
Similar to Combatting HIV/AIDS and TB in Africa (20)
Mark Cutifani’s presentation at the 2020 BofA Global Metals, Mining & Steel C...Anglo American
Anglo American Chief Executive, Mark Cutifani, presents an overview of how Anglo American is “Delivering through volatile times” at Bank of America’s annual Global Metals, Mining and Steel Conference.
A summary of 2018's financial and operation performance delivered by Mark Cutifani, Chief Executive, and Stephen Pearce, Finance Director, to the market on 21st February 2019.
Thanks to the encouraging results delivered by our people, Anglo American is now more robust, with a stronger balance sheet and more competitive cost structure around a world class diversified asset base.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
5. APPROACH TO HEALTH
Global
Health
Communities
Health Management
Information Systems
Families
Health Insurance
Employee Health and Wellness
Including HIV/AIDS and TB
Occupational Health
Anglo American Occupational Health Way
Occupational Hygiene
Occupational Medicine
Leading indicators
Leading and Lagging indicators
Benchmarking
Standards
Guidelines
Support
Assurance
5
6. EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND WELLNESS
• Focus on all employees receiving an annual health screening and basic medical
examination:
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
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Medical history screening for common diseases and lifestyle risks
Height, Weight, Body Mass Index (BMI)
Visual acuity
Blood pressure
Haemoglobin
Blood sugar
Cholesterol
Substance abuse screening
Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for HIV and TB
• Early diagnosis, early access to counselling, care, support and treatment.
Ensuring that chronic diseases are properly managed.
• Reducing absenteeism, improving productivity
• Analysis of health trends over time and focusing management attention on emerging
health issues
6
7. IMMUNITY (CD4 COUNT)
PROGRESSION OF HIV INFECTION OVER TIME
HIV TREATMENT
Deteriorating health
Absenteeism
Tuberculosis
Disability
Risk of death
AIDS TREATMENT
YEARS
7
8. HIV/AIDS Key indicators
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
81,450
66,661
73,129
77,075
70,690
18%
18%
16.5%
16.7%
16.8%
Estimated number of HIV positive employees
14,444
12,057
12,066
12,864
11,884
Number of employees participating in VCT
63,817
54,662
68,741
70,909
57,810
Number of employees
Best estimate of HIV prevalence
Number of contractors participating in VCT
Percentage employee VCT uptake
37,397
78%
82%
94%
527
1.17%
Crude HIV incidence
82%
902
New HIV infections
92%
0.74%
Number of HIV positive employees enrolled in
HIV wellness programmes
7,361
6,116
7,105
7,846
8,361
% HIV Wellness programme enrolment
51%
51%
60%
61%
70%
Number of employees taking ART
3,072
3,211
3,971
4,730
5,332
% of HIV positive employees taking ART
21%
27%
33%
37%
45%
9. HIV Incidence trend amongst employees at Thermal Coal
HIV Incidence
2.5%
2.0%
94% of
employees
retested for
HIV every year
since 2006
1.5%
HIV Incidence
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
9
10. MOAE0203
Company-level ART provision to
employees is cost saving
A modelled cost-benefit analysis of the impact of
HIV and ART in a mining workforce in South Africa
Gesine Meyer-Rath1,2,3,4, Jan Pienaar10,11, Brian Brink11, Andrew van Zyl6, Debbie
Muirhead5,6, Emma Beruter6, Alison Grant6,7, Rory Leisegang6,8,9, Lilani
Kumaranayake5, Gavin Churchyard6, Charlotte Watts5 , Peter Vickerman5
1
Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
2 Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University, US
3 Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE 2RO), Wits Health Consortium, South Africa
4 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
5 Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
6 The Aurum Institute, South Africa
10 Anglo Coal Highveld Hospital, South Africa 11Anglo American, South Africa
7 Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
8 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cape Town
9 Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town
11. CONCLUSIONS OF LSHTM STUDY
The cost of AIDS in the workforce is due to:
•
•
•
•
Increased benefit* payments
Absenteeism
Training and recruitment
Medical costs
44%
39%
7%
10%
The cost of ART makes up only 5% of the cost of AIDS
The savings under ART are mainly due to reductions in benefit payments and
absenteeism costs by 14% - 18%
Anglo American Thermal Coal mines have been saving 9% on the annual cost
of HIV/AIDS by making ART available to their workforce since 2003 ($31.2
million reduced to $27.6 million)
These results are based on real programme experience over 10 years
The results demonstrate strongly that investment in treatment is worthwhile
*Benefits
include: disability, ill-health early retirement, death benefits, dependant pensions
11
16. HEALTH OUTCOMES OF THE CONTRACTOR SUMMIT
• All contractors are required to comply with and participate in Anglo
American’s occupational health programmes and comply with
standards
• Long-term contractors will be required to participate in Anglo
American’s Health and Wellness programmes in the same way as
Anglo American employees. A monthly capitation fee ($20) will be
levied if the contractors do not have health insurance. Anglo American
will subsidise half the capitation fee.
• Basic package of care will include a comprehensive response to HIV
and TB including treatment.
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18. HEALTH SYSTEMS STRENGTHENING
IN RURAL COMMUNITIES
• The pillars of health system strengthening are:
– Improving health facilities and equipment
– Human resources for health – the “health workforce”
– Procurement and supply chain management
– Financial management and funding (health insurance)
– Health information systems
– Governance and accountability
– Monitoring and evaluation
• There are many opportunities for companies to get involved by
sharing core competencies.
• Anglo American believes that sharing its health information
system “theHealthSource” can be of great value for health
systems strengthening in rural communities.
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