The document discusses various aspects of writing such as tone, word choice, organization, coherence, cohesion, and transitions. It emphasizes that writing should have a consistent tone and use appropriate language. Organization is important and there are different structures like chronological order. Coherence and cohesion can be achieved through techniques like lexical chains and pronoun referencing. Transitional words and phrases help connect ideas smoothly.

2. In any piece of writing, the tone should be consistent and
identifiable. good writng includes smart and appropriate
word choices and well-crafted sentences.a well-written
text makes your readers use their critical thinking skills
to understand your text and it must be presented in a way
that is logical and aesthetically pleasing. everything you
do that involves communication --written, verbal, an
nonvrbal must be well-organized, and clear piece of
thoughts.

3. P A R A G R A P H
A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized,
coherent, and all are related to a single topic.
The first line of a paragraph is usually intended. This
indentation of a paragraph indicates where the paragraph
begins. Remember that you must capitalize the first letter of the
word in each sentence and end each sentence with a
punctuation mark, most often a period (.)

4. Parts of Paragraph
Introduction is the first section of a paragraph; it should include the topic
sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give
background information or provide a transition.
Body follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts,
arguments, analysis, examples, or other information.
Conclusion is the final section; summarizes the connections between the
information discussed in the body of the paragraphs and the paragraph's
controlling idea

5. INTRODUCTION/BODY/CONCLUSION
There are three reasons I don’t have a credit card. The first reason is that using a piece of plastic
of piece instead of cash makes i too easy for me to bu things I can’t afford . For instance, last
week I saw a 4,000 pair of pink sandals in my favorite shoe store. Of course I don’t need apink
sandals, nor I can afford them. With a credit card, however, I would now own those sandals and
be worrying about for to pay for them. The second reason I don’t have a credit card is that I
would end up in debt like my friend, Sara,the shopaholic.Sara got a credit card last year, and she
really owes 30,000.00.She buy things that she doesn’t really need as much as jewelry and
designer sunglasses . Sara makes only minimum payments, so her balnce never decreases. She
willbe in debt for years. The third reasonI don’t have a credit card is the difficulty to understand
the fine print in the card contract. If I don’t read the find print, I can be surprised. For example,
some credit card companies will raise my interest rate if I make payment even ine day. To sum
up, credit card may be a convenience for some people,but for me, they are plastic ticket to
financial

6. INTRODUCTION/BODY/CONCLUSION
There are three reasons I don’t have a credit card. The first reason is that using a piece of plastic
of piece instead of cash makes i too easy for me to bu things I can’t afford . For instance, last
week I saw a 4,000 pair of pink sandals in my favorite shoe store. Of course I don’t need apink
sandals, nor I can afford them. With a credit card, however, I would now own those sandals and
be worrying about for to pay for them. The second reason I don’t have a credit card is that I
would end up in debt like my friend, Sara,the shopaholic.Sara got a credit card last year, and she
really owes 30,000.00.She buy things that she doesn’t really need as much as jewelry and
designer sunglasses . Sara makes only minimum payments, so her balnce never decreases. She
willbe in debt for years. The third reasonI don’t have a credit card is the difficulty to understand
the fine print in the card contract. If I don’t read the find print, I can be surprised. For example,
some credit card companies will raise my interest rate if I make payment even ine day. To sum
up, credit card may be a convenience for some people,but for me, they are plastic ticket to
financial

7. Organization
Organization is the structural framework for writing. It is important to
effective writing because it provides readers with a framework to help them
fulfil their expectations for the text.
· Organization is a logical progression and completeness of ideas in a text.
Instructions in organization focuses on two areas:
a) text structures specific to the particular genre and
b) the cohesive elements that tie clauses, sentences, and paragraphs together
into a cohesive whole

8. Different arrangements for
organization:
1. Chronological Order
2. Order of Importance
3. Spatial Order
4. Definition Order
5. Classification
6. Process
1. Cause and Effect
2. Comparison and Contrast
3. Listing
4. Clarification
5. Summary
6. Example
7. Addition

9. if there is a clear
statement for
purpose, position,
facts,examples.spec
ific, details,
definition,
explanations,
justifications, or
opposing
viewpoints
Ideas are
formed and
well-
developed.
Organization

10. COHERENCE AND
COHESION

11. Definition:
Coherence · occurs when ideas are connected at the
conceptual level; sentences are arranged in a logical manner,
making them easily understood by the reader.
Cohesion-connection of ideas at the sentence level
Unity - achieved when a composition contains one focused.

