Cohesion refers to linking words, sentences, and ideas together in a text. There are three main ways cohesion is created: 1) Connectors are joining words like "although" and "in spite of" that link ideas and indicate functions like contrasting. 2) Reference words like "who", "which", and "this" refer back to people, things, and ideas already mentioned to avoid repetition. 3) Referring to other parts of a text, using expressions like "as follows" and "see above", makes lengthy texts more comprehensible by connecting different sections.

1. Cohesion
Introduction

2. What is Cohesion?
Cohesion means ‘holding together’, or ‘linking’.
Words, sentences, paragraphs and ideas in
emails, reports and memos are linked together
by:
– connectors
– reference words
– referring to other parts of a text

3. Connectors
Connectors are joining words and phrases,
for example, ‘although’ and ‘in spite of’.
They are used to link two ideas. They can
also be used to give a signal to the reader of
a function like ‘contrasting’, for example.

4. Connectors
Although the company was established
just two years ago, it is already renowned
for the quality of its products.

5. Reference Words
Reference words, e.g. ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘this’
are used to refer to people, things, and
ideas that already have been mentioned in
the email or report. The writer wished to
mention these topics again and by using
referencing words, he or she avoids
repeating other words.

6. Reference Words
The company relocated to the north of
Japan last year. This resulted in
considerable financial savings.

7. Referring to Other Parts of a
Text
To make a complex or lengthy text more
comprehensible to the reader, it is also
important for the writer to refer to other
parts of the text, for example, an earlier
or later part, or to refer to a visual.
Reference to other parts of the text can be
made by using expressions such as ‘as
follows’, ‘see above’, ‘the graph
below’, etc.

8. Cohesion in Emails and
Reports
Although connector new meals have been introduced to
the menus of restaurants, only a few of these reference word
(new meals) have been popular with customers. The rest
have only been sold in only small quantities, and
restaurant managers would like to drop
unsuccessful items from their menus. They reference word
(restaurant managers)claim that large quantities of unused food
are thrown away each week.

9. Questions?
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10. Questions?
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