Transformational grammar considers grammar as a system of rules that form grammatical sentences through "transformations." It was pioneered by Noam Chomsky, who argued that children have an innate, universal grammar that allows them to learn any language. Chomsky proposed that sentences have both a deep structure related to meaning and a surface structure related to sound, linked by transformational rules. He also distinguished between linguistic competence, one's innate knowledge of language, and performance, which can include errors.
Chapter 8 of George Yule's book for linguistics📚
It's made by me, a student in the faculty of Education, Alexanderia university, Egypt.♥️
Name: Nourhan Elsayed ✨👋
اتمني ان تكون صدقة جارية لي بعد وفاتي كعلم
ينتفع به 🤲
Share it with your friends and colleagues to spread the benefit🙏
---------------------Contents----------------------
1-Universal grammar theory
2-Syntax definition
3- Generative grammar
4- Deep and surface structures
5- Structural ambiguity
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Collaborative work.andrea.males
1. ARMY POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL
DISTANCE EDUCATION UNIT
Name: Males Q. Andrea
ID: SOO355859
Tutor: MSc. Monica Del Carmen Pinto
Subject: Transformational Grammar
2. Transformational Grammar
It considers grammar to be a system of rules
that form grammatical sentences in a given
language
and involves the use of defined operations
“Transformations”
3. Transformational Grammar
It is well- formed or grammatically sentences
of a language
It is meant to create the rules and principles
which are in the mind or brain of a native
speaker
4. Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky, who was an
american theoretical
linguist, reformed the filed of
linguistics through cognitive
capacity of language
Chomsky’s theories of grammar
and language are referred to as
“generative” or “transformational”
5. Chomsky’s standard Theory Grammar
Sentence
Phrase structure
rules
Lexicon
Deep structure
Surface
structure
Phonological
Rules
Semantic Rules
Transformational Rules
6. Deep and Surface structure
Itisatheoreticalconstructthat
seekstounifyseveralrelated
structures
The deep
structure
Itisthesuperficialarrangement
ofconstituentsandreflectsthe
orderinwhichthewordsare
pronounced
The
surface
structure
7. Deep and Surface structure
Deep structure
determines meaning
Surface structure
determines sound
8. Innate linguistic knowledge
Empiricists
The habitual
connection of stimulus
and response
All knowledge comes
from experience
Rationalists
Knowledge that is not
derived from
experience
Knowledge is implanted
innately and prior to
experience
9. Grammatical theories
Theories
Chomsky
He believes that children will
never require the knowledge
to process
An infinitive number of
sentences if the language
acquisition mechanism
Was dependent on
language input alone
The theory of
Universal Grammar
It was proposed
suggesting that all
children are born with
Ability to acquire,
develop, and
understand
Grammar regardless of
where or how they are
raised (noun/verb
category)
10. Linguistic Performance
It is the fact that people, when
speaking in the real world, often
make linguistic error.
Chomsky argued that these errors
in linguistics performance were
irrelevant to the study of linguistic
competence
15. Chomsky created the nonsensical
sentence;
Example: Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
It is not meaningful and is not statistically probable,
But this sentence is judged to be grammatical by many native speakers of
English
18. Economy of representation
It is the principle that
grammatical structures
which has a purpose
The structure of a
sentence should be no
larger or more complex
than required to satisfy
constraints on
grammaticality