12. Coherence and Cohesion can be arranged according
to:
1. Chronological Order - What Comes First
2. Spatial Order - Top to Bottom, Bottom, to Top.
Left to Right, Right to Left
3. Emphatic Order - Least Important to Most
Important,

13. To achieve COHESION, the writer should pay close
attention to how words, phrases, and sentences are linked
within the paragraph. COHESION in writing can be
achieved through the following devices:
1.Lexical Chains
2. Cohesive Nouns
3. pronoun reference
3. ellipsis
4. substitutions
6. conjunctions
7. Transitional words.

14. L E X I C A L C H A I N

15. LEXICAL CHAIN
A lexical chain is a sequence of related words in
writing, spanning short (adjacent words or sentences)
or long distances (entire text). A chain is independent
of the grammatical structure of the text and in effect,
it is a list of words that captures a portion of the
cohesive structure of the text.

17. Examples:
a.The choir sang as the pianist played a series of familiar
Christmas carols, which created a melodious atmosphere
inside the church.
b.We helped Grandma set up the huge white Christmas tree
in the middle of the living room. I was assigned to sort all
the colorful ornaments like ribbons, garlands, and Christmas
balls, while my little sister was in charge of putting up the
Christmas lights and additional decorations.

18. C O H E S I V E N O U N S

19. Cohesive Nouns- are single words that name
an idea presented by the writer in the
preceding sentence/s. These create a clear
connections between the first and the
succeeding sentences.
Cohesive Nouns

20. Examples:
a.Some families spend thousands of pesos during
holiday season. Their expenses usually include
food, gifts, and travels.
b.The father feels worried because his boss has not
allowed his request for early leave. He might not
be able to go home before Christmas Eve. He
needs to find a way to solve his predicament.

21. P R O N O U N R E F E R E N C E

22. Pronoun reference- is another way to achieve
cohesive writing. Basically, pronouns are used
to replace nouns. The word/group of words
that a pronoun replaces or refers is called
antecedent. Cohesion is achieved when the
relationship between the pronoun and its
antecedent is clear

23. EXAMPLES:
a.The guest who checked in at the hotel an hour ago would probably
spend the holiday season away from home.
b.Kyle hopes that his mom will cook roast beef and baked macaroni
for noche buena. It will surely make his Christ mas unforgettable.

25. E L L I P S I S

26. Ellipsis- is another cohesive device. It is done
by omitting a word or phrase and substituting
them with those dots. Instead of repeating, the
writer omits words without changing the
meaning of the sentence

27. Examples:
A. "After school I went to her house, which was a few blocks away, and then came
home."
Shorten the quote by replacing a few words with an ellipsis. Remember, the
meaning of the quote should not change.
"After school I went to her house … and then came home."
b.Some employees work overtime during Christmas day just to get extra pay
although they know, deep in their heart, that they must not. (work overtime during
Christmas Day just to get extra pay)

28. S u b s t i t u t i o n

29. Substitution- unlike ellipsis where the writer
leaves out words, it achieves cohesion by
replacing a word or an idea with a more
general word.

30. Examples:
a.The father asked his son, “Which toy car do
you like as Christmas gift?” The son replied
excitedly, “I like the big one!”
b.Students always look forward to a long,
stress-free Christmas break. The same is true
to working adults.

31. Conjunctions (coordinators and
subordinators)

32. 6.Conjunctions (coordinators and subordinators)- help the
writers able to connect ideas logically when use correctly.
Examples:
a.Mother should start buying grocery items as early as
September, so she won’t have to suffer the hassles of the
Christmas rush.
b.Children innocently think that they will receive more gifts
from Santa Claus if they behave properly at all times.

33. Transitional words

34. 7.Transitional words- words that connect one
idea to another, in order for our ideas to flow
smoothly. The following are the most
commonly used transitional words.

35. Sequence Addition Result Examples Similarly Restatement/
Summary
first
second next
lastly then
before
after
also
in addition
as well as
besides
furthermore
as a result
consequently
therefore
thus
hence
for example
for instance
in this case
like
similarly
likewise
comparatively
in the same
manner
in summary
in other words
in short
in conclusion
in essence

36. • To Specify Sequence- again, and, also, then, first, second, third, moreover...
• To Specify Time - after a few days, as long as, at last, before, earlier, soon...
• To Specify Comparison - again, also, in the same way, likewise, once more...
• To Specify Contrast - although, but, despite, even though, however, yet...
• To Specify Examples - after all, for example, for instance, indeed, in fact
• To Specify Cause and Effect - accordingly, as a result, because, consequently...
• To Specify Place - above, adjacent, below, beyond, closer to elsewhere, here, near...
• To Specify Concession - although it is true that, granted that, I admit that, of course...
• To Specify Summary. Repetition, or Conclusion - as a result, as I have said, in conclusion, in
other words, to summarize, therefore